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Physiological and molecular mechanisms of cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans beyond brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:338-347. [PMID: 36774412 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low ambient temperatures has previously been demonstrated to markedly improve glucose homeostasis in both rodents and humans. Although the brown adipose tissue is key in mediating these beneficial effects in rodents, its contribution appears more limited in humans. Hence, the exact tissues and underlying mechanisms that mediate cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans remain to be fully established. In this review, we evaluated the response of the main organs involved in glucose metabolism (i.e. pancreas, liver, (white) adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) to cold exposure and discuss their potential contribution to cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans. We here show that cold exposure has widespread effects on metabolic organs involved in glucose regulation. Nevertheless, cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis appear primarily mediated via adaptations within the skeletal muscle and (presumably) white adipose tissue. Since the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, future studies should be aimed at pinpointing the exact physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in humans. Nonetheless, cold exposure holds great promise as a novel, additive lifestyle approach to improve glucose homeostasis in insulin resistant individuals. Parts of this graphical abstract were created using (modified) images from Servier Medical Art, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. TG = thermogenesis, TAG = triacylglycerol, FFA = free fatty acid, SLN = sarcolipin, UCP3 = uncoupling protein 3, β2-AR = beta-2 adrenergic receptor, SNS = sympathetic nervous system.
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Tokunaga R, Paquette T, Tsurugizawa T, Leblond H, Piché M. Fasting prevents medetomidine-induced hyperglycaemia and alterations of neurovascular coupling in the somatosensory cortex of the rat during noxious stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4906-4919. [PMID: 34137097 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medetomidine and isoflurane are commonly used for general anaesthesia in fMRI studies, but they alter cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation and neurovascular coupling (NVC). In addition, medetomidine induces hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycaemia, which also alter CBF regulation and NVC. Furthermore, sudden changes in arterial pressure induced by noxious stimulation may affect NVC differently under medetomidine and isoflurane anaesthesia, considering their different effects on vascular functions. The first objective of this study was to compare NVC under medetomidine and isoflurane anaesthesia during noxious stimulation. The second objective was to examine whether fasting may improve NVC by reducing medetomidine-induced hyperglycaemia. In male Wister rats, noxious electrical stimulation was applied to the sciatic nerve in fasted or non-fasted animals. CBF and local field potentials (LFP) were recorded in the somatosensory cortex to assess NVC (CBF/LFP ratio). The CBF/LFP ratio was increased by medetomidine compared with isoflurane (p = 0.004), but this effect was abolished by fasting (p = 0.8). Accordingly, medetomidine produced a threefold increase in blood glucose (p < 0.001), but this effect was also abolished by fasting (p = 0.3). This indicates that isoflurane and medetomidine anaesthesia alter NVC differently, but the undesirable glucose dependent effects of medetomidine on NVC can be prevented by fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tokunaga
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thierry Paquette
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hugues Leblond
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Piché
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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Khare P, Mangal P, Baboota RK, Jagtap S, Kumar V, Singh DP, Boparai RK, Sharma SS, Khardori R, Bhadada SK, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K, Bishnoi M. Involvement of Glucagon in Preventive Effect of Menthol Against High Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1244. [PMID: 30505271 PMCID: PMC6250823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon mediated mechanisms have been shown to play clinically significant role in energy expenditure. The present study was designed to understand whether pharmacological mimicking of cold using menthol (TRPM8 modulator) can induce glucagon-mediated energy expenditure to prevent weight gain and related complications. Acute oral and topical administration of TRPM8 agonists (menthol and icilin) increased serum glucagon concentration which was prevented by pre-treatment with AMTB, a TRPM8 blocker. Chronic administration of menthol (50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) to HFD fed animals prevented weight gain, insulin resistance, adipose tissue hypertrophy and triacylglycerol deposition in liver. These effects were not restricted to oral administration, but also observed upon the topical application of menthol (10% w/v). The metabolic alterations caused by menthol in liver and adipose tissue mirrored the known effects of glucagon, such as increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, and enhanced thermogenic activity of white and brown adipose tissue. Correlation analysis suggests a strong correlation between glucagon dependent changes and energy expenditure markers. Interestingly, in-vitro treatment of the serum of menthol treated mice increased energy expenditure markers in mature 3T3L1 adipocytes, which was prevented in the presence of non-competitive glucagon receptor antagonist, L-168,049, indicating that menthol-induced increase in serum glucagon is responsible for increase in energy expenditure phenotype. In conclusion, the present work provides evidence that glucagon plays an important role in the preventive effect of menthol against HFD-induced weight gain and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyanshu Khare
