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Selection of Fusarium Trichothecene Toxin Genes for Molecular Detection Depends on TRI Gene Cluster Organization and Gene Function. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010036. [PMID: 30646506 PMCID: PMC6357111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security is a global concern. Fusarium are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some Fusarium species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by Fusarium isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of Fusarium have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to Fusarium species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to Fusarium species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the Fusarium species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
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Kulik T, Abarenkov K, Buśko M, Bilska K, van Diepeningen AD, Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak A, Krawczyk K, Brankovics B, Stenglein S, Sawicki J, Perkowski J. ToxGen: an improved reference database for the identification of type B-trichothecene genotypes in Fusarium. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2992. [PMID: 28229023 PMCID: PMC5314956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes, which pose a serious hazard to consumer health, occur worldwide in grains. These mycotoxins are produced mainly by three different trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes: 3ADON (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol), 15ADON (15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and NIV (nivalenol), named after these three major mycotoxin compounds. Correct identification of these genotypes is elementary for all studies relating to population surveys, fungal ecology and mycotoxicology. Trichothecene producers exhibit enormous strain-dependent chemical diversity, which may result in variation in levels of the genotype's determining toxin and in the production of low to high amounts of atypical compounds. New high-throughput DNA-sequencing technologies promise to boost the diagnostics of mycotoxin genotypes. However, this requires a reference database containing a satisfactory taxonomic sampling of sequences showing high correlation to actually produced chemotypes. We believe that one of the most pressing current challenges of such a database is the linking of molecular identification with chemical diversity of the strains, as well as other metadata. In this study, we use the Tri12 gene involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis for identification of Tri genotypes through sequence comparison. Tri12 sequences from a range of geographically diverse fungal strains comprising 22 Fusarium species were stored in the ToxGen database, which covers descriptive and up-to-date annotations such as indication on Tri genotype and chemotype of the strains, chemical diversity, information on trichothecene-inducing host, substrate or media, geographical locality, and most recent taxonomic affiliations. The present initiative bridges the gap between the demands of comprehensive studies on trichothecene producers and the existing nucleotide sequence databases, which lack toxicological and other auxiliary data. We invite researchers working in the fields of fungal taxonomy, epidemiology and mycotoxicology to join the freely available annotation effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anne D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, CONICET, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología-Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Hou R, Jiang C, Zheng Q, Wang C, Xu JR. The AreA transcription factor mediates the regulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) synthesis by ammonium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:987-99. [PMID: 25781642 PMCID: PMC6638501 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, is harmful to humans and animals. Because different nitrogen sources are known to have opposite effects on DON production, in this study, we characterized the regulatory mechanisms of the AREA transcription factor in trichothecene biosynthesis. The ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced vegetative growth and DON production in cultures inoculated with hyphae. Suppression of TRI gene expression and DON production by ammonium were diminished in the ΔareA mutant. The deletion of AREA also affected the stimulatory effects of arginine on DON biosynthesis. The AreA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion complemented the ΔareA mutant, and its localization to the nucleus was enhanced under nitrogen starvation conditions. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the conserved predicted protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site S874 was important for AreA function, indicating that AreA may be a downstream target of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-PKA pathway, which is known to regulate DON production. We also showed that AreA interacted with Tri10 in co-immunoprecipitation assays. The interaction of AreA with Tri10 is probably related to its role in the regulation of TRI gene expression. Interestingly, the ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced PKA activity and expression of all three predicted ammonium permease (MEP) genes, in particular MEP1, under low ammonium conditions. Taken together, our results show that AREA is involved in the regulation of DON production by ammonium suppression and the cAMP-PKA pathway. The AreA transcription factor may interact with Tri10 and control the expression and up-regulation of MEP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Liu N, Yin Y, Chen Y, Jiang J, Ma Z. Histone H3K4 methylation regulates hyphal growth, secondary metabolism and multiple stress responses inFusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4615-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
