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Rakitov R. Aphagy and vestigial stylets in first-instar nymphs of Aradidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 72:101226. [PMID: 36621066 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aradidae are known for their remarkably long stylets, coiled at rest in the anterior part of the head. However, previous reports indicated that at least some species lacked stylets during the first nymphal instar. A more detailed examination of Aradus betulae 1st-instar nymphs showed that their mandibular and maxillary stylets are abnormally short, not coiled, improperly interlocked, and clearly non-functional. The anteclypeus is relatively small and its internal diverticulum, which accommodates the stylet coil in the older stages, is vestigial. In contrast, the labium, labrum, food canal, and associated structures and muscles, including protractors and retractors of the stylets, are all normally developed. First-instar nymphs of Aradidae are the first known Heteroptera with non-functional mouthparts. To explain this phenomenon, a hypothesis is proposed which links previously unexplained records of non-feeding (but endowed with regular, functional mouthparts) 1st-instar nymphs of various pentatomomorphan families with the special role of that stage in acquiring microbial gut symbionts. A presumed loss of symbionts in the ancestors of Aradidae may have led to reduction of the now useless stylets in the first instar, which retained aphagy, despite a spectacular elongation of stylets in the older, feeding instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Rakitov
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Gamarra H, Sporleder M, Carhuapoma P, Kroschel J, Kreuze J. A temperature-dependent phenology model for the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Virus Res 2020; 289:198107. [PMID: 32800806 PMCID: PMC7569604 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development, mortality and reproduction of T. vaporariorum were studied at constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 °C. Nonlinear equations were fitted to the data and a temperature-driven process-based phenology/population growth model for the vector pest established. After adjustment, the model gave good predictions when compared with observed life tables and published data. The model can be used for predicting the species distribution potential based on temperature worldwide and adjusting pest management measures.
The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest of many fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops in sub-tropical regions and in greenhouses worldwide. Potato is a secondary host of the species but the major threat from this insect in the Andean region for potato is the transmission by this insect of a crinivirus causing Potato yellow vein disease. Determination of the pest’s temperature-dependent population growth potential is crucial knowledge for understanding the population dynamics and spread potential of the species and the diseases it can transmit, as well as for designing effective pest management strategies. Trialeurodes vaporariorum development, mortality and reproduction were studied at seven constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 °C. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to the data and establish an overall phenology model to simulate life-table parameters based on temperature. In addition, life tables of T. vaporariorium were established at daily fluctuating temperature in two different environments: Cusco (5 °C–35 °C) and La Molina, Lima (13.7 °C–24.9 °C), and used to adjust and validate the model. The insect only completed its life cycle at constant temperatures above 15 °C and below 32 °C although the cycle was completed at daily fluctuating temperatures between 5 °C and 35 °C. The overall model portrayed population development within the temperature range of 14° to 32 °C with a maximum finite rate of population increase (= 1.14) at 23 °C. However, the model revealed poor convergence with life tables established at fluctuating temperatures indicating an influential effect of temperature fluctuations on the whitefly life history parameters, particularly on adult survival time and reproduction. Therefore, we adjusted the model for convergence with a single life table observed at fluctuating temperature. The adjusted model gave good predictions when compared with remaining observed life tables and published data. The adjusted model predicted population development within the temperature range of 11.5 °C–35.5 °C, and maximum population growth at around 24 °C with a finite rate of increase, λ, of 1.137 and a population doubling time of 5 days. The established process-based physiological model presented here for T. vaporariorum can be used for predicting the species distribution potential based on temperature worldwide and should prove helpful in adjusting pest management measures. Moreover, the information obtained will be used to predict the spread potential of potato yellow vein disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Gamarra
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Marc Sporleder
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru.