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India.,Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priyanka Mangal
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ritesh K Baboota
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Sneha Jagtap
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | | | - Ravneet K Boparai
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College for Girls, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Romesh Khardori
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The EVMS Sterling Centre of Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Sanjay K Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanthi K Kondepudi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
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Smith JJ, Millar JS, Longstaffe FJ, Boonstra R. The effect of metabolic rate on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stable isotopic compositions of nitrogen and carbon in animal tissues reflect diet. However, factors other than diet can also affect these stable isotope ratios, leading to misinterpretations of diet composition. To test the hypothesis that variation in metabolic rate alters the isotopic compositions of tissues, deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) were kept at three temperatures (thermoneutral (23 °C), cool (5 °C), and cold (–10 °C)) and fed ad libitum. The changes in carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of liver associated with the thermoneutral versus cool and cold conditions were very small in comparison with those arising from differences in diet. We conclude that temperature-induced variations in metabolic rate are insufficient to produce differences in the stable carbon or nitrogen isotope compositions that could be mistaken for changes in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Smith
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - J. S. Millar
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - F. J. Longstaffe
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - R. Boonstra
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Okamoto I, Kayano T, Hanaya T, Arai S, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. Up-regulation of an extracellular superoxide dismutase-like activity in hibernating hamsters subjected to oxidative stress in mid- to late arousal from torpor. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 144:47-56. [PMID: 16807121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Torpor-arousal cycles, one of the inherent features in hibernators, are associated with a rapid increase in body temperature and respiration, and it would lead to elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, hibernators apparently tolerate this oxidative stress. We have observed in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) a maximal temperature shift and respiratory rate in mid- to late arousal (16-33 degrees C rectal temperature) from torpor. To examine plasma antioxidant status during arousal, we studied total superoxide radical-scavenging activity in plasma by electron spin resonance. The superoxide radical-scavenging activity reached a maximum at 32 degrees C, coincident with a peak in plasma uric acid levels, a ROS generation indicator. The up-regulated activity at 32 degrees C was attributable to the peak of the activity eluted at 260-kDa on gel-filtration chromatography, but was not to small antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol. The activity eluted at 260-kDa increased 3-fold at 32 degrees C compared with that of the torpid state, and was not detected either at 6 h after the onset of arousal or in the euthermic state. Moreover, the activity exhibited extracellular SOD-like properties: its induction in plasma by heparin injection and its affinity for heparin. Our results suggest that the 260-kDa extracellular SOD-like activity plays a role in the tolerance for the oxidative stress during arousal from torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Okamoto
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., 675-1 Fujisaki, Okayama, Japan.
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Picard F, Géhin M, Annicotte JS, Rocchi S, Champy MF, O'Malley BW, Chambon P, Auwerx J. SRC-1 and TIF2 control energy balance between white and brown adipose tissues. Cell 2002; 111:931-41. [PMID: 12507421 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the effects of two members of the p160 coregulator family on energy homeostasis. TIF2-/- mice are protected against obesity and display enhanced adaptive thermogenesis, whereas SRC-1-/- mice are prone to obesity due to reduced energy expenditure. In white adipose tissue, lack of TIF2 decreases PPARgamma activity and reduces fat accumulation, whereas in brown adipose tissue it facilitates the interaction between SRC-1 and PGC-1alpha, which induces PGC-1alpha's thermogenic activity. Interestingly, a high-fat diet increases the TIF2/SRC-1 expression ratio, which may contribute to weight gain. These results reveal that the relative level of TIF2/SRC-1 can modulate energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Tinnikov AA. Responses of serum corticosterone and corticosteroid-binding globulin to acute and prolonged stress in the rat. Endocrine 1999; 11:145-50. [PMID: 10709761 DOI: 10.1385/endo:11:2:145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1999] [Revised: 06/22/1999] [Accepted: 07/09/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Responses of serum corticosterone (B) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) to ether anesthesia (a "classic" acute stress) and to a number of stressors influencing metabolic homeostasis--fasting, physical exercise, cold exposure, and water deprivation--were studied in male and female rats. Metabolic stressors included placing in an ice bath, physical exercise (swimming), fasting for 2 d, swimming after fasting for 2 d, cold-room (4 degrees C) exposure for 2 d, fasting in combination with cold-room exposure for 1 d, and water deprivation for 2 d. The study demonstrated clear differences between males and females in basal B levels and B responses to some stressors. Only ether anesthesia and fasting resulted in similar B levels in males and females whereas in control and all other groups serum B levels were higher in females. Serum CBG was considerably higher in females. In