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Sun Z, Chen M, Li Q, Ma G, Wu H, Yang J, Li Y, Xu X. Five New Polyoxypregnane Glycosides from the Vines of Aspidopterysobcordata and Their Antinephrolithiasis Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144596. [PMID: 35889467 PMCID: PMC9324186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From the dried vines of Aspidopterys obcordata Hemsl, five new polyoxypregnane glycosides, named obcordatas J–N (1–5), were obtained. Their structures were fully elucidated and characterized by HRESIMS and extensive spectroscopic data. In addition, all of the new compounds were screened for their antinephrolithiasis activity in vitro. The results showed that compounds 1–3 have prominent protective effects on calcium oxalate crystal-induced human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells, with EC50 values ranging from 6.72 to 14.00 μM, which is consistent with the application value of A. obcordata in folk medicine for kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Meiying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qinglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xudong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.); (Q.L.); (G.M.); (H.W.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.X.)
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Abstract
Pregnane glycosides constitute a class of compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Many of them have shown either anticarcinogenic or cancer inhibitory properties, besides other useful biological activities. New chromatographic techniques and advances in spectroscopic and spectrometric methods have accelerated the purification and structure determination of novel glycosides of this series. A compilation of the pregnane glycosides isolated from 1995 until the middle of 2005, along with their physical data, structures and occurrence are presented in this review, which also summarizes, with suitable examples, recent developments in isolation and purification techniques, and structural elucidation using modern spectrometric methods like ESIMS and tandem mass spectrometry, and 2D NMR spectroscopic strategies. The reported anticancer and other biological activities of pregnane glycosides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilendu Panda
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sukdeb Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nirup B. Mandal
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Niranjan P. Sahu
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032, India
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Srivastava R, Narain D, Deepak D, Khare A. Isolation of a C-21 Norpregnane Precursor from Hoya Parasitica. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel norpregnane, foligenin (1), was isolated, along with the pregnane calogenin, from Hoya parasitica. The structure of 1 was elucidated as 3β-hydroxy-21-norpregna-5-ene by spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India 226007
| | - Deepali Narain
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India 226007
| | - Desh Deepak
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India 226007
| | - Anakshi Khare
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India 226007
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Gupta MR, Kumar A, Khare NK. Isolation and identification of two novel compounds from Marsdenia roylei and their quantum chemical calculations. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:749-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1241999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukul R. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Naveen K. Khare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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Groeneveld HW, Van Der Made LA. CARDENOLIDE AND TRITERPENE SYNTHESIS IN THE LATICIFERS OF ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1982.tb01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schoner W, Scheiner-Bobis G. Endogenous and exogenous cardiac glycosides: their roles in hypertension, salt metabolism, and cell growth. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C509-36. [PMID: 17494630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS), long used to treat heart failure, are endogenously produced in mammals. Among them are the hydrophilic cardenolide ouabain and the more hydrophobic cardenolide digoxin, as well as the bufadienolides marinobufagenin and telecinobufagin. The physiological effects of endogenous ouabain on blood pressure and cardiac activity are consistent with the "Na(+)-lag" hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that, in cardiac and arterial myocytes, a CTS-induced local increase of Na(+) concentration due to inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase leads to an increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) via a backward-running Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. The increase in [Ca(2+)](i) then activates muscle contraction. The Na(+)-lag hypothesis may best explain short-term and inotropic actions of CTS. Yet all data on the CTS-induced alteration of gene expression are consistent with another hypothesis, based on the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase "signalosome," that describes the interaction of cardiac glycosides with the Na(+) pump as machinery activating various signaling pathways via intramembrane and cytosolic protein-protein interactions. These pathways, which may be activated simultaneously or selectively, elevate [Ca(2+)](i), activate Src and the ERK1/2 kinase pathways, and activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B (Akt), NF-kappaB, and reactive oxygen species. A recent development indicates that new pharmaceuticals with antihypertensive and anticancer activities may be found among CTS and their derivatives: the antihypertensive rostafuroxin suppresses Na(+) resorption and the Src-epidermal growth factor receptor-ERK pathway in kidney tubule cells. It may be the parent compound of a new principle of antihypertensive therapy. Bufalin and oleandrin or the cardenolide analog UNBS-1450 block tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis at low concentrations in tumors with constitutive activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schoner
