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Marchel M, Marrucho IM. Application of Aqueous Biphasic Systems Extraction in Various Biomolecules Separation and Purification: Advancements Brought by Quaternary Systems. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2136574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Marchel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Marrucho
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Sun Y, Gao G, Cai T. Enzymatic characterization of D-lactate dehydrogenase and application in alanine aminotransferase activity assay kit. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6459-6471. [PMID: 34516347 PMCID: PMC8806867 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1972781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) is widely used for the clinical detection of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. It is a key enzyme in ALT detection kits, and its enzymatic properties directly determine sensitivity and accuracy of such kits. In this study, D-lactate dehydrogenase (WP_011543503, ldLDH) coding sequence derived from Lactobacillus delbrueckii was obtained from the NCBI database by gene mining. LdLDH was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli, and its enzyme activity, kinetic parameters, optimum temperature, and pH were characterized. Furthermore, stabilizers, including sugars, polyols, amino acids, certain salts, proteins, and polymers, were screened to improve stability of ldLDH during freeze-drying and storage. Finally, a kit based on ldLDH was tested to determine whether the enzyme had potential clinical applications. The results showed that ldLDH had a specific activity of 1,864 U/mg, Km value of 1.34 mM, optimal reaction temperature of 55°C, and an optimal pH between 7.0 and 7.5. When sucrose or asparagine was used as a stabilizer, freeze-dried ldLDH remained stable at 37°C for > 2 months without significant loss of enzymatic activity. These results indicated that ldLDH possesses high activity and stability. Test results using the ALT assay kit prepared with ldLDH were consistent with those of commercial kits, with a relative deviation <5%. These results indicated that ldLDH met the primary requirements for ALT assays, laying a foundation for the development of new ALT kits with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Department of Research, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Department of Research, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Research, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China.,Department of Emergency, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Zhang D, Zhu X, Hu D, Wen Z, Zhang C, Wu M. Improvement in the catalytic performance of a phenylpyruvate reductase from Lactobacillus plantarum by site-directed and saturation mutagenesis based on the computer-aided design. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:69. [PMID: 33489686 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the specific activity and catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) of an NADH-dependent LpPPR, its directed modification was performed based on the computer-aided design using molecular docking simulation and multiple sequence alignment. Firstly, five single-site variants of an LpPPR-encoding gene (lpppr) were amplified and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The asymmetric reduction of 20 mM phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) was carried out using 50 mg/mL E. coli/lpppr R53Q or /lpppr A79V whole wet cells at 37 °C for 20 min, giving d-phenyllactic acid (PLA) with 41.1 or 44.3% yield, being 1.17- or 1.26-fold that by E. coli/lpppr. Secondly, double-site variants were obtained by saturation mutagenesis of Ala79 in LpPPRR53Q. Among all tested E. coli transformants, E. coli/lpppr R53Q/A79V exhibited the highest d-PLA yield of 85.3%. The specific activity and k cat/K m of the purified LpPPRR53Q/A79V increased to 67.5 U/mg and 169.8 mM-1 s-1, which were 3.0- and 13.2-fold those of LpPPR, respectively. Finally, the catalytic mechanism analysis of LpPPRR53Q/A79V by molecular docking simulation indicated that the replacement of Arg53 in LpPPR with Gln expanded its substrate-binding pocket, while that Ala79 with Val formed an additional π-sigma interaction with phenyl group of PPA. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s13205-020-02633-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Die Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Minchen Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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Torres-Acosta MA, Mayolo-Deloisa K, González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M. Aqueous Two-Phase Systems at Large Scale: Challenges and Opportunities. