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Zhang R, Song C, Kou M, Yin P, Jin X, Wang L, Deng Y, Wang B, Xia D, Wong PK, Ye L. Sterilization of Escherichia coli by Photothermal Synergy of WO 3-x/C Nanosheet under Infrared Light Irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3691-3701. [PMID: 32100998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of photocatalytic sterilization technology for the sterilization of water has been broadly studied in recent years. However, developing photocatalysts with high disinfection efficiency remains an urgent challenge. Tungsten trioxide with coexisting oxygen vacancies and carbon coating (WO3-x/C) has been successfully synthesized toward the photothermal inactivation of Escherichia coli. Oxygen vacancies and carbon coating bring WO3-x/C strong absorption in the infrared region and enhance the carrier separation efficiency. As a result, a higher sterilization rate is obtained compared to WO3. WO3-x/C can completely inactivate E. coli under infrared light within 40 min through photothermal synergy process. During the process of inactivating bacteria over WO3-x/C, E. coli is killed by the destruction of their cell membrane to decrease the activity of enzymes and release the cell contents, which can be ascribed to the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (O2•- and •OH) and thermal effect. This work demonstrates a novel approach for engineering efficient and energy-saving catalysts for water sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeng Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Song
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mingpu Kou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
| | - Panqing Yin
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, University Town, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, University Town, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Ye
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P. R. China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, P. R. China
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2
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Yin H, Kuwahara Y, Mori K, Louis C, Yamashita H. Properties, fabrication and applications of plasmonic semiconductor nanocrystals. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We highlight three widely explored oxide-based plasmonic materials, including HxMoO3−y, HxWO3−y, and MoxW1−xO3−y, and their applications in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yin
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kuwahara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Kohsuke Mori
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Catherine Louis
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7197
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface
- F-75252 Paris
- France
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka
- Japan
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3
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Mesoporous carbon supported Pt/MO2 (M = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) heteronanostructure: Promising non-Ru methanol oxidation reaction catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Electrocatalytic properties of platinum nanocenters electrogenerated at ultra-trace levels within zeolitic phosphododecatungstate cesium salt matrices. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Cheng Y, Jiang SP. Highly effective and CO-tolerant PtRu electrocatalysts supported on poly(ethyleneimine) functionalized carbon nanotubes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of
High Performance Ceramics and
Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai
200050, People’s Republic of China; Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s
Republic of China; and National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, 28 East Jiangchuan Road,
Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Liu Y, Shrestha S, Mustain WE. Synthesis of Nanosize Tungsten Oxide and Its Evaluation as an Electrocatalyst Support for Oxygen Reduction in Acid Media. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200657w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269,
United States
| | - Sujan Shrestha
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269,
United States
| | - William E. Mustain
- Department
of Chemical, Materials, and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269,
United States
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8
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Wickman B, Wesselmark M, Lagergren C, Lindbergh G. Tungsten oxide in polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes—A thin-film model electrode study. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Shrestha S, Liu Y, Mustain WE. Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Pt clusters on State-of-the-Art Supports: A Review. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2011.596430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Lebedeva N, Rosca V, Janssen G. CO oxidation and CO2 reduction on carbon supported PtWO3 catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Lewera A, Miecznikowski K, Hunger R, Kolary-Zurowska A, Wieckowski A, Kulesza PJ. Electronic-level interactions of tungsten oxide with unsupported Se/Ru electrocatalytic nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Metal Oxides and Heteropoly Acids as Anodic Electrocatalysts in Direct Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1040.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Pereira LGS, Paganin VA, Ticianelli EA. Investigation of the CO tolerance mechanism at several Pt-based bimetallic anode electrocatalysts in a PEM fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Cui X, Shi J, Chen H, Zhang L, Guo L, Gao J, Li J. Platinum/Mesoporous WO3 as a Carbon-Free Electrocatalyst with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Methanol Oxidation. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12024-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Limin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
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15
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Mechanism of anodic oxidation of tungsten in neutral sulphate-fluoride solutions. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Das D, Samaddar PR, Sen PK, Das K. Oxidation of some aliphatic polyols on anodically deposited MnO2. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical properties of mixed WC and Pt-black powders. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0812197o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical characteristics of a mixture of Pt-black and WC powders and its catalytic activity for methanol and formic acid oxidation were investigated in acid solution. XRD and AFM measurements revealed that the WC powder employed for the investigation was a single-phase material consisting of crystallites/spherical particles of average size of about 50 nm, which were agglomerated into much larger particles. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the WC underwent electrochemical oxidation, producing tungstate species. In the case of the mixed Pt + WC powders, the tungstate species were deposited on the Pt as a thin film of hydrous tungsten oxide. Enhanced hydrogen intercalation in the hydrous tungsten oxide was observed and it was proposed to be promoted in mixed powders by the presence of hydrogen adatoms on bare Pt sites. The determination of Pt surface area in the Pt + WC layer by stripping of underpotentially deposited Cu revealed that the entire Pt surface was accessible for underpotential deposition of Cu. Investigation of the electrochemical oxidation of methanol and formic acid on Pt + WC and pure Pt layers did not indicate electrocatalytic promotion due to the presence of WC.
