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Sineshchekov VA. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in the investigation of plant phytochrome invivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108434. [PMID: 38412703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Fluorometry is an effective research tool in biology and medicine; it is widely used in the study of the photosynthetic pigment apparatus in vivo. This method can be applied to the key plant photoreceptor phytochrome (phy). The fluorescence of phytochrome in plants was recorded for the first time in the group of the author, and a spectrofluorometric technique for its in vivo study was developed. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the pigment were described, and the photoreceptor was shown to be present in plants as two phenomenological types-active (at cryogenic temperatures) and water-soluble (Pr') and inactive and amphiphilic (Pr″). The scheme of the photoreaction explaining their photochemical distinctions was proposed. Phytochrome A was shown to comprise both types (phyA' and phyA″), whereas phytochrome B was only the second type. For phyA', distinct conformers have been detected. phyA' and phyA″ differ by the N-terminus of the molecule, possibly by serine phosphorylation. They mediate, respectively, the very low fluence and high irradiance photoresponses. Light, internal factors (kinase/phosphatase balance, pH), and hormones (jasmonate) were shown to affect the content and functions of the two phyA pools. All this points to the effectiveness of the developed method for invivo investigations of the phytochrome system. The data obtained can be applied in practical terms in agrobiology and light culture, as well as in the use of phytochrome as a new nanotool and a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098139. [PMID: 37175844 PMCID: PMC10179679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red-far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions-the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant's survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants' successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types-major, light-labile and soluble phyA' and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″-is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8139. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red—far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant’s survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants′ successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types—major, light-labile and soluble phyA′ and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″—is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 46:118. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes – the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyAʹ and phyAʹʹ, differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyAʹ being the phosphorylated species and phyAʹʹ, dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyAʹ mediates VLFR and phyAʹʹ, HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1ʹ and phy1ʹʹ) similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:118-135. [PMID: 32172754 DOI: 10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes - the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyA' and phyA'', differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyA' being the phosphorylated species and phyA'', dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyA' mediates VLFR and phyA'', HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1' and phy1'') similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Email
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA’ and phyA”. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-1679. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA' and phyA''. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-9. [PMID: 25297540 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature fluorescence investigations of phyA-GFP used in experiments on its nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning were carried out. In etiolated hypocotyls of phyA-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana expressing phyA-GFP, it was found that it is similar to phyA in spectroscopic parameters with both its native types, phyA' and phyA'', present and their ratio shifted towards phyA'. In transgenic tobacco hypocotyls, native phyA and rice phyA-GFP were also identical to phyA in the wild type whereas phyA-GFP belonged primarily to the phyA' type. Finally, truncated oat Δ6-12 phyA-GFP expressed in phyA-deficient Arabidopsis was represented by the phyA' type in contrast to full-length oat phyA-GFP with an approximately equal proportion of the two phyA types. This correlates with a previous observation that Δ6-12 phyA-GFP can form only numerous tiny subnuclear speckles while its wild-type counterpart can also localize into bigger and fewer subnuclear protein complexes. Thus, phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar or identical to the native phyA, suggesting that the GFP tag does not affect the chromophore. phyA-GFP comprises phyA'-GFP and phyA''-GFP, suggesting that both of them are potential participants in nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning, which may contribute to its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
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Leduc N, Roman H, Barbier F, Péron T, Huché-Thélier L, Lothier J, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S. Light Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:223-50. [PMID: 27135502 PMCID: PMC4844300 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branching determines the final shape of plants, which influences adaptation, survival and the visual quality of many species. It is an intricate process that includes bud outgrowth and shoot extension, and these in turn respond to environmental cues and light conditions. Light is a powerful environmental factor that impacts multiple processes throughout plant life. The molecular basis of the perception and transduction of the light signal within buds is poorly understood and undoubtedly requires to be further unravelled. This review is based on current knowledge on bud outgrowth-related mechanisms and light-mediated regulation of many physiological processes. It provides an extensive, though not exhaustive, overview of the findings related to this field. In parallel, it points to issues to be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leduc
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hanaé Roman