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Li SJ, Zhu TH, Zhu HMY, Liang M, Qiao TM, Han S, Che GN. Purification of protein AP-toxin from Arthrinium phaeospermum causing blight in Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopisis grandis and its metabolic effects on four bamboo varieties. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:135-145. [PMID: 23095467 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-12-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopisis grandis blight is caused by a toxin produced by the fungus Arthrinium phaeospermum. In this study, a toxin fraction (P1-2-2) with an estimated molecular mass of 31 kDa was purified from a culture filtrate of this fungus by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography, Q Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange resin, and Sephadex G-75 chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (i.e., H(2)N-Gln-Val-Arg-Asp-Arg-Leu-Glu-Ser-Thr) determined by Edman degradation showed homology to known serine alkaline proteases. The purified protein was named AP-toxin. Effects of the purified protein toxin on total phenol, flavonoid, total nucleic acid, DNA, RNA, soluble protein, and soluble sugar content, as well as DNase and RNase activities and disease index, were analyzed in different bamboo varieties by the impregnation method. The toxin had a significant effect on each parameter tested. In addition, a significant correlation was observed among the metabolic index, treatment time, bamboo resistance, and disease index. These data suggest that AP-toxin plays an important role in mediating the phytotoxic activities of A. phaeospermum. This study also indicates that metabolic indices could reflect the resistance indices of hybrid bamboo to blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Asam S, Rychlik M. Synthetic routes to isotopologues of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol to be used in stable isotope dilution assays. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The isomers 3-O-acetyl- and 15-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are intermediates of deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Both compounds are present along with DON in contaminated food and feed, but they are not analysed routinely. This review describes synthetic routes to stable isotope labelled 3-ADON and 15-ADON that can be used as internal standards in stable isotope dilution assays. The label was introduced either as [2H3]-acetyl or [13C2]-acetyl group in all protocols. Regioselective acetylation can be obtained by the use of protection groups or stepwise acetylation and hydrolysis. Advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Asam
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M. Rychlik
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bioanalytik Weihenstephan, ZIEL Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Vujanovic V, Goh YK, Daida P. Heat- and cold-shock responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 acetyl- and 15 acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes. J Microbiol 2012; 50:97-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schollenberger M, Müller HM, Liebscher M, Schlecker C, Berger M, Hermann W. Accumulation kinetics of three scirpentriol-based toxins in oats inoculated in Vitro with isolates of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium poae. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:442-52. [PMID: 22069718 PMCID: PMC3202831 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoclaved oats were inoculated with a strain of Fusarium sporotrichioides or Fusarium poae. Moisture content of oats after inoculation was at 38%, incubation took place in standing culture at 28 °C. The A-type trichothecenes, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (4,15-DAS), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS), and scirpentriol (SCIRP) were analyzed by GC/MS. For each strain, three culture flasks were harvested at 2-3 day intervals starting immediately after inoculation. Total incubation time was 42 days (F. poae) and 56 days (F. sporotrichioides). Following peak accumulation, 4,15-DAS decreased below the detection limit for both strains, 15-MAS decreased below this limit for the isolate of F. sporotrichioides, for the isolate of F. poae it decreased to a level markedly below the peak value. SCIRP, after having peaked, decreased to some extent for the strain F. sporotrichioides, with a significant (P = 0.0029) negative linear regression of toxin content against culture age during this period. The content of 15-MAS, and in part also of 4,15-DAS, decreased along with an increase of SCIRP. This sequential accumulation pattern suggests the successive induction of esterases deacetylating 4,15-DAS and 15-MAS, as well as of enzymes involved in the metabolization of the parent alcohol, SCIRP. The results may explain, at least in part, the somewhat higher incidence in naturally contaminated compounds reported in the literature for SCIRP compared to 4,15-DAS and 15-MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (H.-M.M.); (M.L.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Hans-Martin Müller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (H.-M.M.); (M.L.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Melanie Liebscher
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (H.-M.M.); (M.L.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Claudia Schlecker
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (H.-M.M.); (M.L.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Melanie Berger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (H.-M.M.); (M.L.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Wilfried Hermann
- Experimental Station Ihinger Hof, Hohenheim University, 71272 Renningen, Germany;