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800117. [PMID: 29878648 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have proved to be an efficient and integrative operation to enhance recovery of industrially relevant bioproducts. After ATPS discovery, a variety of works have been published regarding their scaling from 10 to 1000 L. Although ATPS have achieved high recovery and purity yields, there is still a gap between their bench-scale use and potential industrial applications. In this context, this review paper critically analyzes ATPS scale-up strategies to enhance the potential industrial adoption. In particular, large-scale operation considerations, different phase separation procedures, the available optimization techniques (univariate, response surface methodology, and genetic algorithms) to maximize recovery and purity and economic modeling to predict large-scale costs, are discussed. ATPS intensification to increase the amount of sample to process at each system, developing recycling strategies and creating highly efficient predictive models, are still areas of great significance that can be further exploited with the use of high-throughput techniques. Moreover, the development of novel ATPS can maximize their specificity increasing the possibilities for the future industry adoption of ATPS. This review work attempts to present the areas of opportunity to increase ATPS attractiveness at industrial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Torres-Acosta
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - José González-Valdez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Col. Los Doctores, Monterrey, NL, 64710, México
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Chen L, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Characterization of a d-Lactate Dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus fermentum JN248 with High Phenylpyruvate Reductive Activity. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2269-2275. [PMID: 28881036 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a novel antimicrobial compound. A novel NADH-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase (d-LDH), named as LF-d-LDH0653, with high phenylpyruvate (PPA) reducing activity was isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum JN248. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ), turnover number (kcat ), and catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) for NADH were 1.20 mmol/L, 67.39 s-1 , and 56.16 (mmol/L)-1 s-1 , respectively. The (Km ), (kcat ), and (kcat /Km ) for phenylpyruvate were 1.68 mmol/L, 122.66 s-1 , and 73.01 (mmol/L)-1 s-1 , respectively. This enzyme can catalyze phenylpyruvate and the product presented excellent optical purity (enantioselectivity >99%). The results suggest that LF-d-LDH0653 is a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically pure d-PLA. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A novel d-LDH with phenylpyruvate reducing activity has been isolated and identified. It could be used as a reference for improving the production of optically pure d-PLA. d-PLA has a potential for application as antimicrobial an agent in dairy industry and baking industry, pharmaceutical agent in medicine and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Rd., Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China.,Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, U.K
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Rd., Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Xu GC, Zhang LL, Ni Y. Enzymatic preparation of D-phenyllactic acid at high space-time yield with a novel phenylpyruvate reductase identified from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. J Biotechnol 2015; 222:29-37. [PMID: 26712480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An NADH-dependent phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) was identified through screening the shotgun library of Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. It belongs to D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) subfamily of 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase superfamily. LaPPR was stable at pH 6.5 and 30 °C, with a half-life of 152 h. LaPPR has a substrate preference towards aromatic to aliphatic keto acids, and various keto acids could be reduced into D-hydroxy acids with excellent enantioselectivity (>99%). By construction the coexpression system with glucose dehydrogenase, as much as 100 g L(-1) phenylpyruvic acid was asymmetrically reduced into D-phenyllactic acid with 91.3% isolation yield and 243 g L(-1) d(-1) productivity. The results suggest that LaPPR is a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically pure D-phenyllactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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PEG–salt aqueous two-phase systems: an attractive and versatile liquid–liquid extraction technology for the downstream processing of proteins and enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6599-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Recent research on 3-phenyllactic acid, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1155-63. [PMID: 22782253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA), which is an organic acid widely existing in honey and lactic acid bacteria fermented food, can be produced by many microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria. It was proved as an ideal antimicrobial compound with broad and effective antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. In addition, it could be used as feed additives to replace antibiotics in livestock feeds. This article presented a review of recent studies on the existing resource, antimicrobial activity, and measurement of PLA. In addition, microorganism strains and dehydrogenases producing PLA were reviewed in detail, the metabolic pathway and regulation of PLA synthesis in LAB strains were discussed, and high-level bioproduction of PLA by microorganism fermentation was also summarized.