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - François Barbier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
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Schneider-Poetsch HAW, John G, Braun B. The Distribution of a Phytochrome-Like Protein in the FernPsilotum nudum.; An Immunoblotting Analysis of an Early Ancestor of all Vascular Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1990.tb00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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López-Figueroa F, Lindemann P, Braslavsky SE, Schaffner K, Schneider-Poetsch HAW, Rüdiger W. Detection of a Phytochrome-like Protein in Macroalgae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Detection of phytochrome-like genes from Rhazya stricta (Apocynaceae) using de novo genome assembly. C R Biol 2013; 336:521-9. [PMID: 24296076 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochrome-like genes in the wild plant species Rhazya stricta Decne were characterized using a de novo genome assembly of next generation sequence data. Rhazya stricta contains more than 100 alkaloids with multiple pharmacological properties, and leaf extracts have been used to cure chronic rheumatism, to treat tumors, and in the treatment of several other diseases. Phytochromes are known to be involved in the light-regulated biosynthesis of some alkaloids. Phytochromes are soluble chromoproteins that function in the absorption of red and far-red light and the transduction of intracellular signals during light-regulated plant development. De novo assembly of the nuclear genome of R. stricta recovered 45,641 contigs greater than 1000bp long, which were used in constructing a local database. Five sequences belonging to Arabidopsis thaliana phytochrome gene family (i.e., AtphyABCDE) were used to identify R. stricta contigs with phytochrome-like sequences using BLAST. This led to the identification of three contigs with phytochrome-like sequences covering AtphyA-, AtphyC- and AtphyE-like full-length genes. Annotation of the three sequences showed that each contig consists of one phytochrome-like gene with three exons and two introns. BLASTn and BLASTp results indicated that RsphyA mRNA and protein sequences had homologues in Wrightia coccinea and and Solanum tuberosum, respectively. RsphyC-like mRNA and protein sequence were homologous to Vitis vinifera and Vitis riparia. RsphyE-like mRNA coding and protein sequences were homologous to Ipomoea nil. Multiple-sequence alignment of phytochrome proteins indicated a homology with 30 sequences from 23 different species of flowering plants. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that each R. stricta phytochrome gene is related to the same phytochrome gene of other flowering plants. It is proposed that the absence of phyB gene in R. stricta is due to RsphyA gene taking over the role of phyB.
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Abstract
Extensive studies in both lower and higher plants indicate that plant phytochrome photoreceptors signal not only by regulating transcription in the nucleus but also by acting within the cytoplasm, the latter signaling routes acting within minutes or even seconds and also providing directional information. Directional signals seem to arise from phytochromes attached anisotropically to the plasma membrane. Neochromes-phytochrome-phototropin hybrid photoreceptors probably attached to the plasma membrane-provide this signal in various ferns and perhaps certain algae but are absent from other groups. In mosses and probably higher plants too, a subpopulation of canonical phytochromes interact with phototropins at the plasma membrane and thereby steer directional responses. Phytochromes also seem able to regulate translation in the cytoplasm. This review discusses putative phytochrome functions in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hughes
- Department of Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, D35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Sineshchekov VA. Fluorescence and Photochemical Investigations of Phytochrome in Higher Plants. JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 2010:1-15. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/358372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, photoreceptor phytochrome (phy)—photoisomerizing biliprotein working as a light-driven molecular switch—is represented by a small family of phytochrome gene products with phyA and phyB as major species. phyA is unique among other phytochromes mediating photoresponse modes specific only for this pigment (far-red light induced) and also photoresponses characteristic of phyB and other minor phys (red light induced). In our group,in vivofluorescence investigations of phytochrome were initiated and two native phyA pools—posttranslationally modifiedPHYAgene products designated phyA′and phyA″—were detected in dicots and monocots. They differ by spectroscopic and photochemical parameters, by abundance and distribution in etiolated plant tissues, by light stability, and other phenomenological characteristics, and, most importantly, by their functional properties. This may explain, at least partially, the nature of the uniqueness of the phyA action. In this paper, the data on the phyA polymorphism are summarized with attention to the applied experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly A. Sineshchekov
- Physico-Chemical Biology, Biology Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Fluhr R, Kuhlemeier C, Nagy F, Chua NH. Organ-specific and light-induced expression of plant genes. Science 2010; 232:1106-12. [PMID: 17754498 DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4754.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a pivotal role in the development of plants. The photoregulation of plant genes involves recognition of light quality and quantity by phytochrome and other light receptors. Two gene families, rbcS and Cab, which code for abundant proteins active in photosynthesis, the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and the chlorophyll a/b binding protein, show a 20-to 50-fold increase in transcript abundance in the light. Analyses in calli and transgenic plants of deletions of the rbcS gene and of chimeric constructions has allowed localization of two regions involved in light-induced transcription. One element is confined to a 33-base pair region surrounding the TATA box. In addition, an enhancer-like element contained within a 240-base pair fragment can confer phytochrome-induced transcription and organ specificity on nonregulated promoters.
