Gene diversity of bovid hemoglobins

The alpha chains of goat hemoglobins: old and new variants in native Apulian breeds

Blood samples were collected from 324 goats belonging to the native Apulian breeds Garganica and Jonica; 60 Alpine goats were also sampled to serve as a comparison. Hemoglobin phenotypes were analyzed with isoelectric focusing in a pH range of 6.7-7.7. Heterogeneity of globin chains was evidenced both by AUT-PAGE and RP-HPLC. The primary structure of four alpha globins was analyzed by combined mass spectrometry approaches. Two of these globins had never been sequenced before. One was a new alpha variant, an allele of the HBA1A gene from which it differed for the mutation A26T and has been registered with a low frequency only in Apulian breeds; the other was a globin encoded by the HBA2 locus, whose primary structure was previously derived from the corresponding gene. The two alleles recorded at the HBA2 locus presented a different frequency in the three breeds but may be considered to be generally rather common. Notwithstanding the sample size no goat was found to exhibit HbA1B. The authors discuss their findings in the light of the results reported by other researchers and argue that, in spite of what had been inferred in pioneer works on goat hemoglobins, HBA1B is not a common allele.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of blood for differentiation of species

The National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory is responsible for the determination of species of birds, reptiles, and mammals from the United States, as well as international species falling under the protection of CITES treaties. We have recently found electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to be an effective means of rapidly analyzing blood samples for species identification. Nearly 1000 individuals were analyzed which comprised 62 species represented by birds, mammals, and reptiles. Whole blood and dried blood samples were analyzed without purification to provide simultaneous molecular weights from the alpha- and beta-proteins present in each sample's hemoglobin. The combination of the two molecular weights for the hemoglobin proteins (i.e., alpha/beta-pairs) was used as species determining markers. In all, 133 distinctive alpha/beta-pairs were observed from the individuals analyzed. Despite the variability in the hemoglobins evaluated, 86% of these alpha/beta-pairs were found to be diagnostic for a particular species to the exclusion of all other species studied. No other single protein system studied by a single analytical technique can so effectively resolve species from a wide range of taxa as can the hemoglobin system when analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Bovine hemoglobin alpha-globin chain polymorphism: primary structure determination of two new genetic variants by mass spectrometry and amino acid sequencing

The present work describes the biochemical procedures used to identify the cause of a quantitative and qualitative hemoglobin polymorphism found in Podolian cattle. First, to analyze the different phenotypes, isoelectric focusing (IEF) of hemoglobins and RP-HPLC of globin chains was carried out; secondly, to determine accurately the globin molecular masses, electrospray mass spectrometry was performed and finally to check the entire amino acid sequences of the proteins, several enzymatic digests were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and Edman degradation procedure. As to the qualitative polymorphism, the results of RP-HPLC show the presence of two alpha-globin variants to which the extensive mass spectrometric analysis attributed a molecular mass of 15,026.47 +/- 0.44 Da and 15,079.86 +/- 0.66 Da and whose respective primary structure differed from that of the common alpha-globin chain in the amino acid substitution Asn-->Ser at position 131 and the other in the replacement of the histidine residue at position 89 with tyrosine. As to the quantitative polymorphism, on the basis of the expression gradient found out in the duplicated alpha genes of several mammals, we conceive that the alpha 89 His-->Tyr is an allelic form of the I alpha gene while the alpha 131Asn-->Ser is an allelic form of the II alpha gene.

Evidence for the presence of two different beta-globin chains in the hemoglobin of the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.)

1. Hemoglobin (Hb) of the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) was studied by employing isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the 6.7-7.7 pH range and by IEF in ultra-narrow immobilized pH gradient (IPG) 7.1-7.5. 2. Three Hb BB phenotypes were identified which were characterized by sets of two or four Hbs with different isoelectric points. 3. These type were called BB, BsBs and BBs, the Bs phenotype showing Hbs with slightly slower mobility. 4. Analysis of constituent globin chains by acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of Triton X-100, provided clear evidence of a novel polymorphism at the beta-globin level. 5. Titration curves of beta-globins from heterozygous Hb BBs indicated a single curve thus suggesting the absence of a net charge in all the pH field. 6. A neutral-to-neutral amino acid replacement probably differentiates the two beta-globins.