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Characterization of d-lactate dehydrogenase from Pediococcus acidilactici that converts phenylpyruvic acid into phenyllactic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:907-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zheng Z, Ma C, Gao C, Li F, Qin J, Zhang H, Wang K, Xu P. Efficient conversion of phenylpyruvic acid to phenyllactic acid by using whole cells of Bacillus coagulans SDM. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19030. [PMID: 21533054 PMCID: PMC3080406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a novel antimicrobial compound with broad and effective antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi, can be produced by many microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria. However, the concentration and productivity of PLA have been low in previous studies. The enzymes responsible for conversion of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) into PLA are equivocal. Methodology/Principal Findings A novel thermophilic strain, Bacillus coagulans SDM, was isolated for production of PLA. When the solubility and dissolution rate of PPA were enhanced at a high temperature, whole cells of B. coagulans SDM could effectively convert PPA into PLA at a high concentration (37.3 g l−1) and high productivity (2.3 g l−1 h−1) under optimal conditions. Enzyme activity staining and kinetic studies identified NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenases as the key enzymes that reduced PPA to PLA. Conclusions/Significance Taking advantage of the thermophilic character of B. coagulans SDM, a high yield and productivity of PLA were obtained. The enzymes involved in PLA production were identified and characterized, which makes possible the rational design and construction of microorganisms suitable for PLA production with metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CM); (PX)
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CM); (PX)
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Jia J, Mu W, Zhang T, Jiang B. Bioconversion of phenylpyruvate to phenyllactate: gene cloning, expression, and enzymatic characterization of D- and L1-lactate dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:242-51. [PMID: 19774350 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two DNA fragments containing the entire coding sequences of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; ldhL1 and ldhD), whose enzymes have high activity for bioconversion of phenylpyruvate (PPA) to phenyllactate (PLA), were amplified from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002 using PCR. Sequencing showed open reading frames of 963 bp (ldhL1) and 999 bp (ldhD) encoding putative proteins of 320 and 332 amino acid residues, respectively. The LDH genes were cloned into an expression vector pET-22b(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified recombinant L1-LDH and D-LDH had approximate (SDS-PAGE) molecular weights of 35 and 40 kDa, respectively. L1-LDH and D-LDH had PPA bioconversion specific activities of 71.06 and 215.84 U/mg with K (m) values of 3.96 and 5.4 mM, respectively. The rL1-LDH and rD-LDH showed maximum enzyme activity at 30 and 40 degrees C while both had optimum activity at pH 6.0. L1-LDH exhibited a higher pH and temperature stability than D-LDH. The results show that the his-tagged L. plantarum SK002 D- and L1-LDHs are efficient catalysts for bioconversion of PPA to PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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12
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The D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase incorrectly annotated PanE is the sole reduction system for branched-chain 2-keto acids in Lactococcus lactis. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:873-81. [PMID: 19047348 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01114-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases of lactic acid bacteria, which catalyze the stereospecific reduction of branched-chain 2-keto acids to 2-hydroxyacids, are of interest in a variety of fields, including cheese flavor formation via amino acid catabolism. In this study, we used both targeted and random mutagenesis to identify the genes responsible for the reduction of 2-keto acids derived from amino acids in Lactococcus lactis. The gene panE, whose inactivation suppressed hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase activity, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant His-tagged fusion protein was purified and characterized. The gene annotated panE was the sole gene responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from leucine, isoleucine, and valine, while ldh, encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase, was responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from phenylalanine and methionine. The kinetic parameters of the His-tagged PanE showed the highest catalytic efficiencies with 2-ketoisocaproate, 2-ketomethylvalerate, 2-ketoisovalerate, and benzoylformate (V(max)/K(m) ratios of 6,640, 4,180, 3,300, and 2,050 U/mg/mM, respectively), with NADH as the exclusive coenzyme. For the reverse reaction, the enzyme accepted d-2-hydroxyacids but not l-2-hydroxyacids. Although PanE showed the highest degrees of identity to putative NADP-dependent 2-ketopantoate reductases (KPRs), it did not exhibit KPR activity. Sequence homology analysis revealed that, together with the d-mandelate dehydrogenase of Enterococcus faecium and probably other putative KPRs, PanE belongs to a new family of D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases which is unrelated to the well-described D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase family. Its probable physiological role is to regenerate the NAD(+) necessary to catabolize branched-chain amino acids, leading to the production of ATP and aroma compounds.