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Mathews S. Evolutionary studies illuminate the structural-functional model of plant phytochromes. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:4-16. [PMID: 20118225 PMCID: PMC2828699 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of insights from functional and evolutionary studies reveals how the phytochrome photoreceptor system has evolved to impart both stability and flexibility. Phytochromes in seed plants diverged into three major forms, phyA, phyB, and phyC, very early in the history of seed plants. Two additional forms, phyE and phyD, are restricted to flowering plants and Brassicaceae, respectively. While phyC, D, and E are absent from at least some taxa, phyA and phyB are present in all sampled seed plants and are the principal mediators of red/far-red-induced responses. Conversely, phyC-E apparently function in concert with phyB and, where present, expand the repertoire of phyB activities. Despite major advances, aspects of the structural-functional models for these photoreceptors remain elusive. Comparative sequence analyses expand the array of locus-specific mutant alleles for analysis by revealing historic mutations that occurred during gene lineage splitting and divergence. With insights from crystallographic data, a subset of these mutants can be chosen for functional studies to test their importance and determine the molecular mechanism by which they might impact light perception and signaling. In the case of gene families, where redundancy hinders isolation of some proportion of the relevant mutants, the approach may be particularly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mathews
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Takano M, Inagaki N, Xie X, Kiyota S, Baba-Kasai A, Tanabata T, Shinomura T. Phytochromes are the sole photoreceptors for perceiving red/far-red light in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14705-10. [PMID: 19706555 PMCID: PMC2732857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907378106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are believed to be solely responsible for red and far-red light perception, but this has never been definitively tested. To directly address this hypothesis, a phytochrome triple mutant (phyAphyBphyC) was generated in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) and its responses to red and far-red light were monitored. Since rice only has three phytochrome genes (PHYA, PHYB and PHYC), this mutant is completely lacking any phytochrome. Rice seedlings grown in the dark develop long coleoptiles while undergoing regular circumnutation. The phytochrome triple mutants also show this characteristic skotomorphogenesis, even under continuous red or far-red light. The morphology of the triple mutant seedlings grown under red or far-red light appears completely the same as etiolated seedlings, and they show no expression of the light-induced genes. This is direct evidence demonstrating that phytochromes are the sole photoreceptors for perceiving red and far-red light, at least during rice seedling establishment. Furthermore, the shape of the triple mutant plants was dramatically altered. Most remarkably, triple mutants extend their internodes even during the vegetative growth stage, which is a time during which wild-type rice plants never elongate their internodes. The triple mutants also flowered very early under long day conditions and set very few seeds due to incomplete male sterility. These data indicate that phytochromes play an important role in maximizing photosynthetic abilities during the vegetative growth stage in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takano
- Department of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Zheng CC, Potter D, O'Neill SD. Phytochrome gene expression and phylogenetic analysis in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil (Convolvulaceae): Differential regulation by light and an endogenous clock. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1319-1336. [PMID: 21628281 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of distinct phytochrome pools in photoperiodic timekeeping, we characterized four phytochrome genes in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil. Each PHY gene had different photosensory properties and sensitivity to night break that inhibits flowering. During extended dark periods, PHYE, PHYB, and PHYC mRNA accumulation exhibited a circadian rhythmicity indicative of control by an endogenous clock. Phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades of angiosperm phytochrome genes, phyA, phyB, phyC, and phyE. All except the phyE clade included sequences from both monocots and eudicots. In addition, phyA is sister to phyC and phyE sister to phyB, with gymnosperm sequences sister to either the phyA-phyC clade or to the phyB-phyE clade. These results suggest that a single duplication occurred in an ancestral seed plant before the divergence of extant gymnosperms from angiosperms and that two subsequent duplications occurred in an ancestral angiosperm before the divergence of monocots from eudicots. Thus in P. nil, a multigene family with different patterns of mRNA abundance in light and darkness contributes to the total phytochrome pool: one pool is light labile (phyA), whereas the other is light stable (phyB and phyE). In addition, PHYC mRNA represents a third phytochrome pool with intermediate photosensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chao Zheng
- Section of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Girault T, Bergougnoux V, Combes D, Viemont JD, Leduc N. Light controls shoot meristem organogenic activity and leaf primordia growth during bud burst in Rosa sp. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1534-44. [PMID: 18643902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light controls bud burst in many plants, which subsequently affects their architecture. Nevertheless, very little is known about this photomorphogenic process. This study ascertains the effects of light on bud burst and on two of its components, i.e. growth of preformed leaves and meristem organogenesis in six cultivars from three Rosa species (R. hybrida L., R. chinensis L., R. wichurana L.). Defoliated plants were severed above the third basal bud and exposed, either to darkness or to different intensities of white light, to blue, red or to FR, at constant temperature. Bud bursting was inhibited in darkness in the six cultivars of Rosa, but not in Arabidopsis, tomato and poplar plants under the same condition. In all Rosa cultivars, bud burst, growth of preformed leaves and meristem organogenesis were triggered by blue and red lights, and extended by increasing light intensities. FR was inhibitory of bud burst. Partial shading experiments demonstrated that bud and not stem was the active site for light perception in bud burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie Girault
