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Grant MK, Bobilev AM, Branch A, Lauderdale JD. Structural and functional consequences of PAX6 mutations in the brain: Implications for aniridia. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147283. [PMID: 33515537 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The paired-box 6 (PAX6) gene encodes a highly conserved transcription factor essential for the proper development of the eye and brain. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in PAX6 are causal for a condition known as aniridia in humans and the Small eye phenotype in mice. Aniridia is characterized by iris hypoplasia and other ocular abnormalities, but recent evidence of neuroanatomical, sensory, and cognitive impairments in this population has emerged, indicating brain-related phenotypes as a prevalent feature of the disorder. Determining the neurophysiological origins of brain-related phenotypes in this disorder presents a substantial challenge, as the majority of extra-ocular traits in aniridia demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity. Here, we summarize and integrate findings from human and rodent model studies, which have focused on neuroanatomical and functional consequences of PAX6 mutations. We highlight novel findings from PAX6 central nervous system studies in adult mammals, and integrate these findings into what we know about PAX6's role in development of the central nervous system. This review presents the current literature in the field in order to inform clinical application, discusses what is needed in future studies, and highlights PAX6 as a lens through which to understand genetic disorders affecting the human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K Grant
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Anastasia M Bobilev
- Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Audrey Branch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - James D Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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2
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Malzac P, Mattei MG, Thibault J, Bruneau G. Chromosomal localization of the human and mouse histidine decarboxylase genes by in situ hybridization. Exclusion of the HDC gene from the Prader-Willi syndrome region. Hum Genet 1996; 97:359-61. [PMID: 8786082 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a rat histidine decarboxylase (HDC) cDNA probe, we have mapped the HDC gene by in situ hybridization to the q15-q21 region of human chromosome 15 and to the E5-G region of murine chromosome 2. These localizations strengthen a syntenic group conserved between human chromosome 15 and mouse chromosome 2. The localization of the HDC gene on the human chromosome 15 map shows that it is not included within the Prader-Willi Syndrome region (PWCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malzac
- Hopital d'Enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
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3
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Rithidech K, Bond VP, Cronkite EP, Thompson MH, Bullis JE. Hypermutability of mouse chromosome 2 during the development of x-ray-induced murine myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:1152-6. [PMID: 7862651 PMCID: PMC42656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to identify the precise role of a deletion at regions D-E of mouse chromosome 2 [del2(D-E)] during the development of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia, we conducted a serial sacrifice study in which metaphase chromosomes were examined by the G-banding technique. Such metaphase cells were collected from x-irradiated mice during the period of transformation of some of the normal hematopoietic cells to the fully developed leukemic phenotype. A group of 250 CBA/Ca male mice (10-12 weeks old) were exposed to a single dose of 2 Gy of 250-kilovolt-peak x-rays; 42 age-matched male mice served as controls. Groups of randomly selected mice were sacrificed at 20 hr, 1 week, and then at intervals of 3 months up to 24 months after x-irradiation. Slides for cytogenetic, hematological, and histological examination were prepared for each animal at each sacrifice time. An expansion of cells with lesions on one copy of chromosome 2 was evident in 20-25% of treated mice at each sacrifice time. The majority of such lesions were translocations at 2F or 2H, strongly suggesting hypermutability of these sites on mouse chromosome 2. No lesions were found in control mice. The finding leads to the possibility that genomic lesions close to 2D and 2E are aberrants associated with radiation leukemogenesis, whereas a single clone of cells with a del2(D-E) may lead directly to overt leukemia. The data also indicate that leukemic transformation arises from the cumulative effects of multiple genetic events on chromosome 2, reinforcing the thesis that multiple steps of mutation occur in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rithidech
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Associated Universities, Inc., Upton, NY 11973-5000
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4
