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Inwood SN, Harrop TWR, Shields MW, Goldson SL, Dearden PK. Immune system modulation & virus transmission during parasitism identified by multi-species transcriptomics of a declining insect biocontrol system. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:311. [PMID: 38532315 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Argentine stem weevil (ASW, Listronotus bonariensis) is a significant pasture pest in Aotearoa New Zealand, primarily controlled by the parasitoid biocontrol agent Microctonus hyperodae. Despite providing effective control of ASW soon after release, M. hyperodae parasitism rates have since declined significantly, with ASW hypothesised to have evolved resistance to its biocontrol agent. While the parasitism arsenal of M. hyperodae has previously been investigated, revealing many venom components and an exogenous novel DNA virus Microctonus hyperodae filamentous virus (MhFV), the effects of said arsenal on gene expression in ASW during parasitism have not been examined. In this study, we performed a multi-species transcriptomic analysis to investigate the biology of ASW parasitism by M. hyperodae, as well as the decline in efficacy of this biocontrol system. RESULTS The transcriptomic response of ASW to parasitism by M. hyperodae involves modulation of the weevil's innate immune system, flight muscle components, and lipid and glucose metabolism. The multispecies approach also revealed continued expression of venom components in parasitised ASW, as well as the transmission of MhFV to weevils during parasitism and some interrupted parasitism attempts. Transcriptomics did not detect a clear indication of parasitoid avoidance or other mechanisms to explain biocontrol decline. CONCLUSIONS This study has expanded our understanding of interactions between M. hyperodae and ASW in a biocontrol system of critical importance to Aotearoa-New Zealand's agricultural economy. Transmission of MhFV to ASW during successful and interrupted parasitism attempts may link to a premature mortality phenomenon in ASW, hypothesised to be a result of a toxin-antitoxin system. Further research into MhFV and its potential role in ASW premature mortality is required to explore whether manipulation of this viral infection has the potential to increase biocontrol efficacy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Inwood
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W R Harrop
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Morgan W Shields
- BioProtection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Stephen L Goldson
- Biocontrol and Biosecurity Group, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Genomics Aotearoa, and the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Wood AD, Berry K. COVID-19 transmission in a resource dependent community with heterogeneous populations: An agent-based modeling approach. Econ Hum Biol 2024; 52:101314. [PMID: 38056317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of COVID-19 in crowded work locations led to mass infection events during the pandemic that stressed health capacity in rural communities. This led to disparate responses - either isolating and restricting workers to facilities and potentially amplifying spread between them, more intense community wide restrictions, or an acceptance of higher disease spread. An extreme case is the salmon fishery in Bristol Bay, Alaska, where fishermen, factory workers, and residents all interact during the summer fishing season. During the pandemic, policy measures were debated, including community mask mandates, restricting workers to their boats and factories, and even closing the valuable seasonal fishery. We develop an agent-based SIR model (ABM) to examine COVID-19 transmission in a resource-dependent community populated by distinct subgroups. The model includes a virus spreading within and between three heterogenous populations who interact with other members of their type in their home location, and with different types of agents when out in the community. We simulate various non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination rates across these groups. Results demonstrate the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccinations, as well as tradeoffs between duration and intensity and tradeoffs between groups impacted by the outbreak. This ABM demonstrates the impact of public policy mechanisms on health outcomes in resource-dependent communities with distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Wood
- Department of Economics, John H. Sykes College of Business, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box O, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Kevin Berry
- Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
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Zhang M, Meng N, Duo H, Yang Y, Dong Q, Gu J. Efficacy of mouthwash on reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load and clinical symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:678. [PMID: 37821800 PMCID: PMC10568889 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has been a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) for a lengthy period of time. The novel coronavirus is primarily spread via aerosols at a short distance, with infected individuals releasing large amounts of aerosols when speaking and coughing. However, there is an open question regarding whether mouthwash could effectively reduce virus transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic and support the prevention of infection among medical workers. METHODS Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched from the inception of each database to January 12, 2023 for currently available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the effect of mouthwash on novel coronavirus load in the oral cavity in COVID-19 patients. The treatment group received mouthwash for rinsing the mouth, while the control group received a placebo or distilled water for COVID-19 patients. The primary outcomes were CT value and viral load. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to minimize the bias and the impact of heterogeneity. RESULTS Thirteen RCTs were included. Seven studies reported the intervention effect of mouthwash on the CT value of novel coronavirus. The analysis results showed that the mouthwash group had a positive impact on the CT value of novel coronavirus [ SMD = 0.35, 95% CI (0.21, 0.50)] compared with the control group. In addition, subgroup analysis showed a significant positive effect of mouthwash on CT values in the treatment group compared with the control group, with chlorhexidine (CHX) [SMD = 0.33, 95% CI (0.10, 0.56)], povidone-iodine (PVP-I) [SMD = 0.61, 95% CI (0.23, 0.99)], or hydrogen peroxide (HP) [SMD = 1.04, 95% CI (0.30, 1.78)] as an ingredient of the mouthwash. Six studies reported the intervention effect of mouthwash on the viral load, 263 cases in the treatment group and 164 cases in the control group. The analysis results showed that there was no statistical difference between the mouthwash group and the control group in the viral load of novel coronavirus [SMD = -0.06, 95% CI (-0.18, 0.05)]. In the subgroup analysis by measurement time, there were statistically significant differences between the mouthwash and control groups for CT values [SMD = 0.52, 95% CI (0.31, 0.72)] and viral load [SMD = - 0.32, 95% CI (- 0.56, - 0.07)] within 30 min of gargling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, mouthwash has some efficacy in reducing the viral load of novel coronavirus, especially within 30 min after rinsing the mouth. Mouthwash containing CHX, PVP-I and HP all had significant positive effects on CT values, and PVP-I-containing mouthwash may be a promising option to control novel coronavirus infections and relieve virus-related symptoms. However, studies on the dose and frequency of use of mouthwash for infection control are still lacking, which may limit the clinical application of mouthwash. TRIAL REGISTRATION Protocol registration: The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023401961).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan City, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Nan Meng
- North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan City, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong Duo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, The Second Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuanbo Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Tangshan Workers Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Dong
- North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian New Town, Tangshan City, 063000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jianqi Gu
- Department of Stomatology, HeBei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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4
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Kim E, Kim JY, Kim W, Lee S, Park KH, Yoon JS. Complete genome sequence of an oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus isolated from Korean rhinoceros beetles (Trypoxylus dichotomus) in Korea. Virus Res 2023; 335:199167. [PMID: 37442527 PMCID: PMC10485680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Nudivirus-infected Korean rhinoceros beetles (Trypoxylus dichotomus) were first identified in 2015, and while a complete genome sequence of the virus has long been uploaded to the NCBI database, it has not been examined in detail. Here, we describe the genomic characteristics of Trypoxylus dichotomus nudivirus (TdNV), which represents a new Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) strain, isolated from infected T. dichotomus in the Republic of Korea. We examined factors derived by the cross-species infection of OrNV from nucleotide levels to the whole genome level. Our genomic analysis study suggests that TdNV-Korea is highly conserved with other OrNVs in terms of genomic structures and genome size. Our investigation of the genomic structure revealed that TdNV-Korea has the least number of open reading frames (ORFs) of all available OrNV genomes; three hypothetical genes were notably absent only in TdNV-Korea. In addition, the genomic alteration of the nudivirus core genes discloses that various amino acid mutations caused by single-nucleotide polymorphism and short indels (insertion/deletion) were found in most of the nudivirus core genes of TdNV-Korea. Our findings provide a valuable resource for those seeking a greater understanding of cross-species nudivirus transmission and will certainly provide valuable insight for reconstruction and reinterpretation of future and previously identified OrNV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Kim
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontae Kim
- Research Policy Planning Division, RDA, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhyun Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Ho Park
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Sun Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Lee B, Lau D, Mogk JPM, Lee M, Bibliowicz J, Goldstein R, Tessier A. Generative design for COVID-19 and future pathogens using stochastic multi-agent simulation. Sustain Cities Soc 2023; 97:104661. [PMID: 37332845 PMCID: PMC10234365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a generative design workflow that integrates a stochastic multi-agent simulation with the intent of helping building designers reduce the risk posed by COVID-19 and future pathogens. Our custom simulation randomly generates activities and movements of individual occupants, tracking the amount of virus transmitted through air and surfaces from contagious to susceptible agents. The stochastic nature of the simulation requires that many repetitions be performed to achieve statistically reliable results. Accordingly, a series of initial experiments identified parameter values that balanced the trade-off between computational cost and accuracy. Applying generative design to a case study based on an existing office space reduced the predicted transmission by around 10% to 20% compared with a baseline set of layouts. Additionally, a qualitative examination of the generated layouts revealed design patterns that may reduce transmission. Stochastic multi-agent simulation is a computationally expensive yet plausible way to generate safer building designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Lee
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Damon Lau
- Autodesk Research, 19 Morris Ave, Brooklyn Navy Yard, Building 128, Brooklyn, 11205, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P M Mogk
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Lee
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Jacobo Bibliowicz
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Rhys Goldstein
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Tessier
- Autodesk Research, 661 University Ave, West Tower, Ste. 200, Toronto, M5G 1MA, ON, Canada