- Institut für Biochemie und Endokrinologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str 100, Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
Cardiac glycosides have been used for decades to treat congestive heart failure. The recent identification of cardiotonic steroids such as ouabain, digoxin, marinobufagenin, and telocinobufagin in blood plasma, adrenal glands, and hypothalamus of mammals led to exciting new perspectives in the pathology of heart failure and arterial hypertension. Biosynthesis of ouabain and digoxin occurs in adrenal glands and is under the control of angiotensin II, endothelin, and epinephrine released from cells of the midbrain upon stimulation of brain areas sensing cerebrospinal Na(+) concentration and, apparently, the body's K(+) content. Rapid changes of endogenous ouabain upon physical exercise may favor the economy of the heart by a rise of intracellular Ca(2)(+) levels in cardiac and atrial muscle cells. According to the sodium pump lag hypothesis, this may be accomplished by partial inhibition of the sodium pump and Ca(2+) influx via the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger working in reverse mode or via activation of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase signalosome complex, generating intracellular calcium oscillations, reactive oxygen species, and gene activation via nuclear factor-kappaB or extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Elevated concentrations of endogenous ouabain and marinobufagenin in the subnanomolar concentration range were found to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of cardiac and smooth muscle cells. They may have a primary role in the development of cardiac dysfunction and failure because (i) offspring of hypertensive patients evidently inherit elevated plasma concentrations of endogenous ouabain; (ii) such elevated concentrations correlate positively with cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and arterial hypertension; (iii) about 40% of Europeans with uncomplicated essential hypertension show increased concentrations of endogenous ouabain associated with reduced heart rate and cardiac hypertrophy; (iv) in patients with advanced arterial hypertension, circulating levels of endogenous ouabain correlate with BP and total peripheral resistance; (v) among patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, high circulating levels of endogenous ouabain and marinobufagenin identify those individuals who are predisposed to progressing more rapidly to heart failure, suggesting that endogenous ouabain (and marinobufagenin) may contribute to toxicity upon digoxin therapy. In contrast to endogenous ouabain, endogenous marinobufagenin may act as a natriuretic substance as well. It shows a higher affinity for the ouabain-insensitive alpha(1) isoform of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase of rat kidney tubular cells and its levels are increased in volume expansion and pre-eclampsia. Digoxin, which is synthesized in adrenal glands, seems to counteract the hypertensinogenic action of ouabain in rats, as do antibodies against ouabain, for example, (Digibind) and rostafuroxin (PST 2238), a selective ouabain antagonist. It lowers BP in ouabain- and adducin-dependent hypertension in rats and is a promising new class of antihypertensive medication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schoner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Schoner W, Scheiner-Bobis G. Endogenous Cardiac Glycosides: Hormones Using the Sodium Pump as Signal Transducer. Semin Nephrol 2005; 25:343-51. [PMID: 16139690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The search for an endogenous digitalis has led to the identification of the cardenolides ouabain and digoxin and the bufadienolide marinobufagenin in mammalian tissues and biological fluids. Ouabain's release from adrenal glands is under the control of epinephrine and angiotensin II; hence, its blood concentration changes rapidly on physical exercise. It also is controlled by brain areas sensing cerebrospinal Na+ concentration and apparently the body's K+ content because urinary K+ loss leads to an increase in its plasma concentration as well. Long-term treatment of rats with ouabain results in arterial hypertension, and 50% of Caucasians with low-renin hypertension have increased plasma concentrations of this cardenolide. Levels of digoxin, which is synthesized from acetate in adrenal glands, increase slightly in blood on prolonged exercise. It counteracts the hypertensinogenic action of ouabain in rats, as does the ouabain antagonist PST 2238. The plasma concentration of the bufadienolide marinobufagenin is increased after cardiac infarction. It may show natriuretic properties because it inhibits the alpha1 isoform of Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), the main sodium pump isoform of the kidney, much better than other sodium pump isoforms. These effects of endogenous cardiac glycosides are observed at concentrations that do not inhibit the sodium pump. Apparently, Na+/K+-ATPase is used by these steroids as a signal transducer to activate tissue proliferation, heart contractility, arterial hypertension, and natriuresis via various intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schoner