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Bernard AM, Mattei MG, Pierres M, Marguet D. Structure of the mouse dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) gene. Biochemistry 1994; 33:15204-14. [PMID: 7999781 DOI: 10.1021/bi00254a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5) is an ectopeptidase whose expression is modulated during thymocyte differentiation and T cell activation. We describe here the organization of the mouse DPP IV gene. This gene, which encompasses more than 90 kb, is composed of 26 exons separated by introns, the lengths of which vary from 100 bp to more than 20 kb. Reverse PCR performed on RNA from different tissues indicated that DPP IV transcripts do not contain alternatively spliced CDS sequences and, therefore, are supposed to yield a single polypeptide. However, two types of specific mRNA have been detected that differ in their 3'UTR sequences. They derive from alternative polyadenylation of the DPP IV primary transcript, since the different 3'UTR sequences are contiguous in the mouse DPP IV gene. Sequence analysis of the gene 5'-flanking region revealed several structural features found in the TATAA-box-less promoters, including a G+C-rich segment, a high frequency of dinucleotide CpG, and an imperfect symmetrical dyad. The DPP IV gene was assigned by in situ hybridization to the mouse [2C2-2D] region, which is syntenic with human chromosome 2. These data indicate that the human Dpp4 locus is located within this synteny region (i.e., 2q14-q37). The genomic organization of the mouse DPP IV gene is compared to that of classical serine proteases and serine hydrolases. As structural and mechanistic conservation in the absence of sequence similarity is the most remarkable feature among alpha/beta hydrolases [Ollis, D. L., et al. (1992) Protein Eng. 5, 197-211], we report the possible evolutionary link between the DPP IV related family and alpha/beta hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bernard
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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5
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Cordes SP, Barsh GS. The mouse segmentation gene kr encodes a novel basic domain-leucine zipper transcription factor. Cell 1994; 79:1025-34. [PMID: 8001130 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse kreisler (kr) mutation causes segmentation abnormalities in the caudal hindbrain and defective inner ear development. Based on an inversion discovered in the original kr allele, we selected a candidate cDNA highly expressed in the developing caudal hindbrain. This cDNA encodes a basic domain-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor and was confirmed to represent the kr gene by analysis of a second kr allele, generated by chemical mutagenesis, in which a serine is substituted for an asparagine residue conserved in the DNA-binding domain of all known bZIP family members. The identity, expression, and mutant phenotype of kr indicate an early role in axial patterning and provide insights into the molecular and embryologic mechanisms that govern hindbrain and otic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Cordes
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, California 94305
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6
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Chen Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Mestek A, Tian M, Kozak CA, Yu L. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and chromosomal localization of a novel member of the opioid receptor gene family. FEBS Lett 1994; 347:279-83. [PMID: 8034018 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA was isolated from rat brain by low stringency hybridization with the rat mu opioid receptor cDNA. Sequence analysis of this clone indicated that it contains an open reading frame capable of encoding a 367 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein shows high degrees of homology to all three opioid receptors, mu, kappa, and delta, suggesting that it is a member of the opioid receptor gene family. RNA blot analysis detected high level expression of the receptor mRNA in the brain. Southern blot analysis suggests that it is a single-copy gene, and mapping studies localized the gene on mouse chromosome 2. Despite the high sequence homologies between this protein and the other opioid receptors, expression studies of this clone in COS-7 cells did not show binding to [3H]diprenorphine, a ligand that binds to the other three opioid receptors. Furthermore, co-expression of this receptor with a G protein-activated potassium channel in Xenopus oocytes did not show functional coupling upon stimulation with mu, kappa and delta agonists. Given the similar degrees of high homology to the mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors and the lack of apparent affinity for their ligands, this receptor does not appear to belong to any of the three known classes of opioid receptors. Rather, it represents a novel member of the opioid receptor gene family, not identified from previous pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202
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7
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Kingsmore SF, Lo CK, Hwang J, Hui CF, Seldin MF. Genetic mapping of DNA topoisomerase I-related sequences to mouse chromosomes 2 and 14. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:247-8. [PMID: 8012118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S F Kingsmore
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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8
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Everett ET, Pablos JL, Harris SE, LeRoy EC, Norris JS. The tight-skin (Tsk) mutation is closely linked to B2m on mouse chromosome 2. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:55-7. [PMID: 8111131 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E T Everett
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2229
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9