- Université d'Angers, UFR Sciences, UMR-462 SAGAH (Université d'Angers, INH, INRA), Angers cedex, France
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Pratt LH. PHYTOCHROMES: DIFFERENTIAL PROPERTIES, EXPRESSION PATTERNS AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION*. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee H. Pratt
- Botany Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Bae G, Choi G. Decoding of light signals by plant phytochromes and their interacting proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:281-311. [PMID: 18257712 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors that convert the information contained in external light into biological signals. The decoding process starts with the perception of red light, which occurs through photoisomerization of a chromophore located within the phytochrome, leading to structural changes that include the disruption of intramolecular interactions between the N- and C-terminal domains of the phytochrome. This disruption exposes surfaces required for interactions with other proteins. In contrast, the perception of far-red light reverses the photoisomerization, restores the intramolecular interaction, and closes the interacting surfaces. Light information represented by the concentration of opened interacting surfaces is converted into biological signals through the modulating activity of interacting proteins. This review summarizes plant phytochromes, phytochrome-interacting proteins, and signal transmission from phytochromes to their interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabyong Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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22
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Sineshchekov V, Loskovich A, Inagaki N, Takano M. Two Native Pools of Phytochrome A in Monocots: Evidence from Fluorescence Investigations of Phytochrome Mutants of Rice. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:1116-1122. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1562/2005-12-10-ra-749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTFluorescence investigations of phytochrome (phy) in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) mutants deficient in phyA, phyB and phyA plus phyB were performed. Total content of the pigment (Ptot) and its spectroscopic and photochemical characteristics were determined in different parts of the dark‐grown and far‐red light (FR)‐grown coleoptiles. Spectroscopically, phyA in the phyB mutant was identical to phyA in the wild‐type (WT) and the extent of the conversion from Pr to lumi‐R at 85 K was the same for phyA in both lines and varied similarly, depending on the part of the coleoptile used. The latter finding proved that phyA in rice is heterogeneous and comprises two phyA populations, phyA′ and phyA″. Functional properties of phyA were also determined. In the dark the phyB mutant had a higher content of phyA, inactive protochlorophyllide (Pchlide633) and active protochlorophyllide (Pchlide655) than WT and its coleoptile was longer, indicating that phyB may affect the development of WT seedlings in the dark. Constant FR drastically reduced the content of phyA, Pchlide633 and Pchlide655 and brought about coleoptile shortening and appearance of the first leaf, whereas pulsed FR of equal fluence was less effective. This suggested that the reactions were primarily of the high irradiance responses type, which are likely to be mediated by phyA′. The effects on protochlorophyllide biosynthesis and growth responses type were more pronounced in the phyB mutant than in the WT seedlings, which can be connected with the higher phyA′ content in the phyB mutant and/or phyB interference with its action in WT seedlings. In the phyA mutant induction of Pchlide633 and Pchlide655 biosynthesis was observed under constant FR, indicating that phyC may be responsible for this effect.
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Sineshchekov V, Loskovich A, Inagaki N, Takano M. Two Native Pools of Phytochrome A in Monocots: Evidence from Fluorescence Investigations of Phytochrome Mutants of Rice. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:1116-22. [PMID: 17205634 DOI: 10.1562/2005-12-10-ra-749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence investigations of phytochrome (phy) in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) mutants deficient in phyA, phyB and phyA plus phyB were performed. Total content of the pigment (P(tot)) and its spectroscopic and photochemical characteristics were determined in different parts of the dark-grown and far-red light (FR)-grown coleoptiles. Spectroscopically, phyA in the phyB mutant was identical to phyA in the wild-type (WT) and the extent of the conversion from Pr to lumi-R at 85 K was the same for phyA in both lines and varied similarly, depending on the part of the coleoptile used. The latter finding proved that phyA in rice is heterogeneous and comprises two phyA populations, phyA' and phyA". Functional properties of phyA were also determined. In the dark the phyB mutant had a higher content of phyA, inactive protochlorophyllide (Pchlide633) and active protochlorophyllide (Pchlide655) than WT and its coleoptile was longer, indicating that phyB may affect the development of WT seedlings in the dark. Constant FR drastically reduced the content of phyA, Pchlide633 and Pchlide655 and brought about coleoptile shortening and appearance of the first leaf, whereas pulsed FR of equal fluence was less effective. This suggested that the reactions were primarily of the high irradiance responses type, which are likely to be mediated by phyA'. The effects on protochlorophyllide biosynthesis and growth responses type were more pronounced in the phyB mutant than in the WT seedlings, which can be connected with the higher phyA' content in the phyB mutant and/or phyB interference with its action in WT seedlings. In the phyA mutant induction of Pchlide633 and Pchlide655 biosynthesis was observed under constant FR, indicating that phyC may be responsible for this effect.
