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Rae LS, Rand JS, Ward LC. Measuring body composition in dogs using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Vet J 2024; 304:106067. [PMID: 38266810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of body composition is an essential aspect of veterinary canine care, particularly as prevalence of overweight and obesity in dogs is increasing. Few quantitative objective methods for body composition measurement are available for routine clinical use. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is widely used in human medicine and nutritional assessment and although it has shown promise in production animals it has not yet been adopted for companion animals. The present study validated bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) against the reference method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resistivity coefficients for use in BIS were determined: ρe = 444.8 and ρi = 1477.8 ohm.cm and used to predict fat-free mass (FFM) in a cohort of 35 mixed breed dogs. Overall, FFM was predicted to within 3.5% of reference values. At an individual level, FFM was predicted within 2 standard deviations (95% confidence) of 10%. BIS provides an objective quantitative alternative to the widely used semi-quantitative body condition scoring. In addition, BIS provides estimates of body water volumes (total, extra-and intracellular), information that can be useful in fluid management. BIS is inexpensive, and simple to perform but does require brief (<5 min) sedation of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Rae
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343 Australia
| | - J S Rand
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, Queensland 4069 Australia
| | - L C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia.
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Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gadopiclenol: A New Macrocyclic Gadolinium Chelate With High T1 Relaxivity. Invest Radiol 2020; 54:475-484. [PMID: 30973459 PMCID: PMC6661244 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to evaluate gadopiclenol, a newly developed extracellular nonspecific macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) having high relaxivity properties, which was designed to increase lesion detection and characterization by magnetic resonance imaging. Methods We described the molecular structure of gadopiclenol and measured the r1 and r2 relaxivity properties at fields of 0.47 and 1.41 T in water and human serum. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profile measurements were performed from 0.24 mT to 7 T. Protonation and complexation constants were determined using pH-metric measurements, and we investigated the acid-assisted dissociation of gadopiclenol, gadodiamide, gadobutrol, and gadoterate at 37°C and pH 1.2. Applying the relaxometry technique (37°C, 0.47 T), we investigated the risk of dechelation of gadopiclenol, gadoterate, and gadodiamide in the presence of ZnCl2 (2.5 mM) and a phosphate buffer (335 mM). Pharmacokinetics studies of radiolabeled 153Gd-gadopiclenol were performed in Beagle dogs, and protein binding was measured in rats, dogs, and humans plasma and red blood cells. Results Gadopiclenol [gadolinium chelate of 2,2′,2″-(3,6,9-triaza-1(2,6)-pyridinacyclodecaphane-3,6,9-triyl)tris(5-((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid); registry number 933983-75-6] is based on a pyclen macrocyclic structure. Gadopiclenol exhibited a very high relaxivity in water (r1 = 12.2 mM−1·s−1 at 1.41 T), and the r1 value in human serum at 37°C did not markedly change with increasing field (r1 = 12.8 mM−1·s−1 at 1.41 T and 11.6 mM−1·s−1 at 3 T). The relaxivity data in human serum did not indicate protein binding. The nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profile of gadopiclenol exhibited a high and stable relaxivity in a strong magnetic field. Gadopiclenol showed high kinetic inertness under acidic conditions, with a dissociation half-life of 20 ± 3 days compared with 4 ± 0.5 days for gadoterate, 18 hours for gadobutrol, and less than 5 seconds for gadodiamide and gadopentetate. The pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was typical of extracellular nonspecific GBCAs, showing distribution in the extracellular compartment and no metabolism. No protein binding was found in rats, dogs, and humans. Conclusions Gadopiclenol is a new extracellular and macrocyclic Gd chelate that exhibited high relaxivity, no protein binding, and high kinetic inertness. Its pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was similar to that of other extracellular nonspecific GBCAs.