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Crosier PS, Lewis PM, Hall LR, Vitas MR, Morris CM, Beier DR, Wood CR, Crosier KE. Isolation of a receptor tyrosine kinase (DTK) from embryonic stem cells: structure, genetic mapping and analysis of expression. Growth Factors 1994; 11:125-36. [PMID: 7857657 DOI: 10.3109/08977199409001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases expressed during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation resulted in the cloning of a receptor designated developmental tyrosine kinase (DTK). The 850 amino acid mature receptor protein comprises an extracellular domain with two immunoglobulin-like motifs and two fibronectin type III modules, a 25 amino acid transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region with a catalytic kinase domain. In embryonic stem cells growing in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor DTK is abundantly expressed and this level of expression is maintained in differentiating embryonic stem cells and cystic embryoid bodies. In mid-gestational embryos (E14.5), DTK RNA is expressed in many tissues including brain, eye, thymus, lung, heart, gut, liver, testis and limbs. In contrast, expression of DTK in adult mice becomes restricted to brain, portions of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, testis and ovary. There is enrichment of transcripts encoding DTK in purified fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells, when compared with unfractionated fetal liver. The DTK gene maps to mouse chromosome 2, band F.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland
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10
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Peichel CL, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Beier DR, Vogt TF. Mapping the midkine family of developmentally regulated signaling molecules. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:632-8. [PMID: 8281012 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Midkine (Mdk) and heparin-binding neurotrophic factor (Hbnf)/pleiotrophin (Ptn) comprise the Midkine family of developmentally regulated signaling molecules. We have determined the chromosomal localization of these genes in the mouse by use of single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs), which facilitated the typing of Mdk and Hbnf alleles in recombinant inbred (RI) strains and interspecific backcrosses. Mapping was performed relative to other cloned genes, as well as simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) in the interspecific backcrosses. Mdk maps to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 2, linked to the Hoxd gene cluster. Hbnf maps to proximal mouse Chr 6, linked to the Cftr and Cpa genes. Comparative mapping of human MDK and HBNF employing species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and human monochromosomal somatic cell hybrids assigns MDK to human Chr 11 and HBNF to human Chr 7q32-qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Peichel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544
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11
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Link RE, Kobilka BK, Barsh GS. Linkage mapping of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor genes to mouse chromosomes 2 and 5. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:650-5. [PMID: 8281014 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
alpha-2 adrenergic receptors can be subdivided into three related subtypes which are conserved in humans, rats, and mice. In the mouse, these receptors are encoded by three genes (Adra-2a, Adra-2b, Adra-2c). To gain insight into the evolution of this multigene family and to investigate whether these genes are candidates for previously identified mouse mutations, we have determined the map positions of the Adra-2b and Adra-2c genes. The Adra-2a gene has been previously mapped to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 19 (Oakey et al. Genomics 10, 338-344, 1991). Using segregation among recombinant inbred strains of a single-stranded conformational polymorphism specific for alleles of Adra-2b and Adra-2c, we present map positions for these genes on mouse Chrs 2 and 5, respectively. In the case of Adra-2b, these results have been confirmed by an analysis of somatic cell hybrids. In addition, we generate AKXD recombinant inbred strain distribution patterns for 11 previously defined SSLP microsatellite markers, further refining the haplotype maps for these chromosomes. Finally, several candidate mouse mutations that map close to Adra-2b and Adra-2c are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Link
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, California 94305
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12
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Pilon AL, Kozak CA, Nebert DW, Puga A. Localization of the murine Hmg1 gene, encoding an HMG-box protein, to mouse chromosome 2. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:612-4. [PMID: 8268661 DOI: 10.1007/bf00361395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In conclusion, using concatenated AhRE sequences and the recognition site probe methodology, we have cloned the murine Hmg1 cDNA and determined an additional 141 bp of 5' noncoding sequence (GenBank Accession No. S50213; entry name MUSHMG1A). The gene product represents an HMG-box transcription factor that recognizes DNA shape- and sequence-specific elements; this is perhaps the reason that this cDNA was isolated with concatomeric oligonucleotides. We have mapped the Hmg1 gene to mouse Chr 2, between regions homologous with human Chr 2q and 11p11-q12.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Pilon
- Laboratory of Developmental Pharmacology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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13