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Sharrock RA, Clack T. Patterns of expression and normalized levels of the five Arabidopsis phytochromes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:442-56. [PMID: 12226523 PMCID: PMC166576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Revised: 04/14/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using monoclonal antibodies specific for each apoprotein and full-length purified apoprotein standards, the levels of the five Arabidopsis phytochromes and their patterns of expression in seedlings and mature plants and under different light conditions have been characterized. Phytochrome levels are normalized to the DNA content of the various tissue extracts to approximate normalization to the number of cells in the tissue. One phytochrome, phytochrome A, is highly light labile. The other four phytochromes are much more light stable, although among these, phytochromes B and C are reduced 4- to 5-fold in red- or white-light-grown seedlings compared with dark-grown seedlings. The total amount of extractable phytochrome is 23-fold lower in light-grown than dark-grown tissues, and the percent ratios of the five phytochromes, A:B:C:D:E, are measured as 85:10:2:1.5:1.5 in etiolated seedlings and 5:40:15:15:25 in seedlings grown in continuous white light. The four light-stable phytochromes are present at nearly unchanging levels throughout the course of development of mature rosette and reproductive-stage plants and are present in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Phytochrome protein expression patterns over the course of seed germination and under diurnal and circadian light cycles are also characterized. Little cycling in response to photoperiod is observed, and this very low amplitude cycling of some phytochrome proteins is out of phase with previously reported cycling of PHY mRNA levels. These studies indicate that, with the exception of phytochrome A, the family of phytochrome photoreceptors in Arabidopsis constitutes a quite stable and very broadly distributed array of sensory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Sharrock
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 ABS Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3140, USA.
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Nagy F, Schäfer E. Phytochromes control photomorphogenesis by differentially regulated, interacting signaling pathways in higher plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2002; 53:329-355. [PMID: 12221979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review the kinetic properties of both phytochrome A and B measured by in vivo spectroscopy in Arabidopsis are described. Inactivation of phyA is mediated by destruction and that of phyB by fast dark reversion. Recent observations, describing a complex interaction network of various phytochromes and cryptochromes, are also discussed. The review describes recent analysis of light-dependent nuclear translocation of phytochromes and genetic and molecular dissection of phyA- and phyB-mediated signal transduction. After nuclear transport, both phyA- and phyB-mediated signal transduction probably include the formation of light-dependent transcriptional complexes. Although this hypothesis is quite attractive and probably true for some responses, it cannot account for the complex network of phyA-mediated signaling and the interaction with the circadian clock. In addition, the biological function of phytochromes localized in the cytosol remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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26
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Délano JP, Dombrowski JE, Ryan CA. The expression of tomato prosystemin in Escherichia coli: A structural challenge. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 17:74-82. [PMID: 10497071 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prosystemin is the 200-amino-acid prohormone of the 18-amino-acid polypeptide called systemin, a systemic mobile signal that activates the synthesis of defense genes in solanaceous plants in response to herbivore attacks. The unusual primary structural features of the tomato prosystemin cDNA and protein provided an extraordinary challenge in devising an expression system to obtain the full-length protein. Prosystemin expression inhibited the growth of a eukaryotic and several prokaryotic hosts used. Prosystemin was initially synthesized as a truncated protein of 185 amino acids in length using a T7 RNA polymerase expression system in E. coli strain BL21[DE3]. The truncation was found to be due to two factors: (1) the intramolecular associations of the 5' coding region of the prosystemin sequence with the expression vector's ribosome binding site and (2) the presence of a translation start site just prior to the amino acid methionine at position 15. Mutations that permitted the synthesis of the full-length prosystemin protein were introduced into the amino-terminal 5' coding region of the prosystemin cDNA. A 199-amino-acid recombinant prosystemin lacking the N-terminal methionine was purified from lysates and confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequence and immunoblot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Délano
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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27