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19
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Chojak M, Kolary-Zurowska A, Wlodarczyk R, Miecznikowski K, Karnicka K, Palys B, Marassi R, Kulesza PJ. Modification of Pt nanoparticles with polyoxometallate monolayers: Competition between activation and blocking of reactive sites for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Enhancement of the oxidation of methyl formate at multifunctional electrocatalyst composed of Pt/Pd and Pt/Ru nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Maillard F, Peyrelade E, Soldo-Olivier Y, Chatenet M, Chaînet E, Faure R. Is carbon-supported Pt-WOx composite a CO-tolerant material? Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Scott K, Shukla AK. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Problems and Perspectives. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46106-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Pereira LGS, dos Santos FR, Pereira ME, Paganin VA, Ticianelli EA. CO tolerance effects of tungsten-based PEMFC anodes. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Pol SV, Pol VG, Kessler VG, Gedanken A. Growth of carbon sausages filled with in situ formed tungsten oxide nanorods: thermal dissociation of tungsten(vi) isopropoxide in isopropanol. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b514478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Enhancement of the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol at Pt∕Ru Nanoparticles Immobilized in Different WO[sub 3] Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2190597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Jayaraman S, Jaramillo TF, Baeck SH, McFarland EW. Synthesis and Characterization of Pt−WO3 as Methanol Oxidation Catalysts for Fuel Cells. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22958-66. [PMID: 16853991 DOI: 10.1021/jp053053h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several compositions of Pt-WO3 catalysts were synthesized and characterized for the electro-oxidation of methanol and CO. The surface morphologies of the catalysts were found to be dependent on the composition. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest a surface enrichment of WO3 in the codeposited Pt-WO3 catalysts. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in methanol show an improvement in catalytic activity for the Pt-WO3 catalysts. A significant improvement in the poison tolerance toward CO and other organic intermediates was observed in the mixed metal-metal oxide catalyst. The catalytic performance of the different compositions was directly compared by normalization of the current to active sites. CO-stripping voltammetry suggests the involvement of WO3 in the catalytic process as opposed to a mere physical effect as suggested by previous work. A possible mechanism for this improvement is proposed based on the electrochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrisudersan Jayaraman
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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27
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Carbon supported Pt75M25 (M=Co, Ni) alloys as anode and cathode electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Carbon-Supported Pt-Ni Alloys Prepared by the Borohydride Method as Electrocatalysts for DMFCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1149/1.1870632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Chai GS, Yoon SB, Yu JS, Choi JH, Sung YE. Ordered Porous Carbons with Tunable Pore Sizes as Catalyst Supports in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0370472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun Seok Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon, 306-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Bon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon, 306-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon, 306-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon, 306-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon, 306-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Oliveira Neto A, Linardi M, Gonzalez ER. Oxidação eletroquímica do metanol sobre partículas de PtRu e PtMo suportadas em carbono de alta área superficial. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702003000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A reação de eletro-oxidação do metanol foi estudada sobre eletrocatalisadores de Pt/C, PtRu/C e PtMo/C preparados pelo método do ácido fórmico em diferentes composições atômicas. Os produtos da oxidação do metanol foram monitorados pela técnica de DEMS. O desempenho dos catalisadores frente a reação de oxidação do metanol foi estudado através dos perfis voltamétricos e experimentos de cronoamperoometria.
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31
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Choi WC, Kim JD, Woo SI. Quaternary Pt-based electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation by combinatorial electrochemistry. Catal Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Pt Supported on Polyaniline-V[sub 2]O[sub 5] Nanocomposite as the Electrode Material for Methanol Oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1149/1.1518610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Götz M, Wendt H. Binary and ternary anode catalyst formulations including the elements W, Sn and Mo for PEMFCs operated on methanol or reformate gas. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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