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Davies A, Lachmann PJ. Membrane defence against complement lysis: the structure and biological properties of CD59. Immunol Res 1993; 12:258-75. [PMID: 7507156 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an important branch of the innate immune response, constituting a first line of defence against invading microorganisms which activate complement via both antibody-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Activation of complement leads to (a) a direct attack upon the activating cell surface by assembly of the pore-forming membrane attack complex (MAC), and (b) the generation of inflammatory mediators which target and recruit other branches of the immune system. However, uncontrolled complement activation can lead to widespread tissue damage in the host, since certain of the activation products, notably the fragment C3b and the C5b-7 complex, can bind nonspecifically to any nearby cell membranes. Therefore it is important that complement activation is tightly regulated. Our own cells express a number of membrane-bound control proteins which limit complement activation at the cell surface and prevent accidental complement-mediated damage. These include decay-accelerating factor, complement receptor 1 and membrane cofactor protein, all of which are active at the level of C3/C5 convertase formation. Until recently, cell surface control of MAC assembly had been attributed to a single 65-kD membrane protein called homologous restriction factor (alternatively named C8-binding protein and MAC-inhibiting protein). However a second MAC-inhibiting protein has since been discovered and it is now clear that this protein plays a major role in the control of membrane attack. This review charts the rapid progress made in elucidating the protein and gene structure, and the mechanism of action of this most recently discovered complement inhibitor, CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Davies
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, England
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14
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Lane PW, Birkenmeier CS. Urogenital syndrome (us): a developmental mutation on chromosome 2 of the mouse. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:481-4. [PMID: 7906966 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital syndrome (us) is a recessive mutation in mice characterized primarily by abnormalities of the axial skeleton and urogenital organs. We established linkage of us with the centromeric end of Chromosome (Chr) 2, using the Robertsonian Chr Rb(2.8)2Lub. Analysis of progeny from crosses using the Chr 2 markers Danforth's short tail (Sd) and ulnaless (Ul) positioned us near two loci that have recently been mapped by RFLPs, nonerythroid alpha-spectrin (Spna-2) and the paired-box-containing-gene-8 (Pax-8). The position of us relative to these loci was established by analysis of progeny from interspecific backcrosses between the us strains and Mus spretus. The estimated map distances and most likely gene order are centromere-Pax-8-2.1 +/- 1.2-us-0.7 +/- 0.7-Spna-2; however, the reverse order cannot be ruled out. Our data make it unlikely that us is a mutation in either Spna-2 or Pax-8. Spna-2 is close enough to us, however, to be a useful marker for positional cloning of the us gene. The human mutation Nail-patella-syndrome (NPS1) maps to the region of human Chr 9 (9q34) that is homologous to the us region of mouse Chr 2. Phenotypic similarities between the two syndromes suggest the possibility that they are caused by mutations at homologous loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Lane
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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15
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Zuberi AR, Roopenian DC. High-resolution mapping of a minor histocompatibility antigen gene on mouse chromosome 2. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:516-22. [PMID: 8118101 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility (H) loci are significant tissue transplantation barriers but are poorly understood at the genetic and molecular level. We describe the construction of a high-resolution genetic map that positions a class II MHC-restricted minor H antigen locus and orders 12 other genes and genetic markers within the we-un interval of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 2. An intersubspecific backcross between B10.UW/Sn-H-3b and CAST/Ei, an inbred stock of Mus musculus castaneus, was used for this purpose. A total of 1168 backcross mice were generated, and 71 we-un recombinants were identified. Significant compression of the genetic map in males versus females and transmission distortion of CAST-derived we, un, and Aw genes were observed. Monoclonal T cell lines specific for two minor H alloantigens, Hd-1a and Hd-2a, encoded by gene(s) that map to the we-un interval were used to antigen type the backcross mice. The results suggest the Hd-1a and Hd-2a antigens are most likely encoded by a single gene, now referred to as H-3b. The determined gene order is we-0.09 +/- 0.09-Itp-0.62 +/- 0.23-D2Mit77-0.26 +/- 0.15-[Evi-4, Pcna, Prn-p]-0.26 +/- 0.15-Scg-1-0.44 +/- 0.19-[Bmp2a, D2Mit70]-0.09 +/-. 0.09-[D2Mit19, D2Mit46]-1.59 +/- 0.36-D2Mit28-0.97 +/- 0.28-D2Ler1-1.50 +/- 0.35-H-3b-0.26 +/- 0.15-un (% recombination +/- 1 SE). Because the average resolution of the backcross is 0.09 cM, the backcross panel should facilitate the physical mapping and molecular identification of a number of genes in this chromosome region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Zuberi
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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16