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Remberg A, Ruddat A, Braslavsky SE, Gärtner W, Schaffner K. Chromophore incorporation, Pr to Pfr kinetics, and Pfr thermal reversion of recombinant N-terminal fragments of phytochrome A and B chromoproteins. Biochemistry 1998; 37:9983-90. [PMID: 9665703 DOI: 10.1021/bi980575x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Terminal apoprotein fragments of oat phytochrome A (phyA) of 65 kDa (amino acids 1-595) and potato phyB of 66 kDa (1-596) were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, and assembled with phytochromobilin (PthetaB; native chromophore) and phycocyanobilin (PCB). The phyA65 apoprotein from yeast showed a monoexponential assembly kinetics after an initial steep rise, whereas the corresponding apoprotein from E. coli showed only a slow monoexponential assembly. The phyB66 apoprotein incorporated either chromophore more slowly than the phyA65s, with biexponential kinetics. With all apoproteins, PthetaB was incorporated faster than PCB. The thermal stabilities of the Pfr forms of the N-terminal halves are similar to those known for the full-length recombinant phytochromes: oat phyA65 Pfr is highly stable, whereas potato phyB66 Pfr is rapidly converted into Pr. Thus, neither the C-terminal domain nor homodimer formation regulates this property. Rather, it is a characteristic of the phytochrome indicating its origin from mono- or dicots. The Pr to Pfr kinetics of the N-terminal phyA65 and phyB66 are different. The primary photoproduct I700 of phyA65-PCB decayed monoexponentially and the PthetaB analogue biexponentially, whereas the phyB66 I700 decayed monoexponentially irrespective of the chromophore incorporated. The formation of Pfr from Pr is faster with the N-terminal halves than with the full-length phytochromes, indicating an involvement of the C-terminal domain in the relatively slow protein conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Remberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, P.O. Box 101365, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Russell BL, Rathinasabapathi B, Hanson AD. Osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:859-65. [PMID: 9489025 PMCID: PMC35146 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1997] [Accepted: 10/22/1997] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Choline monooxygenase (CMO) catalyzes the committing step in the synthesis of glycine betaine, an osmoprotectant accumulated by many plants in response to salinity and drought. To investigate how these stresses affect CMO expression, a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., Chenopodiaceae) probe was used to isolate CMO cDNAs from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodiaceae), a salt- and drought-tolerant crop. The deduced beet CMO amino acid sequence comprised a transit peptide and a 381-residue mature peptide that was 84% identical (97% similar) to that of spinach and that showed the same consensus motif for coordinating a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster. A mononuclear Fe-binding motif was also present. When water was withheld, leaf relative water content declined to 59% and the levels of CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity rose 3- to 5-fold; rewatering reversed these changes. After gradual salinization (NaCl:CaCl2 = 5.7:1, mol/mol), CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme levels in leaves increased 3- to 7-fold at 400 mM salt, and returned to uninduced levels when salt was removed. Beet roots also expressed CMO, most strongly when salinized. Salt-inducible CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were readily detected in leaves of Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthaceae). These data show that CMO most probably has a mononuclear Fe center, is inducibly expressed in roots as well as in leaves of Chenopodiaceae, and is not unique to this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Russell
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Rathinasabapathi B, Burnet M, Russell BL, Gage DA, Liao PC, Nye GJ, Scott P, Golbeck JH, Hanson AD. Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3454-8. [PMID: 9096415 PMCID: PMC20391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine via the route choline --> betaine aldehyde --> glycine betaine. In spinach, the first step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO), a ferredoxin-dependent stromal enzyme that has been hypothesized to be an oligomer of identical subunits and to be an Fe-S protein. Analysis by HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS confirmed that native CMO contains only one type of subunit (Mr 42,864). Determination of acid-labile sulfur and nonheme iron demonstrated that there is one [2Fe-2S] cluster per subunit, and EPR spectral data indicated that this cluster is of the Rieske type--i.e., coordinated by two Cys and two His ligands. A full-length CMO cDNA (1,622 bp) was cloned from spinach using a probe generated by PCR amplification for which the primers were based on internal peptide sequences. The ORF encoded a 440-amino acid polypeptide that included a 60-residue transit peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence included two Cys-His pairs spaced 16 residues apart, a motif characteristic of Rieske-type Fe-S proteins. Larger regions that included this motif also showed some sequence similarity (approximately 40%) to Rieske-type proteins, particularly bacterial oxygenases. Otherwise there was very little similarity between CMO and proteins from plants or other organisms. RNA and immunoblot analyses showed that the expression of CMO in leaves increased several-fold during salinization. We conclude that CMO is a stress-inducible representative of a new class of plant oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rathinasabapathi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Ruddat A, Schmidt P, Gatz C, Braslavsky SE, Gärtner W, Schaffner K. Recombinant type A and B phytochromes from potato. Transient absorption spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1997; 36:103-11. [PMID: 8993323 DOI: 10.1021/bi962012w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs encoding full-length type A and B phytochromes (phyA and phyB, respectively) from potato were expressed in inducible yeast