- Institut für Biochemie und Endokrinologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Lichti H, von Euw J, Stöckel K, Polonia J, Reichstein T. Die vermutliche Struktur der Anodendroside. Glykoside und Aglykone, 331. Mitteilung. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19720550529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Stöckel K, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. Die GlykosideVincetoxicum hirundinariaMEDIKUS. 3. Mitteilung: Struktur von Hirundigenin und Anhydrohirundigenin. Glykoside und Aglykone, 318. Mitteilung. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19690520605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Stöckel K, Hürzeler H, Reichstein T. Viminolon, Strukturbeweis. Glykoside und Aglykone, 315. Mitteilung. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19690520423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Gupta VS, Kumar A, Deepak D, Khare A, Khare NK. Pregnanes and pregnane glycosides from Marsdenia roylei. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 64:1327-1333. [PMID: 14629995 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two pregnanes namely desacylkondurangogenin C (1) and deniagenin (3, new) and two new pregnane glycosides designated as denin (5) and marsin (12) have been isolated from chloroform soluble extract of dried stem of Marsdenia roylei. Chemical and spectroscopic evidences are consistent with the structures of deniagenin, denin and marsin as 3beta, 11alpha, l2beta, 14beta, 17beta, 20-hexahydroxy pregn-5-ene; desacylkondurangogenin C-3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-alpha-L-fucopyranoside and ketocalogenin-3-O-alpha-L-fucopyranoside, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, -226 007, Lucknow, India
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14
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Hamlyn JM, Laredo J, Shah JR, Lu ZR, Hamilton BP. 11-hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of endogenous ouabain: multiple implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 986:685-93. [PMID: 12763919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mammals use steroidal glycosides with "digitalis-like" activity. An endogenous ouabain (EO) has been described and is linked with long-term changes in sodium balance and cardiovascular structure and function. In the adrenal gland, the biosynthesis of EO and similar compounds appears to involve cholesterol side-chain cleavage with sequential metabolism of pregnenolone and progesterone. The more distal events in the biosynthesis have not been elucidated. Preliminary work using primary cell cultures from the bovine adrenal cortex suggests that the biosynthesis of EO is affected by inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxylase. Direct participation of 11-hydoxylase in EO synthesis would lead to an 11beta isomer of ouabain in mammals and, in vivo, an 11beta-oriented hydroxyl group would spontaneously form a mixture of two 11-19 hemiketal isomers. The latter isomers would likely be converted back to a single 11beta isomer of ouabain during isolation. The existence of an additional ring in the hemiketals, along with reduced flexion of the steroidal A, B, and C rings, raises the possibility that their in vivo physiological targets and actions differ from the isolated form of EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hamlyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Deepak D, Srivastav S, Khare A. Pregnane glycosides. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1997; 71:169-325. [PMID: 9250024 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6529-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Deepak
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, India
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16
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Deepak D, Srivastava S, Khare NK, Khare A. Cardiac glycosides. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1996; 69:71-155. [PMID: 8981834 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6578-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Deepak
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, India
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Cabrera G, Seldes AM, Gros EG. A pregnane glycoside from the roots of Mandevilla pentlandiana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1993; 32:171-173. [PMID: 7763352 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A pregnane triglycoside containing a new genin 3 beta,14 beta-dihydroxy-21-methoxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one has been isolated from the dried roots of Mandevilla pentlandiana. Chemical and spectroscopic evidence for the glycoside are consistent with the structure 3 beta, 14 beta-dihydroxy-21-methoxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one-3-O-beta-D- diginopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1----4)-O -beta-D-cymaropyranoside. It is noteworthy that 3 beta,14 beta,21-trihydroxy 5 beta-pregnan-20-one, biosynthetically related to the genin of this glycoside, has been proved to be a precursor of cardenolides, also produced by this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Strophanthus Species (Members of the Dogbane Family): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Cardenolides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77004-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Swevers L, Lambert JG, De Loof A. On the origin of vertebrate-type steroids present in Locusta migratoria: do they originate from the food? COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 102:591-600. [PMID: 1499296 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90052-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigates the origin of vertebrate-type steroids which were reported to be present in Locusta migratoria: are the steroids synthesized by the locust or are they derived from the diet, i.e. grass and rolled oats? 2. It is unlikely that the steroids are synthesized by locust tissues. In vitro incubations of eleven different tissues with labeled pregnenolone or androstenedione did not result in androgen or estrogen synthesis respectively. 