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Li X, Jiang B, Pan B, Mu W, Zhang T. Purification and partial characterization of Lactobacillus species SK007 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzing phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) conversion into phenyllactic acid (PLA). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2392-2399. [PMID: 18333614 DOI: 10.1021/jf0731503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a novel antimicrobial compound synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and its production from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) is an effective approach. In this work, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the reduction of PPA to PLA, has been purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a dimeric form with a molecular mass of 78 kDa (size exclusion chromatography) or 39 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The ratio of enzyme activity with PPA to that with pyruvate being almost invariable at every purification step indicated that, in Lactobacillus sp. SK007, LDH is responsible for the conversion of PPA into PLA. HPLC profiles of PPA transformation into PLA by growing cells, cell-free extract, and purified LDH of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 were also investigated. Results showed that the presence of NADH was found to be necessary for the enzymatic production of PLA from PPA. The purified LDH displayed optimal activity for PPA at pH 6.0 and 40 degrees C. The Km values of the enzyme for PPA and pyruvate were 1.69 and 0.32 mM, respectively. Moreover, because other screened LAB strains exhibiting relatively high LDH activity toward PPA produced also considerable amounts of PLA, LDH activity for PPA could be therefore used as a screening marker for PLA-producing LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Jiangnan University), Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Diamond AD, Hsu JT. Aqueous two-phase systems for biomolecule separation. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 47:89-135. [PMID: 1456110 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0046198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, aqueous polymer two-phase technology has evolved, both experimentally and theoretically, into a separation science with many useful applications in biomolecule purification and bioconversion. This paper summarizes the developments in the applications of aqueous two-phase systems to biotechnology. The main topics to be considered are the phase diagram and its characteristics, fundamentals of biomolecule partition, large-scale and multi-stage aqueous two-phase biomolecule purification, and extractive bioconversions. The first topic involves a discussion of the thermodynamics of aqueous polymer two-phase formation and how it is influenced by such factors as polymer molecular weight and concentration, temperature, and salt type and concentration. Next, the theoretical and experimental aspects of biomolecule partition in aqueous two-phase systems will be discussed in light of the factors which influence biomolecule partition: polymer concentration and molecular weight; temperature; salt type and concentration; the addition of charged, hydrophobic and affinity derivatives. Having reviewed the fundamentals of phase diagram formation and biomolecule partition, the next two topics are applications of aqueous two-phase technology. The first set of applications involve the large-scale extraction of proteins using one to three equilibrium stages and multi-stage purifications using countercurrent distribution, liquid-liquid partition chromatography and continuous countercurrent chromatography. The second application, and very promising area for future aqueous two-phase technology, is the extractive bioconversion which permits the simultaneous production and purification of a biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Diamond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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16
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Kepka C, Collet E, Roos F, Tjernelda F, Veide A. Two-step recovery process for tryptophan tagged cutinase: Interfacing aqueous two-phase extraction and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:33-41. [PMID: 15974115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the interfacing of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phosphate aqueous two-phase system with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) for primary recovery of an intracellular protein was evaluated. As a model protein, a recombinant cutinase furnished with a tryptophan-proline (WP) peptide tag was used and produced intracellularly in Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli cell homogenate was partitioned in a two-phase system and the top phase yield, concentration and purity of the tagged ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4 was evaluated as function of polymer sizes, system pH and phase volume ratio. The partition behaviour of cell debris, total protein and endotoxin was also monitored. In the HIC part, the chromatographic yield and purity was investigated with respect to ligand hydrophobicity, dilution of loaded top phase and elution conditions. Based on the results, a recovery process was demonstrated where a PEG 1500-K-Na phosphate salt aqueous two-phase system was interfaced with a HIC column. The interfacing was facilitated by the Trp-tagged peptide. The tagged ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4 was obtained in a PEG-free phase and purified to >95% purity according to silver stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels with a total yield of 83% during the two-step recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kepka