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Dynamics of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone production by Fusarium graminearum under laboratory conditions. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn0916015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicological investigations encompassed two cultures of Fusarium graminearum: (i) D2 isolate, originating from air was obtained on Sabouraud medium during a routine control of laboratory sterility conditions at the Department of Microbiology of the Center for Bio-Ecology in 2006, and (ii) GZ-LES control isolate, a well known producer of zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON), was isolated from maize kernel collected at Leskovac in 1975. Preliminary analysis of fungal potential for the production of DON and ZON were performed by the modified rapid screening method of Filtenborg et al. (1983). Dynamics of DON and ZON biosynthesis was tested under different conditions of isolate cultivation: (i) in a basic liquid semi-synthetic medium with 2% yeast extract and 15% sucrose, pH 6.5 (YES), (ii) in broth with same concentrations of yeast extract and sucrose supplemented with 0.23 mg/l ZnSO4 x 5 H2O, pH 6.5 (YESZn) and (iii) on natural solid substrates such as wet sterilized maize and rice kernels. The quantitative determination of DON and ZON was performed in both liquid and natural solid substrates with thin-layer chromatographic methods (TLCs). The maximum yield of DON was recorded after three weeks of cultivation on maize kernels at 27?1?C. Contrary to the D2 isolate, which did not show the potential for the DON biosynthesis, the control isolate GZ-LES produced 645.6 ppb of the same type B trichothecene under previously mentioned conditions. The ZON biosynthesis by the isolate D2 (1.2 ppb) was observed after 2 weeks of the stationary cultivation in YES and YESZn at room temperature (17-19?C). The same isolate produced 0.74 ppb and 17.35 ppb ZON on maize and rice kernels after only 7 and 28 days of cultivation at the room temperature ranging from 17 to 19?C and from 15 to 23?C, respectively.
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10
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Abramson D, Clear RM, Gaba D, Smith DM, Patrick SK, Saydak D. Trichothecene and moniliformin production by Fusarium species from western Canadian wheat. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1220-5. [PMID: 11510664 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.8.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium avenaceum, isolated from Fusarium-damaged wheat harvested in western Canada, were cultured and evaluated for mycotoxin production. Extracts of the culture media were assayed for trichothecenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and for moniliformin by liquid chromatography. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was found in 28 of 42 isolates of F. graminearum and 42 of 42 isolates of F. culmorum at levels ranging from 0.5 to 25.0 microg/g. 15-AcetylDON was found in 28 of 42 isolates of F. graminearum at levels ranging from 1.0 to 7.1 microg/g. 3-AcetylDON was found in 41 of 42 isolates of F. culmorum at levels ranging from 0.8 to 13.0 microg/g. Several other trichothecenes were assayed but not detected in the culture medium. Moniliformin was present in 40 of 42 isolates of F. avenaceum at levels ranging from 1.3 to 138.1 microg/g, but was not present in any of the isolates of F. graminearum or F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abramson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Cereal Research Center, Winnipeg.
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11
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Bosch U, Mirocha CJ, Wen Y. Production of zearalenone, moniliformin and trichothecenes in intact sugar beets under laboratory conditions. Mycopathologia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00448815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4,7-dideoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in polish wheat. Mycotoxin Res 1990; 6:7-12. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/1989] [Accepted: 03/27/1990] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Mirocha CJ, Abbas HK, Windels CE, Xie W. Variation in Deoxynivalenol, 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Production by
Fusarium graminearum
Isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1315-6. [PMID: 16347922 PMCID: PMC184301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.5.1315-1316.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 88 isolates of
Fusarium graminearum
collected from soil or cereals in the United States, 49 produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) as the major isomer; one produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON). A total of 26 isolates collected from cereals or soil in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, China, and Poland were used for comparison. Of these, 15 produced 3-ADON as the major isomer and 2 produced 15-ADON.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mirocha
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, and Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minnesota 56712
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14
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Schuster M, Lepschy J, Biber A, Engelhardt G, Wallnöfer PR. Production of mycotoxins by Fusarium species isolated in Germany. 2. Time course of deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol formation by Fusarium graminearum in different liquid media. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1987; 185:477-80. [PMID: 3439351 DOI: 10.1007/bf01042812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several semisynthetic liquid media were examined for the large-scale production of deoxynivalenol (DON) und 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (AcDON) by Fusarium graminearum 183. Only in three of the eight media used could high toxin yields of DON and AcDON be detected. The maximum levels of DON in a medium according to Miller were 3 mg/l and of AcDON 32 mg/l. In glucose-yeast extract-peptone (GYEP) medium containing 1% glucose, the AcDON concentrations reached 33 mg/l and the DON yields were 19 mg/l. In a rice flour liquid medium, however, the mean levels of AcDON and DON increased to 170 mg/l and 9 mg/l, respectively. The maximum amounts observed were 480 mg/l for AcDON and 65 mg/l for DON. The addition of trifluoracetic acid sodium salt or malonic acid, which are suggested to cause an accumulation of acetyl-CoA by inhibiting enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, did not stimulate the toxin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Bayerische Landesanstalt für Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau, Freising, Federal Republic of Germany