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Wang L, Sanon A, Khoiriyah Z, Verwimp S, Abdelnabi R, Delang L. Tarsal exposure to atovaquone inhibits chikungunya virus transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, but not the transmission of Zika virus. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105694. [PMID: 37532005 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug atovaquone was recently reported to inhibit the in vitro replication of different arboviruses, including chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Furthermore, atovaquone was shown to block Plasmodium parasite transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes when the mosquitoes were exposed to low concentrations on treated surfaces (i.e. tarsal exposure). Therefore, we evaluated the anti-CHIKV and -ZIKV effects of atovaquone via tarsal exposure in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We first confirmed that atovaquone exerted a dose-dependent antiviral effect on CHIKV and ZIKV replication in mosquito-derived cells. The modest antiviral effect could be rescued by adding exogenous uridine. Next, we assessed the effect of tarsal exposure to atovaquone on the fitness of Ae. aegypti. Concentrations up to 100 μmol/m2 did not affect the fecundity and egg-hatching rate. No significant effect on mosquito survival was observed when mosquitoes were exposed to concentrations up to 25 μmol/m2. To evaluate the antiviral effect of atovaquone against CHIKV, we exposed female mosquitoes to 100 μmol/m2 atovaquone for 1h, after which the mosquitoes were immediately infected with CHIKV or ZIKV via bloodmeal. Atovaquone did not significantly reduce ZIKV or CHIKV infection in Ae. aegypti, but successfully blocked the transmission of CHIKV in saliva. Tarsal exposure to antiviral drugs could therefore be a potential new strategy to reduce virus transmission by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Wang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aboubakar Sanon
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Burkina Faso
| | - Zakiyatul Khoiriyah
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Verwimp
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Hansen KS, Madsen AM. Transmission route of rhinovirus - the causative agent for common cold. A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:938-957. [PMID: 36535318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract illness and upper respiratory tract infections, traditionally defined as 'common colds'. Experimental transmission of RV has been studied for more than 50 years. However, there are divergent results as to whether hands and fomites or aerosols constitute the dominant route of transmission in natural settings. METHODS We have systematically reviewed the literature according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Searches were run in PubMed and Web of Science until August 2022. Inclusion criteria were original studies of relevance for revealing the route of transmission of rhinovirus in humans. RESULTS The search yielded 663 results, and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. These articles addressing RV transmission routes were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) indirect transmission by fomites and hands, (2) direct transmission via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols, or (3) transmission either direct via large aerosols (droplets) or small aerosols and fomite or hands. CONCLUSIONS We found low evidence, that transmission via hands and fomite followed by self-inoculation is the dominant transmission route in real-life indoor settings. We found moderate evidence, that airborne transmission either via large aerosols or small aerosols is the major transmission route of rhinovirus transmission in real-life indoor settings. This suggests that the major transmission route of RVs in many indoor settings is through the air (airborne transmission).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Pais CM, Godano MI, Juarez E, Prado AD, Manresa JB, Rufiner HL. City-scale model for COVID-19 epidemiology with mobility and social activities represented by a set of hidden Markov models. Comput Biol Med 2023; 160:106942. [PMID: 37156221 PMCID: PMC10152763 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE SARS-CoV-2 emerged by the end of 2019 and became a global pandemic due to its rapid spread. Various outbreaks of the disease in different parts of the world have been studied, and epidemiological analyses of these outbreaks have been useful for developing models with the aim of tracking and predicting the spread of epidemics. In this paper, an agent-based model that predicts the local daily evolution of the number of people hospitalized in intensive care due to COVID-19 is presented. METHODS An agent-based model has been developed, taking into consideration the most relevant characteristics of the geography and climate of a mid-size city, its population and pathology statistics, and its social customs and mobility, including the state of public transportation. In addition to these inputs, the different phases of isolation and social distancing are also taken into account. By means of a set of hidden Markov models, the system captures and reproduces virus transmission associated with the stochastic nature of people's mobility and activities in the city. The spread of the virus in the host is also simulated by following the stages of the disease and by considering the existence of comorbidities and the proportion of asymptomatic carriers. RESULTS As a case study, the model was applied to Paraná city (Entre Ríos, Argentina) in the second half of 2020. The model adequately predicts the daily evolution of people hospitalized in intensive care due to COVID-19. This adequacy is reflected by the fact that the prediction of the model (including its dispersion), as with the data reported in the field, never exceeded 90% of the capacity of beds installed in the city. In addition, other epidemiological variables of interest, with discrimination by age range, were also adequately reproduced, such as the number of deaths, reported cases, and asymptomatic individuals. CONCLUSIONS The model can be used to predict the most likely evolution of the number of cases and hospital bed occupancy in the short term. By adjusting the model to match the data on hospitalizations in intensive care units and deaths due to COVID-19, it is possible to analyze the impact of isolation and social distancing measures on the disease spread dynamics. In addition, it allows for simulating combinations of characteristics that would lead to a potential collapse in the health system due to lack of infrastructure as well as predicting the impact of social events or increases in people's mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Pais
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Route Prov. 11, km 10, Ciudad de Oro Verde, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina.
| | - Matias I Godano
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Route Prov. 11, km 10, Ciudad de Oro Verde, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Juarez
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Route Prov. 11, km 10, Ciudad de Oro Verde, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Abelardo Del Prado
- Facultad de Trabajo Social, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Argentina
| | - Jose Biurrun Manresa
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (IBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - H Leonardo Rufiner
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos (UNER), Route Prov. 11, km 10, Ciudad de Oro Verde, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencia Computacional (sinc(i)) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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9
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Norvihoho LK, Yin J, Zhou ZF, Han J, Chen B, Fan LH, Lichtfouse E. Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2023; 21:1701-1727. [PMID: 36846189 PMCID: PMC9944801 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-023-01579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 is still ongoing despite mass vaccination, lockdowns, and other drastic measures to control the pandemic. This is due partly to our lack of understanding on the multiphase flow mechanics that control droplet transport and viral transmission dynamics. Various models of droplet evaporation have been reported, yet there is still limited knowledge about the influence of physicochemical parameters on the transport of respiratory droplets carrying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here we review the effects of initial droplet size, environmental conditions, virus mutation, and non-volatile components on droplet evaporation and dispersion, and on virus stability. We present experimental and computational methods to analyze droplet transport, and factors controlling transport and evaporation. Methods include thermal manikins, flow techniques, aerosol-generating techniques, nucleic acid-based assays, antibody-based assays, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, field-effect transistor-based assay, and discrete and gas-phase modeling. Controlling factors include environmental conditions, turbulence, ventilation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, droplet size distribution, non-volatile components, evaporation and mutation. Current results show that medium-sized droplets, e.g., 50 µm, are sensitive to relative humidity. Medium-sized droplets experience delayed evaporation at high relative humidity, and increase airborne lifetime and travel distance. By contrast, at low relative humidity, medium-sized droplets quickly shrink to droplet nuclei and follow the cough jet. Virus inactivation within a few hours generally occurs at temperatures above 40 °C, and the presence of viral particles in aerosols impedes droplet evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kojo Norvihoho
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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10
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Ho KMA, Baggaley RF, Stone TC, Hogan Á, Kabir Y, Johnson C, Merrifield R, Lovat LB. Face Mask Acceptability for Communal Religious Worship During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Kingdom: Results from the CONFESS Study. J Relig Health 2023; 62:608-626. [PMID: 36002758 PMCID: PMC9401196 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to restrictions such as social distancing and mandatory wearing of face masks. Singing and religious gatherings have been linked to infection clusters, and between 2020 and 2021 indoor congregational singing and chanting were prohibited in the United Kingdom. We evaluated attitudes to face mask use and their acceptability as well as changes within places of worship since their reopening in July up to autumn 2020. In this cross-sectional study, participants were recruited using convenience sampling through selective targeting of religious organisations and social media. Participants self-enrolled and completed an online questionnaire, which included open and closed questions. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with face mask acceptability. We performed thematic analysis to evaluate responses to open questions. A total of 939 participants were included in the analysis. Median age was 52.7 years and 66.1% were female, while 80.7% identified as Christian. A majority (672/861; 78.0%) of participants would find it acceptable to wear a face mask and reduce their singing or chanting volume if required, even though 428/681 (49.1%) found face masks to be uncomfortable. Multivariable regression found that younger age was associated with a higher acceptability of face masks (adjusted OR (aOR): 0.98 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.96-1.00), p = 0.0218). The majority of respondents stated that religious services had become shorter, attended by fewer people and with reduced singing or chanting. Most (869/893, 97.3%) stated their place of worship complied with government guidelines, with 803/887 (90.5%) reported that their place of worship enforced face mask wearing and 793/887 (89.4%) at least moderately happy with precaution measures. Our study demonstrates the significant impact of COVID-19 in places of worship but a high degree of compliance with guidelines. Face masks, despite practical difficulties, appeared to be more acceptable if there was an incentive of being able to sing and chant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Man Alexander Ho
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Rebecca F Baggaley
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Timothy C Stone
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Áine Hogan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Yusuf Kabir
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK
| | | | | | - Laurence B Lovat
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK.
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TY, UK.