females, ether, swimming, swimming after fasting, fasting, and fasting during cold exposure resulted in a decrease in circulating CBG. Ice bathing and cold exposure did not influence CBG, and water deprivation elevated serum CBG. In males, animals subjected to fasting and fasting during cold exposure had CBG levels lower than control animals. Other groups did not differ from the control. Higher CBG levels in females counterbalanced higher total B in setting circulating free B: significant sex differences in free B were observed only after swimming or fasting during cold exposure. Stress-responsive changes in CBG levels seem to contribute little to changes in free B; the main contributing factor is the rise in total B. However, CBG may play a special role, independent of the functions of corticosteroids. It is proposed that the need for substantial mobilization of spare fuel (as it takes place during physical exercise or fasting) is critical in involving CBG in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Tinnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Mäkinen TM, Rintamäki H, Karpakka J, Komulainen J, Hissa R. Submaximal exercise in the cold: does cooling potentiate the development of muscle injuries in the rat? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 121:273-8. [PMID: 9972324 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To test the effect of low ambient temperature on muscular strain and possible development of muscle injuries, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35) were exercised at a speed of 15 m min-1 on a treadmill at a 6 degrees inclination for 1.5 h in a warm (22 degrees C) or a cold (-10 degrees C) environment. Blood and tissue samples were collected 0 and 48 h postexercise. Blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, cortisol, epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined to investigate the effect on energy metabolism. To estimate the degree of physical strain, possible muscle injury and regenerative processes of muscles in response to exercise in the cold, serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), muscle beta-glucuronidase and prolyl-4-hydroxylase (PH) activities were measured. In addition, histology of the hindlimb muscles m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior was examined. In general, the circulating level of metabolic substrates during exercise were unaffected by the exercise and independent of ambient temperature. Plasma cortisol increased significantly during exercise (P < 0.01), but was unaffected by the thermal strain. Of the myocellular enzymes, serum CK increased by 100% (P < 0.01) and LDH by 93% (P < 0.05) during exercise in the cold compared with exercise in warm, indicating a higher physical strain. However, exercise in the cold did not result in muscle injuries as judged by the unaltered muscular beta-glucuronidase, PH levels and muscle morphology. It is concluded that the exercise type and intensity used caused stress that was independent of the ambient temperature. In addition, the rats were able to maintain unaltered circulating levels of energy substrates also in the cold. Finally, exercise in the cold increased muscular strain but did not result in muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mäkinen
- Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Finland.
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Boss O, Samec S, Kühne F, Bijlenga P, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Seydoux J, Giacobino JP, Muzzin P. Uncoupling protein-3 expression in rodent skeletal muscle is modulated by food intake but not by changes in environmental temperature. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5-8. [PMID: 9417036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the uncoupling protein (UCP) family called UCP3 has recently been cloned and shown to be highly expressed in skeletal muscle of rodents and humans. In the present study, UCP3 was overexpressed in C2C12 myoblasts where it acts as an uncoupling protein. Changes in UCP3 mRNA expression were examined in rodent muscles under conditions known to modulate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. In skeletal muscle, UCP3 expression did not change in response to 48 h of cold exposure (6 degrees C), whereas it was decreased by 81% or increased 5.6-fold by 1 week of 50% food restriction or fasting, respectively. It was also decreased by 36% in soleus muscle of obese (fa/fa) as compared with lean Zucker rats. The unexpected rise of UCP3 mRNA level induced by fasting did not change in vitro muscle basal heat production rate but decreased by 31% the capacity to produce heat in response to the uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. This decrease may reflect underlying uncoupling by UCP3. Up-regulation of UCP3 mRNA after a 24-h fast was still observed in mice exposed at thermoneutrality. These results show that the increase in UCP3 expression induced by fasting is associated with the maintenance of thermogenesis measured in muscle in vitro and is not modulated by environmental temperature. The notion that UCP3 expression is modulated by food intake is of importance to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Boss
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Guézennec CY, Serrurier B, Merino D. Stimulation of testosterone production by hCG fails to prevent hepatic glycolysis induced by glucocorticoids. Sci Sports 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(05)80268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guzmán M, Castro J. Effects of endurance exercise on carnitine palmitoyltransferase I from rat heart, skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 963:562-5. [PMID: 3196751 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged physical exercise increased the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in rat heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria, whereas enzyme sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl-CoA remained unchanged. Nevertheless, inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity by small decreases in pH was attenuated in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria from exercised animals. Liver enzyme did not suffer any alteration by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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