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15
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Pestka JJ, Lin WS, Miller ER. Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:855-8. [PMID: 3692388 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emetic activity of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), a deoxynivalenol (DON) precursor, was evaluated in swine over a dose range of 25-200 micrograms/kg body weight and found to be very similar to that of DON. The minimum effective oral doses for 15-ADON and DON were 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 3/15 of the 15-ADON- and 4/15 of the DON-treated pigs exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. The minimum effective ip doses for 15-ADON and DON were also 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 9/15 pigs in each group exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1224
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16
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Forsell JH, Jensen R, Tai JH, Witt M, Lin WS, Pestka JJ. Comparison of acute toxicities of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in the B6C3F1 mouse. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:155-62. [PMID: 3557238 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were compared in the B6C3F1 female mouse after oral and intraperitoneal exposure. Using the abbreviated procedure of Lorke (Archs Toxicol. 1983, 54, 275), LD50 values for DON were estimated to be 78 mg/kg (oral) and 49 mg/kg (ip) whereas the LD50 values for 15-ADON were 34 mg/kg (oral) and 113 mg/kg (ip). Acute doses of these toxins resulted in extensive necrosis of the gastro-intestinal tract, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, and focal lesions in kidney and cardiac tissue. The minimum doses required for these histopathological effects were consistent with LD50 estimations. The results indicate that 15-ADON was more or less toxic than DON depending on the route of administration. Risk assessments for DON should therefore consider the potential for 15-ADON occurrence and toxicity in food and feed.
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17
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Pestka JJ, Lin WS, Forsell JH. Decreased feed consumption and body-weight gain in the B6C3F1 mouse after dietary exposure to 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24:1309-13. [PMID: 3804133 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(86)90063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), a biosynthetic precursor of deoxynivalenol (DON), was extracted from rice cultures of Fusarium graminearum R6576 and purified. Growing female B6C3F1 mice were fed semi-purified diets containing 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 ppm 15-ADON over 56 days and assessed for effects on feed intake, body-weight gain, terminal organ weights and blood clotting function. A significant reduction in feed intake was observed at the 5.0-ppm level after 44 days, whereas reduced rates of weight gain were found to occur at the 5.0-ppm level after only 16 days. Terminal liver, kidney and spleen weights were significantly lower in mice consuming the 5.0-ppm diet when compared with controls. Dietary 15-ADON at the 0.5- and 2.0-ppm levels did not show significant effects on weight gain, feed intake or organ weights. Although mice treated with 15-ADON had significantly decreased bleeding times, other measurements of clotting function indicated no differences between the control and treated groups. Results indicated that 15-ADON was only slightly less toxic than DON and that chronic manifestations of dietary 15-ADON were similar to those found previously for DON. Future risk assessments for DON should therefore include consideration of 15-ADON occurrence and toxicity.
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Abouzied MM, Pestka JJ. Fusarenon X and nivalenol production by Gibberella zeae in liquid and rice cultures. Mycopathologia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00467680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ, Tuite J. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in refusal factor corn stored since 1972. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:841-3. [PMID: 2939798 PMCID: PMC238970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.4.841-843.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two samples of "refusal factor" corn, one stored frozen in Minnesota and one stored dry in Indiana since 1972 or 1973, were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium spp. and Fusarium toxins. Both samples were from corn refused by swine in Indiana from 1972 to 1973. Sample FS 808 (stored in Indiana) contained 20 ppm of deoxynivalenol (20 micrograms/g), 16 ppm of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 5 ppm of zearalenone, and 0.2 ppm of alpha-zearalenol. Sample FS 362 (stored in Minnesota) contained 3 ppm of deoxynivalenol, 1 ppm of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 0.3 ppm of zearalenone. The presence of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol is significant because it is the first report of it occurring naturally in refusal factor corn, and it may account in part for the refusal that could not be solely attributed to deoxynivalenol.
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