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Mondritzki T, Steinbach SML, Boehme P, Hoffmann J, Kullmann M, Schock-Kusch D, Vogel J, Kolkhof P, Sandner P, Bischoff E, Hüser J, Dinh W, Truebel H. Transcutaneous glomerular filtration rate measurement in a canine animal model of chronic kidney disease. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 90:7-12. [PMID: 29100965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative assessment of renal function by measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important part of safety and efficacy evaluation in preclinical drug development. Existing methods are often time consuming, imprecise and associated with animal burden. Here we describe the comparison between GFR determinations with sinistrin (PS-GFR) and fluorescence-labelled sinistrin-application and its transcutaneous detection (TD-GFR) in a large animal model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS TD-GFR measurements compared to a standard method using i.v. sinistrin were performed in a canine model. Animals were treated with one-sided renal wrapping (RW) followed by renal artery occlusion (RO). Biomarker and remote hemodynamic measurements were performed. Plasma sinistrin in comparison to transcutaneous derived GFR data were determined during healthy conditions, after RW and RW+RO. RESULTS RW alone did not led to any significant changes in renal function, neither with PS-GFR nor TD-GFR. Additional RO showed a rise in blood pressure (+68.0mmHg), plasma urea (+28.8mmol/l), creatinine (+224,4μmol/l) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA™; +12.6μg/dl). Plasma sinistrin derived data confirmed the expected drop (-44.7%, p<0.0001) in GFR. The calculated transcutaneous determined Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin GFR showed no differences to plasma sinistrin GFR at all times. Both methods were equaly sensitive to diagnose renal dysfunction in the affected animals. DISCUSSION Renal function assessment using TD-GFR is a valid method to improve preclinical drug discovery and development. Furthermore, TD-GFR method offers advantages in terms of reduced need for blood sampling and thus decreasing animal burden compared to standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mondritzki
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
| | - Sarah M L Steinbach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
| | - Philip Boehme
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julia Vogel
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilfried Dinh
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Department of Cardiology, HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hubert Truebel
- Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany; University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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Mikula S, Denk W. High-resolution whole-brain staining for electron microscopic circuit reconstruction. Nat Methods 2015; 12:541-6. [PMID: 25867849 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently only electron microscopy provides the resolution necessary to reconstruct neuronal circuits completely and with single-synapse resolution. Because almost all behaviors rely on neural computations widely distributed throughout the brain, a reconstruction of brain-wide circuits-and, ultimately, the entire brain-is highly desirable. However, these reconstructions require the undivided brain to be prepared for electron microscopic observation. Here we describe a preparation, BROPA (brain-wide reduced-osmium staining with pyrogallol-mediated amplification), that results in the preservation and staining of ultrastructural details throughout the brain at a resolution necessary for tracing neuronal processes and identifying synaptic contacts between them. Using serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM), we tested human annotator ability to follow neural 'wires' reliably and over long distances as well as the ability to detect synaptic contacts. Our results suggest that the BROPA method can produce a preparation suitable for the reconstruction of neural circuits spanning an entire mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Mikula
- Department of Biomedical Optics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried Denk
- Department of Biomedical Optics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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Braun GB, Friman T, Pang HB, Pallaoro A, de Mendoza TH, Willmore AMA, Kotamraju VR, Mann AP, She ZG, Sugahara KN, Reich NO, Teesalu T, Ruoslahti E. Etchable plasmonic nanoparticle probes to image and quantify cellular internalization. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:904-11. [PMID: 24907927 PMCID: PMC4141013 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in using nanoparticles as labels or to deliver drugs and other bioactive compounds to cells in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent imaging, commonly used to study internalization and subcellular localization of nanoparticles, does not allow unequivocal distinction between cell surface-bound and internalized particles, as there is no methodology to turn particles 'off'. We have developed a simple technique to rapidly remove silver nanoparticles outside living cells, leaving only the internalized pool for imaging or quantification. The silver nanoparticle (AgNP) etching is based on the sensitivity of Ag to a hexacyanoferrate-thiosulphate redox-based destain solution. In demonstration of the technique we present a class of multicoloured plasmonic nanoprobes comprising dye-labelled AgNPs that are exceptionally bright and photostable, carry peptides as model targeting ligands, can be etched rapidly and with minimal toxicity in mice, and that show tumour uptake in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B. Braun
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Correspondence should be addressed to: or
| | - Tomas Friman
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Hong-Bo Pang
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Pallaoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Anne-Mari A. Willmore
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Venkata Ramana Kotamraju
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Aman P. Mann
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kazuki N. Sugahara
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Norbert O. Reich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Correspondence should be addressed to: or
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Gratama JW, Dalinghaus M, Meuzelaar JJ, Gerding AM, Koers JH, Zijlstra WG, Kuipers JR. Blood volume and body fluid compartments in lambs with aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1745-52. [PMID: 1430202 PMCID: PMC443232 DOI: 10.1172/jci116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A left-to-right shunt is accompanied by an increased plasma and blood volume. Since this is likely realized through renin/aldosterone-mediated salt and water retention, other body fluid compartments may be changed too. Therefore, we studied blood volume and body fluid compartments by a single-injection, triple-indicator dilution technique in nine 8-wk-old lambs with an aortopulmonary left-to-right shunt (55 +/- 3% of left ventricular output; mean +/- SEM) and in 11 control lambs, 2.5 wk after surgery. Systemic blood flow was maintained at the same level as in control lambs, but the aortic pressure of the shunt lambs was lower. Blood volume in shunt lambs was larger than in control lambs (110 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 7 ml/kg, P < 0.001) through an increase in plasma volume, which correlated significantly with the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Red blood cell volume was equal to that of control lambs. Evidence was obtained that the increase in plasma volume was induced by a transient increase in renin (8.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol.l-1.h-1; P < 0.02) and aldosterone (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 nmol/liter) concentrations. Interstitial water volume, however, was not significantly different from that in control lambs. The amount of intravascular protein was significantly higher than in control lambs (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg body mass, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in intracellular and total body water volumes between the two groups. We conclude that the increased amount of intravascular protein confines the fluid retained by the kidneys to the vascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Gratama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zweens J, Frankena H, Zijlstra WG. The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia upon the extracellular fluid volume in the dog, studied by continuous infusion and single injection methods. Pflugers Arch 1978; 376:131-8. [PMID: 568770 DOI: 10.1007/bf00581576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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