- Department of Biochemistry, Centerfor Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Persson J, Andersen DC, Lester PM. Evaluation of different primary recovery methods forE. coli-derived recombinant human growth hormone and compatibility with further down-stream purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:442-51. [PMID: 15772949 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to advances in fermentation technology, it is now possible to obtain fermentation broth with over 30% solids. The high solid content makes the clarification step difficult, especially at large scale. The primary protein recovery step is challenging due to the heterogeneous solution of soluble and insoluble material. In this study, we compare different primary recovery routes and the compatibility with the initial capture chromatography step. The primary recovery routes studied are standard clarification by centrifugation and extraction in aqueous two-phase systems. The compatibility of the feed streams from the different primary recovery steps with the first chromatography step is addressed. An anion-exchange column was used as the first capture column in the purification process. The aqueous two-phase system was composed of a random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EOPO) in combination with a waxy starch. The target protein in this study was human growth hormone (hGH) produced in recombinant Escherichia coli. The purity of hGH in the top phase after aqueous two-phase extraction was found to be significantly higher than in clarified homogenate supernatant and increased as the EOPO polymer concentration in the aqueous two-phase system increased. Stability of the supernatant and EOPO top phases and hGH were determined by turbidity measurements and LC-MS assay. All of the feed-streams from the primary recovery steps were compatible with the anion-exchange chromatography step; however, the capacity of the resin was strongly dependent on the purity of the load. Different process aspects, e.g., resin capacity, viscosity, purification, and yield of hGH and scalability are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zocher
- Max-Volmes-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fachgebiet Biochemie und Moleculare Biologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
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19
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Hummel W. New alcohol dehydrogenases for the synthesis of chiral compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 58:145-84. [PMID: 9103913 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective reduction of carbonyl groups is of interest for the production of various chiral compounds such as hydroxy acids, amino acids, hydroxy esters, or alcohols. Such products have high economic value and are most interesting as additives for food and feed or as building blocks for organic synthesis. Enzymatic reactions or biotransformations with whole cells (growing or resting) for this purpose are described. Although conversions with whole cells are advantageous with respect to saving expensive isolation of the desired enzymes, the products often lack high enantiomeric excess and the process results in low time-space-yield. For the synthesis of chiral alcohols, only lab-scale syntheses with commercially available alcohol dehydrogenases have been described yet. However, most of these enzymes are of limited use for technical applications because they lack substrate specificity, stability (yeast ADH) or enantioselectivity (Thermoanaerobium brockii ADH). Furthermore, all enzymes so far described are forming (S)-alcohols. Quite recently, we found and characterized several new bacterial alcohol dehydrogenases, which are suited for the preparation of chiral alcohols as well as for hydroxy esters in technical scale. Remarkably, of all these novel ADHs the (R)-specific enzymes were found in strains of the genus Lactobacillus. Meanwhile, these new enzymes were characterized extensively. Protein data (amino acid sequence, bound cations) confirm that these catalysts are novel enzymes. (R)-specific as well as (S)-specific ADHs accept a broad variety of ketones and ketoesters as substrates. The applicability of alcohol dehydrogenases for chiral syntheses as an example for the technical use of coenzyme-dependent enzymes is demonstrated and discussed in this contribution. In particular NAD-dependent enzymes coupled with the coenzyme regeneration by formate dehydrogenase proved to be economically feasible for the production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hummel
- Institut für Enzymtechnologie, der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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20
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Vinals C, De Bolle X, Depiereux E, Feytmans E. Knowledge-based modeling of the D-lactate dehydrogenase three-dimensional structure. Proteins 1995; 21:307-18. [PMID: 7567953 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340210405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional structure of the NAD-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus bulgaricus is modeled using the structure of the formate dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas sp. as template. Both sequences share only 22% of identical residues. Regions for knowledge-based modeling are defined from the structurally conserved regions predicted by multiple alignment of a set of related protein sequences with low homology. The model of the D-LDH subunit shows, as for the formate dehydrogenase, an alpha/beta structure, with a catalytic domain and a coenzyme binding domain. It points out the catalytic histidine (His-296) and supports the hypothetical catalytic mechanism. It also suggests that the other residues involved in the active site are Arg-235, possibly involved in the binding of the carboxyl group of the pyruvate, and Phe-299, a candidate for stabilizing the methyl group of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vinals
- Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium
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21
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Raghavarao K, Rastogi N, Gowthaman M, Karanth N. Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction for Downstream Processing of Enzymes/Proteins. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Purification of the d-lactate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris using a sequential precipitation procedure. J Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Morin A. Use of d-hydantoinase extracted from legumes to produce N-carbamyl d-amino acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90139-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Lee C, Görisch H, Kleinkauf H, Zocher R. A highly specific D-hydroxyisovalerate dehydrogenase from the enniatin producer Fusarium sambucinum. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Jyh-Ping C. Partitioning and separation of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in PEG/potassium phosphate aqueous two-phase systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(92)90579-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Kallwass HK. Potential of R-2-Hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus casei for stereospecific reductions. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90022-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Lerch HP, Frank R, Collins J. Cloning, sequencing and expression of the L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase-encoding gene of Lactobacillus confusus in Escherichia coli. Gene 1989; 83:263-70. [PMID: 2684788 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gene (L-HicDH) encoding L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase (L-HicDH) from Lactobacillus confusus was cloned in Escherichia coli. A 69-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe, derived to be complementary to the N-terminal amino acid (aa) coding sequence, was used for screening. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of the L-HicDH gene was determined. The 5'-end of the mRNA was mapped by primer extension and the promoter identified. Downstream from the L-HicDH gene is a typical Rho-independent terminator. The aa sequence of L-HicDH, deduced from the nt sequence, has an overall similarity of 30% to the aa sequence of L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) from Lactobacillus casei. The aa residues involved in binding of coenzyme and substrate are highly conserved in L-HicDH with respect to prokaryotic and eukaryotic L-LDHs. The L-HicDH gene could be expressed under control of phage lambda 'Leftward' and 'rightward' promoters in E. coli up to 35% of total cell protein. The enzyme produced under these conditions exhibits full specific activity and is found exclusively in soluble form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Lerch
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig, F.R.G
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29
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Hummel W, Kula MR. Dehydrogenases for the synthesis of chiral compounds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:1-13. [PMID: 2673781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Hummel
- Institut für Enzymtechnologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf in der KFA Jülich, FRG
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Zamir LO, Tiberio R, Devor KA, Sauriol F, Ahmad S, Jensen RA. Structure of D-prephenyllactate. A carboxycyclohexadienyl metabolite from Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Bode R, Lippoldt A, Brinbaum D. Purification and Properties of D-Aromatic Lactate Dehydrogenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(86)80049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Lippoldt A, Bode R, Birnbaum D. Degradation of aromatic amino acids inCandida maltosa. J Basic Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620260304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Schütte H, Hummel W, Kula MR. Improved enzyme screening by automated fast protein liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1985; 151:547-53. [PMID: 3913338 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The assay for NADH-dependent dehydrogenases in crude extracts is often interfered with non-specific reactions. Therefore a screening for such enzymes is hampered by high blank values. To overcome such problems we chromatographed crude extracts on a fast protein liquid chromatography system during part of an enzyme screening for 2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenases. The automated chromatography procedure presented consists of a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The total time needed to perform one cycle of the two-column purification, including the equilibration and regeneration steps, is about 35 min. The procedure described separates the desired enzyme, 2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase, totally from any interfering activity such as NADH-oxidase and also from the second enzyme of interest, the lactate dehydrogenase. Besides the elimination of the side reactions the desired enzymes are purified up to 20-fold.
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l-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase?A new enzyme from Lactobacillus confusus for the stereospecific reduction of 2-ketocarboxylic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00256449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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