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11
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Ekanayake A, Rajapaksha AU, Hewawasam C, Anand U, Bontempi E, Kurwadkar S, Biswas JK, Vithanage M. Environmental challenges of COVID-19 pandemic: resilience and sustainability - A review. Environ Res 2023; 216:114496. [PMID: 36257453 PMCID: PMC9576205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel respiratory disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a public health emergency worldwide and perturbed the global economy and ecosystem services. Many studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental compartments, its transmission via environmental routes, and potential environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. None of these studies have comprehensively reviewed the bidirectional relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the environment. For the first time, we explored the relationship between the environment and the SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 and how they affect each other. Supporting evidence presented here clearly demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in soil and water, denoting the role of the environment in the COVID-19 transmission process. However, most studies fail to determine if the viral genomes they have discovered are infectious, which could be affected by the environmental factors in which they are found.The potential environmental impact of the pandemic, including water pollution, chemical contamination, increased generation of non-biodegradable waste, and single-use plastics have received the most attention. For the most part, efficient measures have been used to address the current environmental challenges from COVID-19, including using environmentally friendly disinfection technologies and employing measures to reduce the production of plastic wastes, such as the reuse and recycling of plastics. Developing sustainable solutions to counter the environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic should be included in national preparedness strategies. In conclusion, combating the pandemic and accomplishing public health goals should be balanced with environmentally sustainable measures, as the two are closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ekanayake
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Choolaka Hewawasam
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
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12
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Zhou Y, Zheng S, Feng F, Chen Y. Passenger flow analysis and emergency response simulation in a metro network using virus transmission model. J Transp Health 2023; 28:101562. [PMID: 36628064 PMCID: PMC9815955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2022.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential virus in transportation facilities poses a serious risk to travelers. This research focus on the commuting by metro on the risk of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main purpose is to explore the trajectory of virus transmission and the effectiveness of various control measures. METHODS A transmission model was established on the basis of the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, combined with the spatial and temporal characteristics of the metro passenger flow. The implementation effects of the emergency strategies were analyzed through a series of simulation experiments. The changes in passenger flow affected by the virus transmission were analyzed both under the single intervention condition of the disinfection or off-peak travel policy and their double interventions. RESULTS The results of the experiments show that disinfection and off-peak travel can effectively reduce the number of the infected people. To promote the disinfection is better than the off-peak travel strategy. The optimal solution is the combination of these two strategies, thereby reducing the infection rate in the stations effectively. In particular, it can reduce the number of potential infected people in high-traffic stations by 50%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a scientific basis for the prevention of COVID-19 in the urban transportation system and the formulation of public emergency strategies. It can also be applied to other epidemic diseases such as the seasonal flu, for public health prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Public Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Transport, China
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuyan Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Public Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Transport, China
- Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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13
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Dieng MM, Augustinos AA, Demirbas-Uzel G, Doudoumis V, Parker AG, Tsiamis G, Mach RL, Bourtzis K, Abd-Alla AMM. Interactions between Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus and tsetse endosymbionts in wild tsetse populations. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:447. [PMID: 36447246 PMCID: PMC9707009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse control is considered an effective and sustainable tactic for the control of cyclically transmitted trypanosomosis in the absence of effective vaccines and inexpensive, effective drugs. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is currently used to eliminate tsetse fly populations in an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) context in Senegal. For SIT, tsetse mass rearing is a major milestone that associated microbes can influence. Tsetse flies can be infected with microorganisms, including the primary and obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia, the commensal Sodalis glossinidius, and Wolbachia pipientis. In addition, tsetse populations often carry a pathogenic DNA virus, the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) that hinders tsetse fertility and fecundity. Interactions between symbionts and pathogens might affect the performance of the insect host. METHODS In the present study, we assessed associations of GpSGHV and tsetse endosymbionts under field conditions to decipher the possible bidirectional interactions in different Glossina species. We determined the co-infection pattern of GpSGHV and Wolbachia in natural tsetse populations. We further analyzed the interaction of both Wolbachia and GpSGHV infections with Sodalis and Wigglesworthia density using qPCR. RESULTS The results indicated that the co-infection of GpSGHV and Wolbachia was most prevalent in Glossina austeni and Glossina morsitans morsitans, with an explicit significant negative correlation between GpSGHV and Wigglesworthia density. GpSGHV infection levels > 103.31 seem to be absent when Wolbachia infection is present at high density (> 107.36), suggesting a potential protective role of Wolbachia against GpSGHV. CONCLUSION The result indicates that Wolbachia infection might interact (with an undefined mechanism) antagonistically with SGHV infection protecting tsetse fly against GpSGHV, and the interactions between the tsetse host and its associated microbes are dynamic and likely species specific; significant differences may exist between laboratory and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou M. Dieng
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonios A. Augustinos
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria ,Present Address: Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 26442 Patras, Greece
| | - Güler Demirbas-Uzel
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria ,Present Address: Roppersbergweg 15, 2381 Laab im Walde, Austria
| | - George Tsiamis
- grid.11047.330000 0004 0576 5395Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Robert L. Mach
- grid.5329.d0000 0001 2348 4034Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- grid.420221.70000 0004 0403 8399Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Serafim SD, Goularte JF, Caldieraro MA, Lima FM, Dalpiaz G, Rabelo-da-Ponte FD, Torrent C, Solé B, Vieta E, Rosa AR. Validity and Reliability of the Digital Functioning Assessment Short Test (D-FAST) in the Brazilian Sample. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2022; 18:e174501792210121. [PMID: 37274864 PMCID: PMC10156048 DOI: 10.2174/17450179-v18-e2210121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions in all aspects of daily functioning, from school and work to interactions with friends and family. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) is an interviewer-administered scale validated in the psychiatric sample with no previous study assessing its validity and reliability in a digital format. Thus, we aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the digital version of the FAST and understand the implications of COVID-19 and restrictive measures on functioning. Methods Data were collected using an online survey. The psychometric properties of the digital FAST were assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and discriminant functional by cluster analysis in a community sample. Results Out of the total sample, 2,543 (84.1%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 34.28 (12.46) years. The digital FAST retained the six factors structure observed in the original version, with Cronbach's alpha above 0.9. In addition, we showed evidence of discriminant validity by differentiating three clusters of psychosocial functioning. Clinical and demographic differences between groups explained, in part, the heterogeneity of functioning, thus providing support for the construct validity of the instrument. Conclusion The digital FAST is a simple and easy-to-understand instrument that provides a multidimensional assessment of functioning without the need for an interviewer. Furthermore, our findings may help to better understand the psychosocial implications of the pandemic and the importance of planning specific interventions to rehabilitee the affected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dubou Serafim
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Ferraz Goularte
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Caldieraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavia Moreira Lima
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul
, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Dalpiaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Torrent
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brisa Solé
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adriane Ribeiro Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Kumar S, King MD. Numerical investigation on indoor environment decontamination after sneezing. Environ Res 2022; 213:113665. [PMID: 35714690 PMCID: PMC9197796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
More than 320 million people worldwide were affected by SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, which already caused more than 5.5 million deaths. COVID-19 spreads through air when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes out droplets containing virus. Emerging variants like Omicron with positivity rate of 16 (highest among others) present a greater risk of virus spread, so all types of indoor environments become critically important. Strategically adopted Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) approach can significantly reduce the virus spread by early removal of contaminated aerosolized droplets. We modeled different HVAC configurations to characterize the diffusion of contaminated droplets cloud through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of sneeze in standard hospital room as indoor scenario. Injection of saliva droplets with characteristics of exhaled air from lungs was applied to mimic real sneeze. CFD simulations have been performed for three HVAC configurations at two Air Change per Hour (ACH) rates; 6 and 15 ACH. For the first time, use of air curtain at low flow rate has been examined. Simulations provide high fidelity spatial and temporal droplets cloud diffusion under different HVAC configurations, showing spread in room indoor environment up to 360 s. Over 92% of ejected sneeze mass is removed from room air within seconds while the remaining 8% or less becomes airborne with droplets (<50 μm size) and tends to spread uniformly with regular HVAC configuration. Low-speed air curtain accelerates decontamination by efficiently removing aerosolized 1-50 μm size droplets. Study investigates role of droplets removal mechanisms such as escape, evaporation, and deposition on surfaces. Interestingly, results show presence of contaminated droplets even after 5 min of sneeze, which can be effectively removed using low-speed air curtain. Study finds that high ventilation rate requirements can be optimized to modify earlier and new hospital designs to reduce the spread of airborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Maria D King
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Park J, Lee KS, Park H. Optimized mechanism for fast removal of infectious pathogen-laden aerosols in the negative-pressure unit. J Hazard Mater 2022; 435:128978. [PMID: 35472540 PMCID: PMC9020843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been frequently emphasized that highly contagious respiratory disease pathogens (such as SARS-CoV-2) are transmitted to the other hosts in the form of micro-sized aerosols (< 5 μm) in the air without physical contacts. Hospital environments such as negative-pressure unit are considered being consistently exposed to pathogens, so it is essential to quickly discharge them through the effective ventilation system. To achieve that, in the present study, we propose the optimized ventilation mechanism and design for the fastest removal of pathogen-laden aerosol using numerical simulations. We quantitatively evaluated the aerosol removal performance of various ventilation configurations (combinations of air exhaust and supply ducts), and found that the key mechanism is to form the coherent (preferentially upward) airflow structure to surround the respiratory flow containing the aerosol cluster. We believe that the present findings will play a critical role in developing the high-efficiency negative-pressure facility irrespective of its size and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Lee
- Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, South Korea
| | - Hyungmin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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17
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Rodon J, Mykytyn AZ, Cantero G, Albulescu IC, Bosch BJ, Brix A, Audonnet JC, Bensaid A, Vergara-Alert J, Haagmans BL, Segalés J. Protective efficacy of an RBD-based Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) particle vaccine in llamas. One Health Outlook 2022; 4:12. [PMID: 35739576 PMCID: PMC9225808 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue posing a global health threat. Vaccination of livestock reservoir species is a recommended strategy to prevent spread of MERS-CoV among animals and potential spillover to humans. Using a direct-contact llama challenge model that mimics naturally occurring viral transmission, we tested the efficacy of a multimeric receptor binding domain (RBD) particle-display based vaccine candidate. While MERS-CoV was transmitted to naïve animals exposed to virus-inoculated llamas, immunization induced robust virus-neutralizing antibody responses and prevented transmission in 1/3 vaccinated, in-contact animals. Our exploratory study supports further improvement of the RBD-based vaccine to prevent zoonotic spillover of MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Irina C Albulescu
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Brix
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Audonnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Global Innovation, 813 Cours du 3ème millénaire, Saint-Priest, 69380, France
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
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Siqueira de Queiroz Simões R, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Enteric viruses in food safety: New threats for an old problem. Adv Food Nutr Res 2022; 100:265-286. [PMID: 35659354 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are one of the most serious concerns in public health. It is estimated that around 600 million cases of gastroenteritis occur worldwide each year. At present, more than 200 food-borne diseases are known, which can cause from mild gastroenteritis to syndromes with a fatal outcome, with the added possibility of chronic complications. One of the major etiological agents in foodborne diseases are the food and waterborne viruses, which are attracting a great deal of attention to researchers, food hygienists and policy makers. Several aspects differentiate these pathogens from foodborne pathogenic bacteria: their high capacity for infection and preservation in food environments, and their difficulty for a correct and sensitive detection. In recent years, different initiatives have been carried out to prioritize research in the area of viruses in food, prioritizing different aspects of their detection, epidemiology and control. There is clear evidence that the existing data on their prevalence may be underestimated due to the lack of robust methods for their sensitive detection. It is also necessary to know exactly what the incidence is in the different stages of the food production chain, and particularly in that which is dedicated to the transformation of products of animal origin. Finally, it is also necessary to calibrate the current disinfection procedures in the food industry in order to reliably establish a quantitative evaluation of the viral risk in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
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19
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Asif Z, Chen Z, Stranges S, Zhao X, Sadiq R, Olea-Popelka F, Peng C, Haghighat F, Yu T. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spreading under the influence of environmental factors and strategies to tackle the pandemic: A systematic review. Sustain Cities Soc 2022; 81:103840. [PMID: 35317188 PMCID: PMC8925199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is deemed as the most critical world health calamity of the 21st century, leading to dramatic life loss. There is a pressing need to understand the multi-stage dynamics, including transmission routes of the virus and environmental conditions due to the possibility of multiple waves of COVID-19 in the future. In this paper, a systematic examination of the literature is conducted associating the virus-laden-aerosol and transmission of these microparticles into the multimedia environment, including built environments. Particularly, this paper provides a critical review of state-of-the-art modelling tools apt for COVID-19 spread and transmission pathways. GIS-based, risk-based, and artificial intelligence-based tools are discussed for their application in the surveillance and forecasting of COVID-19. Primary environmental factors that act as simulators for the spread of the virus include meteorological variation, low air quality, pollen abundance, and spatial-temporal variation. However, the influence of these environmental factors on COVID-19 spread is still equivocal because of other non-pharmaceutical factors. The limitations of different modelling methods suggest the need for a multidisciplinary approach, including the 'One-Health' concept. Extended One-Health-based decision tools would assist policymakers in making informed decisions such as social gatherings, indoor environment improvement, and COVID-19 risk mitigation by adapting the control measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Asif
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering (Okanagan Campus), University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada
| | - Fariborz Haghighat
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
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20
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Wang Z, Yang W, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in the watershed triggered by domestic wastewater discharge. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150888. [PMID: 34634348 PMCID: PMC8501193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has already become an unprecedented global pandemic. However, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, especially the protected SARS-CoV-2 RNA (pRNA) with infectious particles in waterways, is still largely unexplored. In this study, we developed a model to estimate SARS-CoV-2 transmission from the risk source in the excretion of patients to the final exposure in surface water. The model simulated the spatial and temporal distribution of the viral pRNA concentrations in the surface water of the Elbe watershed from March 2020 to January 2021. The results show that the WWTPs with the maximum capacity of >10,000 population equivalents were responsible for 95% of the viral load discharged into the surface water. We estimated the pRNA concentrations in surface water to be 1.33 × 10-2 copies·L-1 on average in the watershed based on the model simulation on viral transmission. It had considerable variations in spatial and temporal scales, which are dominantly controlled by epidemic situations and virus transport with decay in water, respectively. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate the viral infection probability from surface water ingestion with consideration of the influence of toilet usage frequency and gender/age population groups. All the infection probabilities in the study period were lower than the reference risk levels of 10-4 and 10-5. The individuals aged 15-34 years had the highest infection probability of 4.86 × 10-9 on average from surface water ingestion during swimming activities. The data provided herein suggest that the low pRNA concentrations and infection probability reflected that the waterways were unlikely to be a significant transmission route for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Ahmadzadeh M, Shams M. Passenger exposure to respiratory aerosols in a train cabin: Effects of window, injection source, output flow location. Sustain Cities Soc 2021; 75:103280. [PMID: 34580621 PMCID: PMC8459195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the use of public transportation (PT) has been identified as high risk as due to the transfer of particles carrying the coronavirus from an infected passenger to others. This study puts forward a new computational framework for predicting the spread of droplets produced while the infected passenger talking inside the cabin of a train during various scenarios, including the changes in the outflows' location and the infected passenger's position. CFD was used to conduct the study, using the Euler-Lagrange approach to capture the transmission of particles, and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) to compute the airflow field. The results revealed that opening the window reduces the duration of particles inside the domain. So that when the window is open, the particle's shelf time can decrease to 25 percent comparing with closed mode. It was found that the passenger sitting next to the infected passenger encountered the highest infection risk. The conclusions made in this work show that the most desirable situation is obtained when the infected passenger is sitting next to the exits, whether the window is closed or open. The results of this paper offer comprehensive insights into how to keep indoor environments safe against infection aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadzadeh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Shams
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran
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22
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Cortellessa G, Stabile L, Arpino F, Faleiros DE, van den Bos W, Morawska L, Buonanno G. Close proximity risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Total Environ 2021; 794:148749. [PMID: 34225157 PMCID: PMC8242194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the interpersonal distance represents an important parameter affecting the risk of infection due to respiratory viruses, the mechanism of exposure to exhaled droplets remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, an integrated risk assessment is presented for SARS-CoV-2 close proximity exposure between a speaking infectious subject and a susceptible subject. It is based on a three-dimensional transient numerical model for the description of exhaled droplet spread once emitted by a speaking person, coupled with a recently proposed SARS-CoV-2 emission approach. Particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted to validate the numerical model. The contribution of the large droplets to the risk is barely noticeable only for distances well below 0.6 m, whereas it drops to zero for greater distances where it depends only on airborne droplets. In particular, for short exposures (10 s) a minimum safety distance of 0.75 m should be maintained to lower the risk below 0.1%; for exposures of 1 and 15 min this distance increases to about 1.1 and 1.5 m, respectively. Based on the interpersonal distances across countries reported as a function of interacting individuals, cultural differences, and environmental and sociopsychological factors, the approach presented here revealed that, in addition to intimate and personal distances, particular attention must be paid to exposures longer than 1 min within social distances (of about 1 m).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cortellessa
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - F Arpino
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - D E Faleiros
- Maritime and Transport Technology, TU Delft, Netherlands
| | - W van den Bos
- Maritime and Transport Technology, TU Delft, Netherlands
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
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23
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Saw LH, Leo BF, Nor NSM, Yip CW, Ibrahim N, Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Lin CY, Nadzir MSM. Modeling aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from human-exhaled particles in a hospital ward. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:53478-53492. [PMID: 34036501 PMCID: PMC8148403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into uncharted territory, leaving people feeling helpless in the face of an invisible threat of unknown duration that could adversely impact the national economic growths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the mouth or nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. However, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 through aerosols remains unclear. In this study, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to complement the investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission through aerosol. The Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to analyze the dispersion of the exhaled particles from a SARS-CoV-2-positive patient under different exhale activities and different flow rates of chilled (cooling) air supply. Air sampling of the SARS-CoV-2 patient ward was conducted for 48-h measurement intervals to collect the indoor air sample for particulate with diameter less than 2.5 μm. Then, the reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to analyze the collected air sample. The simulation demonstrated that the aerosol transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in an enclosed room (such as a hospital ward) is highly possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lip Huat Saw
- Lee Kong Chian, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bey Fen Leo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wai Yip
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazlina Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Yik Lin
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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24