systems (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris). In addition, a deletion mutant of phyB (delta 1-74) was expressed. The apoproteins were reconstituted into chromoproteins by incorporation of the native chromophore, phytochromobilin (P phi B), and of phycocyanobilin (PCB). The incorporation of P phi B yielded chromoproteins with difference absorptions lambda max at 660 and 712 nm (Pr and Pfr, respectively) for phyA, and at 665 and 723 nm for phyB. All difference maxima of PCB phytochromes are blue-shifted by several nanometers with respect to those obtained with the P phi B chromophore. The deletion construct with PCB shows difference absorption maxima at 652 and 705 nm with the Pfr absorbance considerably reduced. Time-resolved kinetic analysis of a phyB-type phytochrome by nanosecond flash photolysis was performed for the first time. Recombinant full-length phyB afforded transient absorbance changes similar (but not identical) to those of phyA from Avena, whereas the kinetic behavior of these intermediates was very different. Contrary to phyA from Avena, the I700 intermediate from phyB reconstituted with either PCB or P phi B decayed following single exponential kinetics with a lifetime of 87 or 84 microseconds, respectively, at 10 degrees C. The formation of Pfr of PCB-containing recombinant phyB (phyB-PCB) could be fitted with three lifetimes of 9, 127, and 728 ms. The corresponding lifetimes of phyB-P phi B are 22.5, 343, and 2083 ms. Whereas for phyB-PCB all three millisecond lifetimes are related to the formation of Pfr, the 2 s component of phyB-P phi B is concomitant with a rapid recovery of Pr. For recombinant potato phyA and delta 1-74 phyB, no time-resolved data could be obtained due to the limited quantities available. As described for phytochromes of other dicotelydons, the Pfr forms of full-length phyA and PhyB of potato underwent rapid dark conversion to Pr.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruddat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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31
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Sineshchekov VA. Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - BIOENERGETICS 1995; 1228:125-164. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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32
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Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lamparter T, Hughes J, Hartmann E. A FULLY AUTOMATED DUAL-WAVELENGTH PHOTOMETER FOR PHYTOCHROME MEASUREMENTS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHYTOCHROME FROM CHLOROPHYLLCONTAINING EXTRACE. Photochem Photobiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang YC, Cordonnier-Pratt MM, Pratt LH. Temporal and light regulation of the expression of three phytochromes in germinating seeds and young seedlings of Avena sativa L. PLANTA 1993; 189:384-390. [PMID: 24178495 DOI: 10.1007/bf00194435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An oat (Avena sativa L.) plant contains at least three phytochromes, which have monomeric masses of 125, 124, and 123 kilodaltons (kDa) (Wang et al., 1991, Planta 184, 96-104). The 124-kDa phytochrome is most abundant in dark-grown seedlings, while the other two phytochromes predominate in light-grown seedlings. Using three monoclonal antibodies, each specific to one of the three phytochromes, we have monitored by immunoblot assay the expression of these three phytochromes in the 5 d following onset of imbibition of seeds. On a per-organism basis, each of these three phytochromes increased in abundance for the first 3 d in the light, or for the first 4 d in darkness, after which they each began to decrease in quantity. When 3-d-old dark-grown seedlings were transferred to the light, the abundance of each of these three phytochromes decreased both in absolute amount and relative to the phytochrome levels in control seedlings kept in darkness. In contrast, when 3-d-old light-grown seedlings were transferred to darkness, the abundance of the 124-kDa and 125-kDa phytochromes increased while that of 123-kDa phytochrome remained unchanged. In each case, the level of phytochrome was greater than that of control seedlings maintained in the light. Thus, in addition to temporal regulation, all three phytochromes exhibit photoregulated expression at the protein level, although the magnitude of this photoregulation varies substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Wang
- Botany Department, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
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Moore T, Keegstra K. Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a chloroplast-targeted Clp homologue. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:525-37. [PMID: 8443344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to identify cDNA clones encoding chloroplastic envelope membrane proteins of Pisum sativum L. led to the isolation of a clone encoding a 92 kDa protein found in both the inner envelope membrane and the soluble fraction of chloroplasts. Sequential transcription and translation from the insert of this clone yielded a 102 kDa protein that could be imported into chloroplasts and processed to a 92 kDa form. Although the protein was identified because it reacted with antibodies to chloroplastic envelope proteins, the imported 92 kDa protein was recovered primarily in the soluble fraction of chloroplasts. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein has strong similarity to the Clp proteins, a recently described family of highly conserved proteins present in all organisms examined to date. The physiological significance of the presence of this protein in chloroplasts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moore
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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36
