Light- and electron-microscopic study of substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig retina

Distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina

Substance P (SP), a neuroprotective peptidergic neurotransmitter, is known to have immunoreactivity (IR) localized to amacrine and/or ganglion cells in a variety of species' retinas, but it has not yet been studied in the mouse retina. Thus, we investigated the distribution and synaptic organization of SP-IR by confocal and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry in the mouse retina. SP-IR was distributed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Most of the SP-IR somas belonged to amacrine cells (2.5% of all) in the INL and their processes stratified into the S1, S3, and S5 layers of the IPL, with the most intense band in the S5 layer. Some SP-IR somas can also be observed in the GCL, which were identified as displaced amacrine cells (82%, 1269/1550) and ganglion cells (18%, 281/1550) by antibodies against AP2α and RBPMS, respectively. Such SP-IR ganglion cells (1.2% of all RGCs) can be further divided into 3 subgroups expressing SP/α-Synuclein (α-Syn), SP/GAD67, and/or SP/GAD67/α-Syn. Possible physiological and pathological roles of these ganglion cells are discussed. Further, electron microscopy evidence demonstrates that SP-IR amacrine cells receive major inputs from other SP-IR amacrine cell processes (146/242 inputs) and output mostly to SP-negative amacrine cell processes (291/673 outputs), suggesting series inhibition among amacrine cells. These results reveal for the first time an explicit distribution, novel ganglion cell features, and synaptic organization of SP-IR in the mouse retina, which is important for the future use of mouse models to study the roles of SP in healthy and diseased (including Parkinson's disease) retinal states.

Immunocytochemical development of the guinea pig retina

The aim of the present study was to establish the neurochemical profile of amacrine and horizontal cells during ontogeny in the guinea pig, a precocial species where significant retinal development occurs prenatally as opposed to altricial species where development largely occurs postnatally. The expression of neurochemical markers of horizontal cells and specific amacrine cell populations was investigated from 20 days of gestation (dg, term approximately 67 dg) to adulthood. Amacrine cell populations were identified immunohistochemically using antibodies to gamma-amino-butyric acid, cholineacetyltransferase, calbindin, calretinin, neuronal nitric oxide synthetase and tyrosine hydroxylase; horizontal cells were labelled with calbindin. All markers were present at 30 dg and had attained their mature (adult) laminar distribution and expression by 60 dg. Horizontal cells appeared in their final location at 30 dg with amacrine cell populations appearing in their final locations by 45 dg. Thus, in the guinea pig retina, the amacrine and horizontal cell populations investigated in this study are fully mature prior to birth.

Distribution and regulation of substance P-related peptide in the frog visual system

Modulation of visual signal activity has consequences for both signal processing and for activity-dependent structuring mechanisms. Among the neuromodulatory agents found in visual areas are substance P (SP)-related peptides. This article reviews what is known about these substances in the amphibian retina and optic tectum with special emphasis on the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. It is found that the distribution of these SP-related peptides is remarkably similar to that seen in mammals. This suggests that study of model amphibian systems may significantly enhance our understanding of how neuropeptides contribute to visual system function and organization.

Retinal dopaminergic neurons (A17) expressing neuromedin K receptor (NK(3)): a double immunocytochemical study in the rat

By using a double immunofluorescence method we examined the distribution of dopaminergic neurons (A17) expressing neuromedin K receptor (NKR, NK(3)) in the rat retina. The distribution of NKR-like immunoreactive (-LI) neurons partially overlapped that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-LI neurons in the inner retina of section and flat-mount preparation. Neurons showing both TH- and NKR-like immunoreactivities were found in the retina (A17): 100% of these TH-LI neurons displayed NKR-like immunoreactivity, and they constituted about 3.5% of total NKR-LI neurons. The majority of double-labeled neurons with TH- and NKR-like immunoreactivities were distributed in the proximal inner nuclear layer and the upper part of inner plexiform layer of the retina, and characterized with appearance of amacrine cells. The present study has provided morphological evidence for direct physiological modulation of dopaminergic neurons by tachykinins through NKR in the rat retina (A17).