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Tiamiyu AO, Nwogwu NA, Ibrahim RG, Kumar P, Kumar V, Odey G, Yadav KK, Khan AH, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Ajibade TF, Naveed QN, Islam S, Fadare OO, Choi KS. Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs. Environ Res 2021; 200:111373. [PMID: 34033834 PMCID: PMC8142028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) and the accompanied coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued ceaselessly despite the implementations of popular measures, which include social distancing and outdoor face masking as recommended by the World Health Organization. Due to the unstable nature of the virus, leading to the emergence of new variants that are claimed to be more and rapidly transmissible, there is a need for further consideration of the alternative potential pathways of the virus transmissions to provide the needed and effective control measures. This review aims to address this important issue by examining the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 via indirect contacts such as fomites and aerosols, extending to water, food, and other environmental compartments. This is essentially required to shed more light regarding the speculation of the virus spread through these media as the available information regarding this is fragmented in the literature. The existing state of the information on the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments is essential for cause-and-effect relationships of human interactions and environmental samples to safeguard the possible transmission and associated risks through these media. Furthermore, the integration of effective remedial measures previously used to tackle the viral outbreaks and pandemics, and the development of new sustainable measures targeting at monitoring and curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were emphasized. This study concluded that alternative transmission pathways via human interactions with environmental samples should not be ignored due to the evolving of more infectious and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | | | - Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina M S Cabral-Pinto
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria
| | | | - Temitope Fausat Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oluniyi Olatunji Fadare
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Division of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 220001, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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25
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Stabile L, Pacitto A, Mikszewski A, Morawska L, Buonanno G. Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms. Build Environ 2021; 202:108042. [PMID: 34127877 PMCID: PMC8189751 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through indoor air is the key challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crowded indoor environments, such as schools, represent possible hotspots for virus transmission since the basic non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures applied so far (e.g. social distancing) do not eliminate the airborne transmission mode. There is widespread consensus that improved ventilation is needed to minimize the transmission potential of airborne viruses in schools, whether through mechanical systems or ad-hoc manual airing procedures in naturally ventilated buildings. However, there remains significant uncertainty surrounding exactly what ventilation rates are required, and how to best achieve these targets with limited time and resources. This paper uses a mass balance approach to quantify the ability of both mechanical ventilation and ad-hoc airing procedures to mitigate airborne transmission risk in the classroom environment. For naturally-ventilated classrooms, we propose a novel feedback control strategy using CO2 concentrations to continuously monitor and adjust the airing procedure. Our case studies show how such procedures can be applied in the real world to support the reopening of schools during the pandemic. Our results also show the inadequacy of relying on absolute CO2 concentration thresholds as the sole indicator of airborne transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - A Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - A Mikszewski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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26
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Singh M, Sadat A, Abdi R, Colaruotolo LA, Francavilla A, Petker K, Nasr P, Moraveji M, Cruz G, Huang Y, Arora A, Chao A, Walker S, Wang X, Rathnayake S, Ragupathy S, Newmaster SG, Hanner RH, Goodridge LD, Corradini MG. Detection of SAR-CoV-2 on surfaces in food retailers in Ontario. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:598-602. [PMID: 34485928 PMCID: PMC8406517 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated increased interest in potential transmission routes. In food retail settings, transmission from infected customers and workers and customers through surfaces has been deemed plausible. However, limited information exists on the presence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, particularly outside laboratory settings. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to assess the presence of the virus at commonly found surfaces at food retail stores and the potential role that these spaces play in virus transmission. Samples (n=957) were collected twice a week for a month in food-retail stores within Ontario, Canada. High-touch surfaces were identified and surveyed in 4 zones within the store (payment stations, deli counters, refrigerated food section and carts and baskets). The samples were analyzed using a molecular method, i.e., reverse transcriptase quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Regardless of the store's location, the sampling day or time, the location of the surface within the store or the surface material, all samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. These results suggest that the risk of exposure from contaminated high-touch surfaces within a food retailer store is low if preventive measures and recommended sanitizing routines are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeka Singh
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Azin Sadat
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Reihaneh Abdi
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine Petker
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Nasr
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Moraveji
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gyllian Cruz
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yinan Huang
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aditi Arora
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aleana Chao
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Walker
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xinya Wang
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sujani Rathnayake
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert H. Hanner
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maria G. Corradini
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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27
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Xu X, Wu X. Numerical investigation on the transmission and dispersion of aerosols in a 7-stories building drainage system. Build Environ 2021; 201:108009. [PMID: 34075270 PMCID: PMC8161830 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In previous reports, the positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected in the fecal samples from confirmed pneumonia patients, suggesting a high probability of the fecal-oral transmission. To date, however, the role played by the drainage system of a high-rise building in the virus transmission is not clear and especially studies on the dynamics mechanism behind is scarce. From this point of view, the present work carries out a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to investigate the effects of the water seal effectiveness of the floor drain, the negative/positive pressures (P 1 , P 2 ) in the bathroom, temperature differential (ΔT), outside wind velocity (v), the piping fittings and the negative pressure at the cowl (P 3 ) on the transmission of the virus-laden aerosol particles in a drainage system of a typical 7-storeys residential building. The CFD models are first validated by the previous experiments in literature. Numerical results imply that the drainage system might play an essential role to the virus transmission. Then, results indicate that, the leakage risk of the aerosol particles via the floor drain with inefficient water-seal (UFD) mainly exists at the upper floors above the neutral pressure level (NPL). Besides, the negative and positive pressures at the bathroom can enhance and reduce the exposure risk of aerosol particles from the corresponding UFD, respectively. The ΔT increasing does not modify the location of the NPL. Moreover, the exposure risk of aerosol particles can be effectively avoided by the well water-sealed floor drains and/or the presence of a proper negative pressure at the cowl on the top floor. Finally, based on the CFD results, several protection suggestions on the drainage system and human activities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yikang Wang
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Borisova T, Komisarenko S. Air pollution particulate matter as a potential carrier of SARS-CoV-2 to the nervous system and/or neurological symptom enhancer: arguments in favor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:40371-40377. [PMID: 33051841 PMCID: PMC7552951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is expressed in nasal epithelial cells, and nasal delivery pathway can be a key feature of transmission. Here, a possibility of interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with air pollution particulate matter (PM) was considered. It was shown in our recent studies that water-suspended plastic and wood smoke aerosol PM and carbon-containing nanoparticles from burning organics can interact with the plasma membrane of brain nerve terminals presumably due to their lipid components. COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms, viral particles were found in the brain, SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells via fusion of lipid viral envelope with the plasma membranes of infected cells, and so viral envelop can contain lipid components of the host neuronal membranes. Therefore, interaction of SARS-CoV-2 envelope with PM is possible in water surrounding. After drying, PM can serve as a carrier for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 immobilized at their surface. Moreover, PM and SARS-CoV-2 per se can enter human organism during nasal inhalation, and they both use the same nose-to-brain delivery pathways moving along axons directly to the brain, influencing the nervous system and exocytosis/endocytosis in nerve cells. Thus, PM can aggravate neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and vice versa, due to their identical nose-to-brain delivery mechanism and possible interference of neuronal effects. In addition, different types of PM because of their ability to interact with the plasma membranes of nerve cells can facilitate unspecific SARS-CoV-2 entrance to the cells, and can influence envelope features of SARS-CoV-2. Detailed studies are required to analyze interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Borisova
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01054, Ukraine.
| | - Serhiy Komisarenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01054, Ukraine
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Winograd DM, Fresquez CL, Egli M, Peterson EK, Lombardi AR, Megale A, Tineo YAC, Verile MG, Phillips AL, Breland JY, Santos S, McAndrew LM. Rapid review of virus risk communication interventions: Directions for COVID-19. Patient Educ Couns 2021; 104:1834-1859. [PMID: 33583651 PMCID: PMC7817441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to COVID-19, we conducted a rapid review of risk communication interventions to mitigate risk from viruses to determine if such interventions are efficacious. METHODS We searched for risk communication interventions in four databases: Medline, PsycInfo, the ProQuest Coronavirus Research Database, and CENTRAL. The search produced 1572 articles. Thirty-one articles were included in the final review. RESULTS Results showed risk communication interventions can produce cognitive and behavior changes around viruses. Results were more consistently positive for interventions focused on HIV/AIDS as compared to influenza. There was no consistent best intervention approach when comparing peer health, audio/visual, and intensive multi-media interventions. Tailoring risk communication toward a target population, in comparison to not tailoring, was related to better outcomes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that risk communication interventions can be efficacious at reducing risk from viruses. They also highlight the complexity of risk communication interventions. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms that lead risk communication to reduce risk from viruses. PRACTICAL VALUE Results support risk communication interventions to reduce risk from viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Winograd
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Cara L Fresquez
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Madison Egli
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Emily K Peterson
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Alyssa R Lombardi
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Allison Megale
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Yajaira A Cabrera Tineo
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Michael G Verile
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Alison L Phillips
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA; Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jessica Y Breland
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Susan Santos
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
| | - Lisa M McAndrew
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA; War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.