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Mancinelli AL, Rossr F, Moroni A. PHYTOCHROME PHOTOCONVERSION in vivo. EFFECT OF THE INITIAL Pfr/Ptot RATIO. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Hanelt S, Braun B, Marx S, Schneider-Poetsch HA. Phytochrome evolution: a phylogenetic tree with the first complete sequence of phytochrome from a cryptogamic plant (Selaginella martensii spring). Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:751-8. [PMID: 1475321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced cDNA and genomic clones coding for phytochrome of the fern Selaginella. On the amino acid level, this phytochrome shares sequence homologies with phytochromes of higher plants which range between 62 (phytochrome B of Arabidopsis) and 55 (56)% [phytochrome C of Arabidopsis (Avena)]. Introns in the Selaginella gene are short and occupy positions known from phytochrome sequences of higher plants. A rooted phylogenetic tree based on mutation distances puts Selaginella phytochrome closest to the hypothetical ancestor. A similar tree arises if the tree is constructed with partial sequences (about 200 amino acids) around the chromophore attachment site. An extension of this tree by sequences of other cryptogamic plants (Mougeotia, Ceratodon, Psilotum) shows all these sequences including those of the phytochromes B and C of Arabidopsis on a branch, well separated from the branch formed by phytochromes known to accumulate in etiolated plants. The rooted phytochrome phylogenetic tree, however, is difficult to reconcile with the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanelt
- Botanisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Germany
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38
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Wang YC, Cordonnier-Pratt MM, Pratt LH. DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF THREE PHYTOCHROMES IN UNIMBIBED SEEDS OF: Avena sativa L. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Peter G, Thornber J. Biochemical composition and organization of higher plant photosystem II light-harvesting pigment-proteins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dehesh K, Tepperman J, Christensen AH, Quail PH. phyB is evolutionarily conserved and constitutively expressed in rice seedling shoots. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 225:305-13. [PMID: 2005872 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Southern blot analysis indicates that the rice genome contains single copies of genes encoding type A (phyA) and type B (phyB) phytochromes. We have isolated overlapping cDNA and genomic clones encoding the entire phyB polypeptide. This monocot sequence is more closely related to phyB from the dicot, Arabidopsis (73% amino acid sequence identity), than it is to the phyA gene in the rice genome (50% identity). These data support the proposal that phyA and phyB subfamilies diverged early in plant evolution and that subsequent divergence accompanied the evolution of monocots and dicots. Moreover, since rice and Arabidopsis phyB polypeptides are more closely related to one another (73% identity) than are monocot and dicot phyA sequences (63-65% identity), it appears that phyB has evolved more slowly than phyA. Sequence conservation between phyA and phyB is greatest in a central core region surrounding the chromophore attachment site, and least toward the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal ends of the polypeptides, although hydropathy analysis suggests that the overall structure of the two phytochromes has been conserved. Gene-specific Northern blot analysis indicates that, whereas phyA is negatively regulated by phytochrome in rice seedling shoots in the manner typical of monocots, phyB is constitutively expressed irrespective of light treatment. In consequence, phyA and phyB transcripts are equally abundant in fully green tissue. Since Arabidopsis phyB mRNA levels are also unaffected by light, the present results suggest that this mode of regulation is evolutionarily conserved among phyB genes, perhaps reflecting differences in the functional roles of the different phytochrome subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dehesh
- University of California, Berkeley
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CASAL JJ, SANCHEZ RA, BENEDETTO AH, MIGUEL LUCILAC. LIGHT PROMOTION OF SEED GERMINATION IN Datura ferox IS MEDIATED BY A HIGHLY STABLE POOL OF PHYTOCHROME. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb03930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ruyters G, Grotjohann N, Kowallik W. Phytochrome in Dunaliella, Chlorella and other Green Algae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(11)80107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tomizawa K, Nayatani A, Furuya M. Phytochrome genes: studies using the tools of molecular biology and photomorphogenetic mutants. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 52:265-75. [PMID: 2204945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Tomizawa
- Laboratory of Plant Biological Regulation, RIKEN Institute, Saitama, Japan
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Casal JJ, Whitelam GC, Smith H. PHYTOCHROME CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN MUSTARD INTERNODES: CORRELATION WITH GROWTH, and COMPARISON WITH THE EFFECT OF WOUNDING. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fischer C, Kraml M. ACTION SPECTRUM FOR PHOTOREVERSION OF THE ACTIVE Pfr-FRACTION OF Mougeotia in vivo. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith H. PHYTOCHROME ACTION AT HIGH PHOTON FLUENCE RATES: RAPID EXTENSION RATE RESPONSES OF LIGHT-GROWN MUSTARD TO VARIATIONS INFLUENCE RATE and RED: FAR-RED RATIO. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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