| | - Pablo Carhuapoma
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Jürgen Kroschel
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Jan Kreuze
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
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Rakitov R. Pronymphs, hatching, and proboscis assembly in leafhoppers and froghoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae and Aphrophoridae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:529-541. [PMID: 29885492 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharate 1st instar nymphs enclosed in the embryonic cuticle, referred to as pronymphs, were studied in a froghopper Aphrophora pectoralis Mats. (Aphrophoridae) and the leafhoppers Oncopsis flavicollis (L.), Populicerus populi (L.), Alebra wahlbergi (Boh.), Igutettix oculatus (Lindb.), and Scenergates viridis (Vilb.) (Cicadellidae). The species vary in the relative length of the pronymphal antennae and details of sculpturing of the cephalic region. No egg bursting structures were observed, except small denticles on the crown region of S. viridis pronymphs. Rudimentary mandibular and maxillary stylets of a pronymph are external, short, tubular appendages containing tips of the corresponding nymphal stylets, whose more basal parts develop inside of the head. Casting off of the embryonic cuticle results in the nymphal stylets being passively pulled out and assuming a close-set parallel orientation. Once the sheaths of unsclerotized cuticle secreted by the peripodial epithelium and enveloping each developing stylet have been cast off with the exuviae, the bare stylets become squeezed and interlocked into a functional bundle. The roles of the maxillary plates, clypeus, labrum, and labium in the stylet bundle assembly are discussed. The process repeats after each molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Rakitov
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Ribak G, Dafni E, Gerling D. Whiteflies stabilize their take-off with closed wings. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1639-48. [PMID: 27045098 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transition from ground to air in flying animals is often assisted by the legs pushing against the ground as the wings start to flap. Here, we show that when tiny whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, body length ca. 1 mm) perform take-off jumps with closed wings, the abrupt push against the ground sends the insect into the air rotating forward in the sagittal (pitch) plane. However, in the air, B. tabaci can recover from this rotation remarkably fast (less than 11 ms), even before spreading its wings and flapping. The timing of body rotation in air, a simplified biomechanical model and take-off in insects with removed wings all suggest that the wings, resting backwards alongside the body, stabilize motion through air to prevent somersaulting. The increased aerodynamic force at the posterior tip of the body results in a pitching moment that stops body rotation. Wing deployment increases the pitching moment further, returning the body to a suitable angle for flight. This inherent stabilizing mechanism is made possible by the wing shape and size, in which half of the wing area is located behind the posterior tip of the abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Ribak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eyal Dafni
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dan Gerling
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Renner M. Analyse der Kopulationsbereitschaft des Weibchens der Feldheuschrecke Euthystira brachyptera Ocsk. in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Zustand des Geschlechtsapparates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1952.tb01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vet LEM, Lenteren JC, Woets J. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1980.tb03499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mansveld MHER, Lenteren JCV, Ellenbroek FJM, Woets J. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hym., Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Horn., Aleyrodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1982.tb03596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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NOLDUS LPJJ, RUMEI XU, LENTEREN JC. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb02811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Woodward TE. STUDIES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THREE SPECIES OF BRITISH HETEROPTERA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OVERWINTERING STAGES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1952.tb01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kennedy JS. THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE DESERT LOCUST (SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA (FORSK.)) (ORTHOPT.) IN AN OUTBREAK CENTRE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1939.tb00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Emden FI. EGG-BURSTERS IN SOME MORE FAMILIES OF POLYPHAGOUS BEETLES AND SOME GENERAL REMARKS ON EGG-BURSTERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1946.tb01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gorb SN. The jumping mechanism of cicada Cercopis vulnerata (Auchenorrhyncha, Cercopidae): skeleton-muscle organisation, frictional surfaces, and inverse-kinematic model of leg movements. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2004; 33:201-220. [PMID: 18089035 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In Auchenorrhyncha, jumping is achieved by metathoracic muscles which are inserted into the trochanter of the hind leg. The synchronisation of movements of the hind legs is a difficult problem, as the leg extension that produces the jump occurs in less than 1 ms. Even slight asynchrony could potentially result in failure of a jump. Both the synchronisation of the movements of a pair of jumping legs, and their stabilisation during a jump, seem to be important problems for small jumping insects. The present study was performed in order to clarify some questions of the functional morphology of the leafhopper jumping mechanism. It is based on skeleton-muscle reconstruction, high-speed video recordings, transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigations of the cuticle, together with 3D inverse-kinematic modelling of angles and working zones of hind leg joints of cicada Cercopis vulnerata (Cercopidae). The complete extension of the hind leg takes less than 1 ms, which suggests that the jump is powered not only by the muscle system, but also by an elastic spring. Histological staining and fluorescence microscopy showed resilin-bearing structures, responsible for elastic energy storage, in the pleural area of the metathorax. Synchronisation of hind leg movements may be aided by microtrichia fields that are located on the medial surface of each hind coxa. In Auchenorrhyncha, hind coxae are rounded in their anterior and lateral parts, whereas medial parts are planar, and contact each other over a rather large area. The inverse-kinematic model of propulsive leg movements was used to draw the surface outlined by the medial surface of the coxa, during the jump movement. This is a cone surface, faced with its bulged-in side, medially. Surfaces outlined by the movements of both right and left coxae overlap in their anterior and posterior positions. In both extreme positions, coxae are presumably connected to each other by coupled microtrichia fields. Thus, in extreme positions, both coxae can be moved synchronously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav N Gorb
- Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Metals Research, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Buckner JS, Freeman TP, Ruud RL, Chu CC, Henneberry TJ. Characterization and functions of the whitefly egg pedicel. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 49:22-33. [PMID: 11754091 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques were used to observe the characteristics of egg oviposition into both plant cells/tissues and artificial membranes, and to document the morphology of mature egg pedicles removed from the ovaries of females. The exterior of the distal portion of the pedicel consisted of a tangled array of fibrous structures (0.2-0.3 microm in diameter) that constituted about 20-25% of the outer diameter of the pedicel. The attachments of the fibers to the core of the pedicle suggested that the pedicel functions as the collector and conduit for water (vapor), and perhaps solute movement into the egg. Silverleaf whitefly eggs on membranes were incubated at various levels of relative humidity and the eggs were scored for egg hatch. At 98-100% rh, the percentage egg hatch was 86-98%. At lower humidity ranges of 0-20, 55-65, and 75-85% rh, none of the eggs hatched. Media (solute) uptake by silverleaf whitefly egg pedicels was determined by exposing the pedicel side of eggs oviposited on membranes to media solutions containing the high molecular weight polysaccharide, [(14)C]-inulin. Solute uptake by the pedicel and movement into developing silverleaf whitefly eggs were demonstrated using [2-(14)C]-acetate, and assaying for radioactivity in hatched nymphs. These studies, using exposure of pedicels to relative humidity and radiolabeled materials, demonstrate that whitefly egg hatch is dependent upon water uptake by the pedicel, and that the pedicel has the ability to transport solutes into the developing egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Buckner
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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Yano E. A simulation study of population interaction between the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and the parasitoidEncarsia formosa gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) I. Description of the model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yamamura N, Yano E. A simple model of host-parasitoid interaction with host-feeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02513255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tagesperiodik der Aktivit�t und der Orientierung nach Wald und Feld von Drosophila subobscura und Drosophila obscura. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00298224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Der Einfluss von Beleuchtungsst�rke und Temperatur auf die Tagesperiodische laufaktivit�t des Mehlk�fers, Tenebrio Molitor, L. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00302682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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�ber die induktion der diapause und der ausbildung der saisonformen bei Aleurochiton Complanatus (Baerensprung) (Homoptera aleyrodidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Zur biologie und morphologie der saisonformen von Aleurochiton Complanatus (baerensprung 1849) (homoptera aleyrodidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stickstoffbindung aus der Luft bei den Aphiden und bei den Homopteren (Rhynchota insecta). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1943. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00338578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Stickstoffassimilation aus der Luft bei den Rhynchoten (Insecta). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1943. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00338591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Zum gegenw�rtigen Stand der Allgemeinen �kologie. Naturwissenschaften 1941. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01481983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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über die ökologische Valenz zweier Wanzenarten mit verschiedenem Verbreitungsgebiet. Parasitol Res 1937. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02120439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Weber H. Die postembryonale entwicklung der aleurodinen (Hemi ptera-homoptera). Ein beitrag zur kenntnis der metamorphosen der insekten. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1934. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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