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30
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Borena W, Bánki Z, Bates K, Winner H, Riepler L, Rössler A, Pipperger L, Theurl I, Falkensammer B, Ulmer H, Walser A, Pichler D, Baumgartner M, Schönherr S, Forer L, Knabl L, Würzner R, von Laer D, Paetzold J, Kimpel J. Persistence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 over time in the ski resort Ischgl. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103534. [PMID: 34392147 PMCID: PMC8358264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early March 2020, a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the ski resort Ischgl in Austria triggered the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Austria and Northern Europe. In a previous study, we found that the seroprevalence in the adult population of Ischgl had reached 45% by the end of April, representing an exceptionally high level of local seropositivity in Europe. We performed a follow-up study in Ischgl, which is the first to show persistence of immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants at a community level. Methods Of the 1259 adults that participated in the baseline study, 801 have been included in the follow-up in November 2020. The study involved the analysis of binding and neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. In addition, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in Ischgl was compared to the incidence in similar municipalities in Tyrol until April 2021. Findings For the 801 individuals that participated in both studies, the seroprevalence declined from 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9-54.9) to 45.4% (95% CI 42.0-49.0). Median antibody concentrations dropped considerably (5.345, 95% CI 4.833 - 6.123 to 2.298, 95% CI 2.141 - 2.527) but antibody avidity increased (17.02, 95% CI 16.49 - 17.94 to 42.46, 95% CI 41.06 - 46.26). Only one person had lost detectable antibodies and T cell responses. In parallel to this persistent immunity, we observed that Ischgl was relatively spared, compared to similar municipalities, from the prominent second COVID-19 wave that hit Austria in November 2020. In addition, we used sequencing data to show that the local immunity acquired from wild-type infections also helped to curb infections from variants of SARS-CoV-2 which spread in Austria since January 2021. Interpretation The relatively high level of seroprevalence (40-45%) in Ischgl persisted and might have been associated with the observed protection of Ischgl residents against virus infection during the second COVID-19 wave as well as against variant spread in 2021. Funding Funding was provided by the government of Tyrol and the FWF Austrian Science Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Katie Bates
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Winner
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Labor Dr. Theurl, Franz-Fischerstr.7b, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Pichler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumgartner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jörg Paetzold
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Darvishi V, Darvishi S, Bahrami-Bavani M, Navidbakhsh M, Asiaei S. Centrifugal isolation of SARS-CoV-2: numerical simulation for purification of hospitals' air. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1809-1817. [PMID: 34138382 PMCID: PMC8210528 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus and its spread all over the world have been the most challenging crisis in 2020. Hospitals are categorized among the most vulnerable centers due to their presumably highest traffic of this virus. In this study, centrifugal isolation of coronavirus is successfully deployed for purifying hospitals’ air using air conditioners and ducts, suggesting an efficient setup. Numerical simulations have been used to testify the proposed setup due to the complexities of using experimental investigation such as high cost and clinical hazards of the airborne SARS-CoV-2 in the air. Results show that a 20-cm pipe with an inlet velocity of 4 m/s constitutes the best choice for the separation and purification of air from the virus. The proposed scalable method also efficiently separates larger particles, but it can separate smaller particles too. Numerical results also suggest installing the air purifying system on the floor of the hospitals’ room for maximum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Darvishi
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846, Tehran, Iran.,Sensors and Integrated Bio-Microfluidics/MEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Darvishi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 47148-71167, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Asiaei
- Sensors and Integrated Bio-Microfluidics/MEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Kerr GH, Badr HS, Gardner LM, Perez-Saez J, Zaitchik BF. Associations between meteorology and COVID-19 in early studies: Inconsistencies, uncertainties, and recommendations. One Health 2021; 12:100225. [PMID: 33585669 PMCID: PMC7871781 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorological variables, such as the ambient temperature and humidity, play a well-established role in the seasonal transmission of respiratory viruses and influenza in temperate climates. Since the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a growing body of literature has attempted to characterize the sensitivity of COVID-19 to meteorological factors and thus understand how changes in the weather and seasonality may impede COVID-19 transmission. Here we select a subset of this literature, summarize the diversity in these studies' scopes and methodologies, and show the lack of consensus in their conclusions on the roles of temperature, humidity, and other meteorological factors on COVID-19 transmission dynamics. We discuss how several aspects of studies' methodologies may challenge direct comparisons across studies and inflate the importance of meteorological factors on COVID-19 transmission. We further comment on outstanding challenges for this area of research and how future studies might overcome them by carefully considering robust modeling approaches, adjusting for mediating and covariate effects, and choosing appropriate scales of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hamada S. Badr
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren M. Gardner
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Bharti N, Exten C, Fulton V, Oliver-Veronesi R. Lessons from managing a campus mumps outbreak using test, trace, and isolate efforts. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:849-851. [PMID: 33186679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, Penn State University's campus experienced a mumps outbreak that coincided with unrelated restrictions on social gatherings. University Health Services implemented testing, contact tracing, and quarantine and isolation protocols. Approximately half of the supplied contact tracing information was usable, ∼70% of identified contacts were reached, and <50% of those contacted complied with quarantine protocol. Students with confirmed mumps reported ∼7.4 (1-35) contacts on average. Findings from this outbreak can inform future outbreak management on college campuses, including COVID-19, by estimating average contacts per case, planning capacity for testing and quarantine/isolation, and strategically increasing compliance with suggested interventions.
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34
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Bhardwaj U, Pandey N, Rastogi M, Singh SK. Gist of Zika Virus pathogenesis. Virology 2021; 560:86-95. [PMID: 34051478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus. ZIKV infection may lead to microcephaly in developing fetus and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) like symptoms in adults. ZIKV was first reported in humans in 1952 from Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Later, ZIKV outbreak was reported in 2007 from the Yap Island. ZIKV re-emerged as major outbreak in the year 2013 from French Polynesia followed by second outbreak in the year 2015 from Brazil. ZIKV crosses the blood-tissue barriers to enter immune-privileged organs. Clinical manifestations in ZIKV disease includes rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache, transverse myelitis, meningoencephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The understanding of the molecular mechanism of ZIKV pathogenesis is very important to develop potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for ZIKV infected patients.
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35
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Qin W, Gao Z, Wu S, Bao W. Preliminary analysis of whether mosquitoes can carry and transmit African swine fever. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:152. [PMID: 33836768 PMCID: PMC8034110 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes are important insect vectors, but whether they can carry and transmit African swine fever virus (ASFV) in large-scale pig farms in China is unknown. Results In this study, probe-based qPCR analysis was performed on mosquitoes from five pig farms with ASF virus (ASFV). Analysis of ASFV in 463 mosquitoes yielded negative cycle threshold (CT) value), and detection remained negative after mixing samples from all five pig farms. Conclusions Therefore, mosquitoes appear unlikely to transmit ASFV, and pose little threat to large-scale pig farms. Thus, farms should continue to follow normal mosquito control procedures when formulating strategies for the prevention and control of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhongcheng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, China.
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Schultz M, Soolaki M. Analytical approach to solve the problem of aircraft passenger boarding during the coronavirus pandemic. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 2021; 124:102931. [PMID: 33519129 PMCID: PMC7834413 DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2020.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The corona pandemic significantly changes the processes of aircraft and passenger handling at the airport. In our contribution, we focus on the time-critical process of aircraft boarding, where regulations regarding physical distances between passengers will significantly increase boarding time. The passenger behavior is implemented in a field-validated stochastic cellular automata model, which is extended by a module to evaluate the transmission risk. We propose an improved boarding process by considering that most of the passengers are travel together and should be boarded and seated as a group. The NP-hard seat allocation of groups with minimized individual interactions between groups is solved with a genetic algorithm. Then, the improved seat allocation is used to derive an associated boarding sequence aiming at both short boarding times and low risk of virus transmission. Our results show that the consideration of groups will significantly contribute to a faster boarding (reduction of time by about 60%) and less transmission risk (reduced by 85%) compared to the standard random boarding procedures applied in the pandemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schultz
- Institute of Logistics and Aviation, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Majid Soolaki
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Petrosino F, Mukherjee D, Coppola G, Gaudio MT, Curcio S, Calabro V, Marra F, Bhattacharya P, Pal U, Khélifi N, Chakraborty S. Transmission of SARS-Cov-2 and other enveloped viruses to the environment through protective gear: a brief review. EuroMediterr J Environ Integr 2021; 6:48. [PMID: 33842691 PMCID: PMC8024444 DOI: 10.1007/s41207-021-00251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several deadly viral epidemics have emerged, which have placed humanity in danger. Previous investigations have suggested that viral diseases can spread through contaminants or contaminated surfaces. The transmission of viruses via polluted surfaces relies upon their capacity to maintain their infectivity while they are in the environment. Here, a range of materials that are widely used to manufacture personal protective equipment (PPE) are summarized, as these offer effective disinfection solutions and are the environmental variables that influence virus survival. Infection modes and prevention as well as disinfection and PPE disposal strategies are discussed. A coronavirus-like enveloped virus can live in the environment after being discharged from a host organism until it infects another healthy individual. Transmission of enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can occur even without direct contact, although detailed knowledge of airborne routes and other indirect transmission paths is still lacking. Ground transmission of viruses is also possible via wastewater discharges. While enveloped viruses can contaminate potable water and wastewater through human excretions such as feces and droplets, careless PPE disposal can also lead to their transmission into our environment. This paper also highlights the possibility that viruses can be transmitted into the environment from PPE kits used by healthcare and emergency service personnel. A simulation-based approach was developed to understand the transport mechanism for coronavirus and similar enveloped viruses in the environment through porous media, and preliminary results from this model are presented here. Those results indicate that viruses can move through porous soil and eventually contaminate groundwater. This paper therefore underlines the importance of proper PPE disposal by healthcare workers in the Mediterranean region and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrosino
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Debolina Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
| | - Gerardo Coppola
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gaudio
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
| | - Stefano Curcio
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
| | - Vincenza Calabro
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
| | - Francesco Marra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nabil Khélifi
- Springer, a Part of Springer Nature, Tiergartenstrasse 17, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and Biotechnology, Department of D.I.M.E.S, University of Calabria, Via- P. Bucci, Cubo-42a, 87036 Rende, CS Italy
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Kumar RR, Ansar M, Rajani K, Kumar J, Ranjan T. First report on molecular basis of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) aggravation by combined effect of tuber and prevailing aphid. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:523. [PMID: 33172492 PMCID: PMC7657319 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) is one of the most devastating virus causing severe yield losses worldwide in potato. The comprehensive observations were made to study the PLRV infestation in major potato growing areas of Bihar (India) and further detailed molecular basis of PLRV aggravation was established. RESULTS Although aphids population were found comparatively lower with maximum symptomatic plants, our molecular data further confirms the presence of PLRV in all possible symptomatic tissues such as tubers, shoots and leaves. For the first time, we have proposed molecular basis of aggravation of PLRV, where tuber acts as a reservoir during off-season and further transmitted by aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813 210, India
| | - Mohammad Ansar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813 210, India
| | - Kumari Rajani
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813 210, India
| | - Jitesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813 210, India
| | - Tushar Ranjan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813 210, India.