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Warden CH, Davis RC, Yoon MY, Hui DY, Svenson K, Xia YR, Diep A, He KY, Lusis AJ. Chromosomal localization of lipolytic enzymes in the mouse: pancreatic lipase, colipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, hepatic lipase, and carboxyl ester lipase. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Shinohara A, Ogawa H, Matsuda Y, Ushio N, Ikeo K, Ogawa T. Cloning of human, mouse and fission yeast recombination genes homologous to RAD51 and recA. Nat Genet 1993; 4:239-43. [PMID: 8358431 DOI: 10.1038/ng0793-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rad51, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a homologue of recA of Escherichia coli and plays crucial roles in both mitotic and meiotic recombination and in repair of double-strand breaks of DNA. We have cloned genes from human, mouse and fission yeast that are homologous to rad51. The 339 amino acid proteins predicted for the two mammalian genes are almost identical and are highly homologous (83%) with the yeast proteins. The mouse gene is transcribed at a high level in thymus, spleen, testis and ovary and at a lower level in brain and other tissues. The rad51 homologues fail to complement the DNA repair defect of rad51 mutants of S. cerevisiae. The mouse gene is located in the F1 region of chromosome 2 and the human gene maps to chromosome 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shinohara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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18
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Pilz AJ, Abbott CM. Dinucleotide repeats in the mouse Hox-4.4 and Hox-4.5 genes on chromosome 2, and their analysis in the BXD and BXH recombinant inbred strains. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:129-30. [PMID: 8094302 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Pilz
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College London, UK
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19
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Koseki H, Zachgo J, Mizutani Y, Simon-Chazottes D, Guénet JL, Balling R, Gossler A. Fine genetic mapping of the proximal part of mouse chromosome 2 excludes Pax-8 as a candidate gene for Danforth's short tail (Sd). Mamm Genome 1993; 4:324-7. [PMID: 8318736 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Danforth's short tail (Sd) is a semidominant mutation of the mouse with effects on the skeleton and the urogenital system. In view of its phenotype and its position in the proximal part of Chromosome (Chr) 2, three genes qualified as possible candidates: Pax-8, a paired box-containing gene; Midkine (Mdk), a retinoic acid-responsive gene; and a new locus (Etl-4) identified by enhancer trapping with a lacZ reporter gene which showed expression in the notochord, the mesonephric mesenchyme, and the apical ectodermal ridge. Three different backcrosses involving all three genes in different combinations were set up and analyzed. From our results we conclude that Sd, Etl-4, Pax-8, and Mdk are independent loci, with Etl-4 being the closest genetic marker (1.1 +/- 1.4 cM) to the Danforth's short tail (Sd) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koseki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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20
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Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM. Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:78-82. [PMID: 8431641 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in paired-box-containing (Pax) genes have recently been found to be the primary lesions underlying human genetic disorders such as Waardenburg's Syndrome type 1 and mouse developmental mutants such as undulated (un), splotch (Sp), and small eye (Sey). In addition, PAX-6 is a strong candidate gene for aniridia in man. Eight independent Pax genes have been isolated in the mouse. All eight map to distinct regions of the mouse genome; they do not appear to be clustered in the same way as some groups of homeobox-containing genes. We have now mapped the human homologs of all eight of these genes; PAX genes are found on human Chromosomes (Chr) 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pilz
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College London, UK
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Pilz A, Le Tissier P, Moseley H, Peters J, Abbott C. Mapping of the structural gene for S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase to mouse chromosome 2, and related sequences to chromosomes 8 and X. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:633-6. [PMID: 1450513 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Comparative mapping studies in human and mouse have shown that, to date, human Chromosome (Chr) 20 is completely syntenic with distal mouse Chr 2. The structural locus for S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1) in human, AHCY, maps to 20 qter-->q13.1, and we report here that the homologous locus in the mouse, Ahcy, maps to distal mouse Chr 2 with gene order Pcna-Ahcy-Ada. Analysis of 123 progeny of an interspecific backcross between a laboratory stock, AN, and Mus spretus using a rat cDNA probe revealed the presence of at least two other Ahcy-related sequences segregating independently in the mouse genome. One, Ahcy-rs1, was mapped to Chr 8 in the BXH recombinant inbred strains, and the other, Ahcy-rs2, shows a pattern of inheritance consistent with X-linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pilz
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College London, UK
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