3. Steroid synthesis was also not detected when tissues were incubated in the presence of the early precursors cholesterol and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. 4. It is unlikely that the steroids are derived from the diet. Feeding experiments indicate that only low amounts of steroids are capable of crossing the gut-body barrier. 5. Injection of testosterone in the hemolymph also resulted in rapid excretion, instead of storage in tissues. 6. Moreover, radioimmunological measurements indicate that vertebrate-type steroids are absent in the food of locusts. 7. Specificity studies indicate that substances other than vertebrate-type steroids are detected by radioimmunoassay in locust tissue extracts. 8. Because vertebrate-type steroids are absent in locust tissues, it can be concluded that vertebrate-type steroids do not have a physiological function in Locusta.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Swevers
- Zoological Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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Swevers L, Lambert JG, De Loof A. Synthesis and metabolism of vertebrate-type steroids by tissues of insects: a critical evaluation. EXPERIENTIA 1991; 47:687-98. [PMID: 2065766 DOI: 10.1007/bf01958817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the synthesis and the metabolism of vertebrate-type steroids (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, corticosteroids) by insect tissues and discusses the significance of the reactions for insect physiology. Biosynthesis of vertebrate-type steroids from cholesterol hitherto has been demonstrated in only two insect species, i.e. the water beetle Acilius sulcatus (Coleoptera) and the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). In Acilius, steroid synthesis is associated with exosecretion (chemical defense). Nothing, however, is known about a physiological role of the C21 steroid conjugate present in ovaries and eggs of Manduca. No synthesis of vertebrate-type steroids was observed in any other insect investigated to date. Most metabolic conversions of steroids by insects concerned oxidoreduction of oxygen groups (hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity) and (polar and apolar) conjugate formation. All important enzymatic steps involved in synthesis and catabolism, as known from studies with tissues of vertebrates, were not, or hardly observed. The conclusion is drawn that typical vertebrate-type (C21, C19 and C18) steroids probably do not act as physiologically active substances in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Swevers
- Zoological Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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21
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22
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Cheung TM, Horton D, Weckerle W. Preparative syntheses of 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexose (2-deoxy-alpha-L-fucose) and its D-ribo epimer (digitoxose). Carbohydr Res 1977; 58:139-51. [PMID: 912675 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (1) is converted into methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (3) via the 3-O-benzoyl derivative (2) of 1 by subsequent treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Compound 3 is the key intermediate in high-yielding, preparative syntheses of the title dideoxy sugars, which are constituents of many antibiotics, Dehydrohalogenation of 3 affords the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 7, which undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net inversion at C-5 to give methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside (8), whereas reductive dehalogenation of 3 provides the corresponding D-ribo derivative 4. The unprotected glycosides 9 (L-lyxo) and 5 (D-ribo) are readily obtained by catalytic transesterification, and mild, acid hydrolysis gives the crystalline title sugars 10 (L-lyxo) and 6 (D-ribo) in 45 and 57% overall yield from 1 without the necessity of chromatographic purification at any of the steps.
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23
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Zeeck A. Lipomycine, III. Isolierung und Zuordnung der Methyl-2,6-didesoxy-D-ribo-hexoside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197519751117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The cardiac glycosides that monarch butterflies sequester from milkweed plants during the larval stage differ remarkably in their emetic potency and are concentrated to different degrees in the various parts of the body as well as in the two sexes (Fig. 1). The very high concentrations of these compounds in the wings probably facilitate learned taste rejection in predators and account for the relatively high frequency of Danaid butterflies with beak-marked wings in natural populations. The cardiac glycosides in the abdomen have a much higher emetic potency than those in the rest of the body. Consequently, naive, extremely hungry, or forgetful birds which capture and peck off the wings but eat the abdomen discard the least emetic glycosides and ingest the most emetic, and thus again experience emesis. The nonrandom distribution of cardenolides in the wings, abdomen, and thorax, together with the fact that monarch males not only contain lower concentrations of cardiac glycosides than females but also contain cardenolides that are overall less emetic than those in females, is interpreted as evidence that these poisons are incorporated at a physiological cost. This cost, balanced against the benefits of protection from predation, provides a selective basis for the occurrence of both emetic and nonemetic individuals in natural populations. Since birds can discriminate emetic from nonemetic monarchs on the basis of taste, it is not necessary to invoke theories of kind of group selection to explain the evolution of this kind of unpalatability.