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Duda-Chodak A, Lukasiewicz M, Zięć G, Florkiewicz A, Filipiak-Florkiewicz A. Covid-19 pandemic and food: Present knowledge, risks, consumers fears and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:145-160. [PMID: 32921922 PMCID: PMC7480472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that has paralyzed social life and the economy around the world since the end of 2019, and which has so far killed nearly 600,000 people. The rapidity of its spread and the lack of detailed research on the course and methods of transmission significantly impede both its eradication and prevention. SCOPE AND APPROACH Due to the high transmission rate and fatality resulting from COVID-19 disease, the paper focuses on analyzing the current state of knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 as well as its potential connection with food as a source of pathogen and infection. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence (scientific publications, WHO, EFSA etc.) that COVID-19 disease can spread directly through food and the human digestive system. However, according to the hypothesis regarding the primary transmission of the virus, the source of which was food of animal origin (meat of wild animals), as well as the fact that food is a basic necessity for humans, it is worth emphasizing that food can, if not directly, be a carrier of the virus. Particular attention should be paid to this indirect pathway when considering the potential for the spread of an epidemic and the development of prevention principles.
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Abstract
The contribution of various modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been the subject of recent intensive debate. The predominant route of the viral transmission is via exhaled droplets of different sizes which can be inhaled by nearby exposed individuals or deposited on peoples and surfaces. Touching contaminated surfaces followed by hand to facial transfer has been identified as a potential infection route. As humans involuntarily touch their faces over 20 times per hour a hand washing with soap and water is recommended to avoid hands to face transmission. To date however, there is no clear explanation how the viruses arrive form the face into the nose and the lung. Our hypothesis is that during the physiological nasal air inspiration the virion particles attached on the face close to the nose are resuspended in the air and then are inhaled into the nose. Our preliminary fluid dynamics simulations confirm our hypothesis. Further experimental and computational studies are warranted.
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Basso T, Nordbø SA, Sundqvist E, Martinsen TC, Witsø E, Wik TS. Transmission of infection from non-isolated patients with COVID-19 to healthcare workers. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:639-642. [PMID: 32828865 PMCID: PMC7439009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Insufficiently protected healthcare workers (HCWs), defined as high-risk contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are routinely quarantined. This study evaluated the transmission of infection from a symptomatic patient with COVID-19 to 60 HCWs exposed at ≤2 m for ≥15 min or during aerosol-generating procedures. Following ≥106 unique high-risk contacts, none of the HCWs tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 RNA or developed antibodies. The HCWs reported adherence to basic infection control procedures. These results are in accordance with other reports, and should reassure HCWs and further stimulate broader evaluation of the foundation for the current practice of home quarantining non-symptomatic HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Basso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - S A Nordbø
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Sundqvist
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T C Martinsen
- Acting Medical Director, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Witsø
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T S Wik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Gamarra H, Sporleder M, Carhuapoma P, Kroschel J, Kreuze J. A temperature-dependent phenology model for the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Virus Res 2020; 289:198107. [PMID: 32800806 PMCID: PMC7569604 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development, mortality and reproduction of T. vaporariorum were studied at constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 °C. Nonlinear equations were fitted to the data and a temperature-driven process-based phenology/population growth model for the vector pest established. After adjustment, the model gave good predictions when compared with observed life tables and published data. The model can be used for predicting the species distribution potential based on temperature worldwide and adjusting pest management measures.
The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest of many fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops in sub-tropical regions and in greenhouses worldwide. Potato is a secondary host of the species but the major threat from this insect in the Andean region for potato is the transmission by this insect of a crinivirus causing Potato yellow vein disease. Determination of the pest’s temperature-dependent population growth potential is crucial knowledge for understanding the population dynamics and spread potential of the species and the diseases it can transmit, as well as for designing effective pest management strategies. Trialeurodes vaporariorum development, mortality and reproduction were studied at seven constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 °C. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to the data and establish an overall phenology model to simulate life-table parameters based on temperature. In addition, life tables of T. vaporariorium were established at daily fluctuating temperature in two different environments: Cusco (5 °C–35 °C) and La Molina, Lima (13.7 °C–24.9 °C), and used to adjust and validate the model. The insect only completed its life cycle at constant temperatures above 15 °C and below 32 °C although the cycle was completed at daily fluctuating temperatures between 5 °C and 35 °C. The overall model portrayed population development within the temperature range of 14° to 32 °C with a maximum finite rate of population increase (= 1.14) at 23 °C. However, the model revealed poor convergence with life tables established at fluctuating temperatures indicating an influential effect of temperature fluctuations on the whitefly life history parameters, particularly on adult survival time and reproduction. Therefore, we adjusted the model for convergence with a single life table observed at fluctuating temperature. The adjusted model gave good predictions when compared with remaining observed life tables and published data. The adjusted model predicted population development within the temperature range of 11.5 °C–35.5 °C, and maximum population growth at around 24 °C with a finite rate of increase, λ, of 1.137 and a population doubling time of 5 days. The established process-based physiological model presented here for T. vaporariorum can be used for predicting the species distribution potential based on temperature worldwide and should prove helpful in adjusting pest management measures. Moreover, the information obtained will be used to predict the spread potential of potato yellow vein disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Gamarra
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Marc Sporleder
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru.
| | - Pablo Carhuapoma
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Jürgen Kroschel
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Jan Kreuze
- Crop Systems Intensification and Climate Change, International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Peru International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
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Gamarra H, Carhuapoma P, Cumapa L, González G, Muñoz J, Sporleder M, Kreuze J. A temperature-driven model for potato yellow vein virus transmission efficacy by Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Virus Res 2020; 289:198109. [PMID: 32781096 PMCID: PMC7569601 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of potato yellow vein virus by a single whitefly vector was found to be highly temperature dependent. A non-linear mathematical function to describe the relationship between temperature and transmission likelihood was developed. A virus risk index was created by combining the virus transmission function and a whitefly phenology model. Detailed maps were generated indicating the risk of virus transmission using current and predicted future climate scenarios. Maps were used for surveillance of high-risk areas outside the known geographic range of the virus, leading to its discovery in a new region.
Management of viral plant diseases can be improved by using models to predict disease spread. Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) of the genus Crinivirus (Closteroviridae) is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Although several approaches exist for modeling insect population growth, modeling vector-born virus spread remains difficult because fundamental knowledge on the relationship between virus transmission and temperature is lacking for most vector transmitted viruses. To address this challenge, we initially developed a temperature-dependent phenology model for the whitefly vector using the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software. In the present study, the effect of temperature on the efficiency of virus transmission by the whitefly was determined through controlled laboratory experiments at 8 constant temperatures in the range from 10 to 25 °C. The vector capacity to transmit the virus was highest at 15 °C (about 70 % probability of infection) but decreased radically as temperature deviated from this optimum temperature to <10 % at temperatures of 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The temperature-dependent probability of virus transmission by a single adult whitefly could be described by a nonlinear function, which was validated by transmission frequencies observed at fluctuating temperatures. This function combined with life table parameters calculated from previously established temperature-dependent phenology model for the vector provided a full temperature-responsive model for predicting PYVV spread potential and transmission probabilities. For spatial risk predictions, we devised two virus transmission risk indexes and tested their performance in correctly predicting virus presence/absence with field survey data. The best performing risk index was used to generate risk maps, which reflected well the current (real) occurrence of the virus but also predicted areas at high risk, where the virus has not previously been reported. One of them in western Panama was targeted for surveillance and resulted in identification of the virus in the country, where it was not previously known to occur. Simulated risk maps for the year 2050 revealed that climate change may significantly affect, the risk of distribution, generally reducing in tropical areas of the world, but increasing in the temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gamarra
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - P Carhuapoma
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - L Cumapa
- National Agricultural University La Molina (UNALM), Av. La Molina 15024, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - G González
- Agricultural Research Institute of Panama (IDIAP), Calle Carlos Lara 157, Panama
| | - J Muñoz
- Agricultural Research Institute of Panama (IDIAP), Calle Carlos Lara 157, Panama
| | - M Sporleder
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - J Kreuze
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru.
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Duffy S, Fondevila N, Galdo Novo S, Aznar M, Garro C, Smitsaart E, Monti G. Reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission in cattle vaccinated one or two weeks before challenge using a commercial polyvalent vaccine. Vaccine X 2020; 5:100063. [PMID: 32368734 PMCID: PMC7190753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate vaccination of the most susceptible and epidemiological relevant animals is a crucial part of control measures that facilitate virus elimination in case of entry of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cattle vaccination 7 and 14 days prior challenge using a vaccine commonly applied in systematic vaccination campaigns against transmission of FMD virus (FMDV). Transmission of FMDV was investigated in three groups of ten cattle each: one non-vaccinated group and two groups that were either vaccinated 7 days (−7/vaccinated group) or 14 days (−14/vaccinated group) before intranasal (IN) inoculation. Five cattle heads from each group were inoculated using the IN-route with the A/Argentina/2001 FMDV strain, while the remaining five cattle heads of each group were contact-exposed to inoculated cattle. Clinical signs were recorded; virus isolation and genome detection by RT-PCR were carried out on oesophageal–pharyngeal fluid (OPF) and blood. Neutralizing antibody titers and antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV were also determined. Results suggest that the experimental design, virus challenge dose, and virus infectivity were appropriate and that the virus had been transmitted to naïve calves. Under the outlined experimental conditions, vaccination 7 and 14 days prior to challenge induced full clinical protection against virus inoculation. Moreover, −7/ or −14/vaccinated calves that had been contact-exposed to −7/ or −14/vaccinated IN-challenged calves, did not become infected. Consequently, no virus transmission occurred from vaccinated and subsequently infected calves to cohabitating vaccinated calves (R = 0). According to our results, early vaccination during an outbreak is effective as virus transmission can be significantly reduced using a vaccine commercially available, routinely applied in systematic vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Duffy
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA-INTA Castelar, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Norberto Fondevila
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA-INTA Castelar, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Galdo Novo
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Talcahuano 1660, Martínez 1640, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Aznar
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA-INTA Castelar, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Carlos Garro
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA-INTA Castelar, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Eliana Smitsaart
- Biogénesis Bagó S.A., Ruta Panamericana km 38.5, Garin 1619, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile
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Offenbächer M, Hölzl B, Gaisberger M, Untner H, Würzner R. [The Gastein Healing Gallery and a Potential Risk of Viral Infections in the Treatment Area]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020;:1-6. [PMID: 32837592 DOI: 10.1007/s12688-020-00350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV‑2 has infected millions of humans worldwide in the past few months and hundreds of thousands have died as a result of an infection. The end of the pandemic is not in sight and many people are anxious of becoming infected in different settings. The Gastein Healing Gallery (GHG) is a unique outpatient facility combining heat, high humidity and mild radon radiation. Every year approximately 12,000 patients with inflammatory rheumatic, degenerative diseases and chronic pain are treated. We have therefore reviewed and analyzed the literature with respect to a possible increased risk of infection for patients during treatment in the GHG. On the one hand the climatic and physical conditions in the GHG can be viewed as hostile to viruses and on the other hand the mild radon hyperthermia and the geographic location of the GHG lead to positive effects on the patient's health via complex physiological processes. We therefore consider the likelihood of infection with viruses in the GHG in no way increased, in contrast, it is probably considerably lower compared to other settings.
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Viljakainen L, Borshagovski AM, Saarenpää S, Kaitala A, Jurvansuu J. Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses. Virus Genes 2020; 56:236-248. [PMID: 31900852 PMCID: PMC7093385 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The common glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca) are best known for emission of green light by their larvae and sexually active adult females. However, both their DNA and RNA viruses remain unknown. Glow-worms are virologically interesting, as they are non-social and do not feed as adults, and hence their viral transmission may be limited. We identified viral sequences from 11 different virus taxa by the RNA-sequencing of two Finnish populations of adult glow-worms. The viruses represent nine different virus families and have negative, positive, or double-stranded RNA genomes. We also found a complete retroviral genome. Similar viral sequences were found from the sequencing data of common eastern firefly of North America, a species belonging to the same family (Lampyridae) as that of the common glow-worm. On average, an individual glow-worm had seven different RNA virus types and most of them appeared to establish a stable infection since they were found from glow-worms during two consecutive years. Here we present the characterization of load, prevalence, and interactions for each virus. Most of the glow-worm RNA viruses seem to be transmitted vertically, which may reflect the biology of glow-worms as non-social capital breeders, i.e., they invest stored resources in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumi Viljakainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Borshagovski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Saarenpää
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Kaitala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Jurvansuu
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Chi Y, Pan LL, Bouvaine S, Fan YY, Liu YQ, Liu SS, Seal S, Wang XW. Differential transmission of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus by three cryptic species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. Virology 2019; 540:141-149. [PMID: 31794888 PMCID: PMC6971692 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), a begomovirus (genus Begmovirus, family Geminiviridae) causing cassava mosaic disease in Asia, poses serious threats to cassava cultivation in Asia. However, the transmission of SLCMV in the areas into which it has recently been introduced remain largely unexplored. Here we have compared the transmission efficiencies of SLCMV by three widely distributed whitefly species in Asia, and found that only Asia II 1 whiteflies were able to transmit this virus efficiently. The transmission efficiencies of SLCMV by different whitefly species were found to correlate positively with quantity of virus in whitefly whole body. Further, the viral transmission efficiency was found to be associated with varied ability of virus movement within different species of whiteflies. These findings provide detailed information regarding whitefly transmission of SLCMV, which will help to understand the spread of SLCMV in the field, and facilitate the prediction of virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Yun-Yun Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Karalyan Z, Avetisyan A, Avagyan H, Ghazaryan H, Vardanyan T, Manukyan A, Semerjyan A, Voskanyan H. Presence and survival of African swine fever virus in leeches. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108421. [PMID: 31585648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This research is focused on the study of African swine fever virus (ASFV) survival in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. To detect the infection route of the virus in leeches, two introduction methods were used: blood-feeding from infected swine hosts and exposure to ASFV-contaminated water (leeches cultivated with ASFV). This study found that the survival of ASFV in leeches was much longer than that in leech-free medium. The persistent presence of the virus in leeches and leech excretion was detected in both groups. The virus excreted from both groups of leeches in the terminal stages of the experiment was able to induce productive infection in porcine alveolar macrophages. In an attempt to understand ASFV, transmission to pigs was conducted through the ingestion of leech-cultivated water and leeches that had fed on ASFV-infected animals or that were cultivated environmentally with the virus. The ingestion of some samples at 60-80 days after cultivation demonstrated successful ASFV transmission via per os infection. In conclusion, leeches can serve as a possible reservoirs for ASFV in the absence of its main hosts - pigs and some ticks of the genus Ornithodoros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - A Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Avagyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Ghazaryan
- Laboratory of Human Genomics and Immunomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - T Vardanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Manukyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Semerjyan
- Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Voskanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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Zhao J, Chi Y, Zhang XJ, Lei T, Wang XW, Liu SS. Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insight into differential transmission of two begomoviruses by a whitefly. Virol J 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30857562 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses in the genus Begomovirus (Family Geminiviridae) include many important economic plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. In general, different begomoviruses may be acquired and transmitted by the same whitefly species with different efficiencies. For example, the species Mediterranean (MED) in this whitefly species complex transmits tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) at a higher efficiency than papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV). However, the proteomic responses of whitefly to the infection of different begomoviruses remain largely unknown. Methods We used iTRAQ-based proteomics coupled with RT-qPCR to investigate and compare responses of the MED whitefly to the infection of TYLCV and PaLCuCNV. Results Totally, 259, 395 and 74 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected, PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected, and TYLCV-infected vs. PaLCuCNV-infected whiteflies, respectively. These proteins appear associated with catabolic process, metabolic process, transport, defense response, cell cycle, and receptor. The comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected and PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected shared some similar DEPs, indicating possible involvement of laminin subunit alpha, dystroglycan, integrin alpha-PS2 and cuticle proteins in viral transport as well as the role of putative defense proteins 3 and PITH in anti-viral response. However, 20S proteasome subunits associated with regulation of virus degradation and accumulation were up-regulated in PaLCuCNV-infected but not in TYLCV-infected whiteflies, which may be related to the constraints of PaLCuCNV accumulation in MED. Conclusions These findings provide valuable clues for unravelling the roles of some whitefly proteins in begomovirus transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cattaneo R, Donohue RC, Generous AR, Navaratnarajah CK, Pfaller CK. Stronger together: Multi-genome transmission of measles virus. Virus Res 2019; 265:74-79. [PMID: 30853585 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is an immunosuppressive, extremely contagious RNA virus that remains a leading cause of death among children. MeV is dual-tropic: it replicates first in lymphatic tissue, causing immunosuppression, and then in epithelial cells of the upper airways, accounting for extremely efficient contagion. Efficient contagion is counter-intuitive because the enveloped MeV particles are large and relatively unstable. However, MeV particles can contain multiple genomes, which can code for proteins with different functional characteristics. These proteins can cooperate to promote virus spread in tissue culture, prompting the question of whether multi-genome MeV transmission may promote efficient MeV spread also in vivo. Consistent with this hypothesis, in well-differentiated primary human airway epithelia large genome populations spread rapidly through intercellular pores. In another line of research, it was shown that distinct lymphocytic-adapted and epithelial-adapted genome populations exist; cyclical adaptation studies indicate that suboptimal variants in one environment may constitute a low frequency reservoir for adaptation to the other environment. Altogether, these observations suggest that, in humans, MeV spread relies on en bloc genome transmission, and that genomic diversity is instrumental for rapid MeV dissemination within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
| | - Ryan C Donohue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Alex R Generous
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Chanakha K Navaratnarajah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Langen, 63225, Germany
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