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Ishikawa N, Tsuru H, Shigei T, Anjyo T, Okada M. Structure-activity relationship of the cardenolides derived from digoxigenin and digitoxigenin, with special reference to the configuration at C-5. EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:1308-10. [PMID: 4435176 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thomas R, Boutagy J, Gelbart A. Synthesis and biological activity of semisynthetic digitalis analogs. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:1649-83. [PMID: 4279283 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600631102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yamagishi T, Hayashi K, Mitsuhashi H, Imanari M, Matsushita K. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of C/D- polyoxypregnanes. II. Tetrahedron Lett 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)86962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Brown P, Brüschweiler F, Pettit GR. [Mass spectrum studies of natural products; cardenolides]. Helv Chim Acta 1972; 55:531-43. [PMID: 5023151 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19720550225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Brown P, Kamano Y, Pettit GR. High resolution mass spectrometry. Bufadienolides I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210060107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gorovits TT, Ababukirov NK. Determination of 2,6-dideoxysugars in cardenolides by gas-liquid chromatography. Chem Nat Compd 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00567926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kubinyi H. [Methyl ether of proscillaridin]. ARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE UND BERICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN PHARMAZEUTISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 1971; 304:531-43. [PMID: 5284075 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19713040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Brown P, Brüschweiler F, Pettit GR, Reichstein T. Field ionization mass spectrometry—III: Cardenolides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Haustein KO, Markwardt F, Repke KR. Different relationships between therapeutic and toxic actions of 16-epi-gitoxin, gitoxin and ouabain on isolated cardiac preparations. Eur J Pharmacol 1970; 10:1-10. [PMID: 5441098 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(70)90150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sierp D, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. [Chemical content of Margaretta rosea Oliv. roots. 323. Glycosides and aglycones]. Helv Chim Acta 1970; 53:27-46. [PMID: 5415488 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19700530104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Polonia J, Jäger H, von Euw J, Reichstein T. [Cardanolides from Anodendron paniculatum (Roxb.) A. DC]. Helv Chim Acta 1970; 53:1253-71. [PMID: 5471411 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19700530602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Voigtländer HW, Balsam G, Herbst G. [Acetyl-cardenolides from Thevetia peruviana]. ARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE UND BERICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN PHARMAZEUTISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 1969; 302:538-44. [PMID: 5267019 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19693020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Maslennikova VA, Tursunova RN, Abubakirov NK. Pregnane glycosides ofCynanchum sibiricum. Chem Nat Compd 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00683868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nover L, Jüttner G, Noack S, Baumgarten G, Luckner M. [The relationship between chemical structure and chromatographic behavior of cardiac glycosides. V. Thin-layer chromatographic investigations of cardiac glycosides and their genins]. J Chromatogr A 1969; 39:419-49. [PMID: 5766070 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)98030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lisboa BP, Gustafsson JA. Biosynthesis of two new steroids in the human foetal liver, 1 beta- and 2 beta-hydroxytestosterone. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 6:419-24. [PMID: 5749871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sawlewicz L, Linde HH, Meyer K. [Epoxides of cardenolides and cardenolide glycosides, partial synthesis experiments in the seriers of the cardiotoxins]. Helv Chim Acta 1968; 51:1353-62. [PMID: 5680741 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19680510618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ruzieva RK, Gorovits MB, Abubakirov NK. 17α-Hydroxystrophanthidin. Chem Nat Compd 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00567774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tschesche R, Berscheid HG, Fehlhaber HW, Snatzke G. [The structure of digacetigenins]. CHEMISCHE BERICHTE 1967; 100:3289-313. [PMID: 5595029 DOI: 10.1002/cber.19671001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kapur BM, Allgeier H, Reichstein T. [The glycosides of the roots from Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R. Br. 1. Isolation]. Helv Chim Acta 1967; 50:2147-71. [PMID: 5591003 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19670500752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Reichstein P, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. [Experiments on the intermediate structure of cardenolides F, H, I, T and U from Glossostelma carsoni (N.E. Br.) Bullock]. Helv Chim Acta 1967; 50:2139-47. [PMID: 5591002 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19670500751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Reichstein P, Kaufmann H, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. [The glycosides of the roots from Glossostelma carsoni (N.E. Br.) Bullock]. Helv Chim Acta 1967; 50:2114-38. [PMID: 5591001 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19670500750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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