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Neven LG. Diapause of the Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae): metabolic rate and overwintering adaptations. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:436-445. [PMID: 37119126 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Curran), is a Tephritid fly in the Pacific Northwest and is known to infest native bitter cherry, Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker), which is distributed throughout the Cascade Mountain range. This species occupies temperate to alpine climates and exhibits overwintering adaptations of diapause and supercooling. Isothermal and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the effects of diapause chilling duration and post-chilling warm rearing on the metabolic rate and supercooling point of R. indifferens. Previous studies have included the effects of chilling duration on post-diapause development and emergence as well as on the levels of metabolic reserves. Metabolic rate of R. indifferens, was used to calculate the ability of this species to remain in diapause for more than 1 yr as well as predicting the potential effects of climate change on the future abundance and distribution. It was determined that R. indifferens could diapause for more than 1 yr based on the levels of metabolic reserves and metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Neven
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
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2
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Stockton D, Wallingford A, Rendon D, Fanning P, Green CK, Diepenbrock L, Ballman E, Walton VM, Isaacs R, Leach H, Sial AA, Drummond F, Burrack H, Loeb GM. Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:454-464. [PMID: 30657879 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species affecting berry crops and cherries throughout North America, South America, and Europe. Previous research suggests that in temperate climates, the overwintering success of D. suzukii is likely dependent on access to food, shelter, and adequate cold hardening. We performed a multi-state study under field conditions for two winters to determine whether D. suzukii sex, phenotype (summer-morphotype, winter-morphotype), and life stage (adults, pupae) affected survival over time while recording naturally-occurring spatial and temporal variation in temperature. Access to food was provided and the flies were buried under leaf litter. Baited traps were deployed to determine whether local populations of D. suzukii were active throughout the winter season. The duration of exposure, mean daily temperature, and cumulative time below freezing significantly affected survival. Below freezing, D. suzukii survival was significantly reduced, particularly in northern locations. In contrast, we observed sustained survival up to 10 wk in southern locations among adults and pupae. Biotic factors also significantly affected survival outcomes: female survival was greater than male survival, winter-morphotype survival was greater than summer-morphotype survival, and adult survival was greater than pupal survival. In the north, wild D. suzukii were captured only in early winter, while in the south they were found throughout the winter. These data suggest that although adult D. suzukii may overwinter in sheltered microclimates, this ability may be limited in regions where the ground temperature, or site of overwintering, falls below freezing for extended durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Stockton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Barton Lab, Geneva, NY
| | - Anna Wallingford
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Dalila Rendon
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR
| | - Philip Fanning
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Lauren Diepenbrock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Elissa Ballman
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME
| | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Heather Leach
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Ashfaq A Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Francis Drummond
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME
| | - Hannah Burrack
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Gregory M Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Barton Lab, Geneva, NY
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Schoville SD, Slatyer RA, Bergdahl JC, Valdez GA. Conserved and narrow temperature limits in alpine insects: Thermal tolerance and supercooling points of the ice-crawlers, Grylloblatta (Insecta: Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 78:55-61. [PMID: 25956197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For many terrestrial species, habitat associations and range size are dependent on physiological limits, which in turn may influence large-scale patterns of species diversity. The temperature range experienced by individuals is considered to shape the breadth of the thermal niche, with species occupying temporally and/or geographically stable climates tolerating a narrow temperature range. High-elevation environments experience large temperature fluctuations, with frequent periods below 0 °C, but Grylloblatta (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) occupy climatically stable microhabitats within this region. Here we test critical thermal limits and supercooling points for five Grylloblatta populations from across a large geographic area, to examine whether the stable microhabitats of this group are associated with a narrow thermal niche and assess their capacity to tolerate cold conditions. Thermal limits are highly conserved in Grylloblatta, despite substantial genetic divergence among populations spanning 1500 m elevation and being separated by over 500 km. Further, Grylloblatta show exceptionally narrow thermal limits compared to other insect taxa with little capacity to improve cold tolerance via plasticity. In contrast, upper thermal limits were significantly depressed by cold acclimation. Grylloblatta maintain coordinated movement until they freeze, and they die upon freezing. Convergence of the critical thermal minima, supercooling point and lower lethal limits point to adaptation to a cold but, importantly, constant thermal environment. These physiological data provide an explanation for the high endemism and patchy distribution of Grylloblatta, which relies on subterranean retreats to accommodate narrow thermal limits. These retreats are currently buffered from temperature fluctuations by snow cover, and a declining snowpack thus places Grylloblatta at risk of exposure to temperatures beyond its tolerance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Schoville
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Rachel A Slatyer
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - James C Bergdahl
- Conservation Biology Center, University of the Wilderness, 919 S. Adams St., Spokane, WA 99204, USA
| | - Glenda A Valdez
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Duman JG. Animal ice-binding (antifreeze) proteins and glycolipids: an overview with emphasis on physiological function. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1846-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) assist in subzero tolerance of multiple cold-tolerant organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria etc. IBPs include: (1) antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with high thermal hysteresis antifreeze activity; (2) low thermal hysteresis IBPs; and (3) ice-nucleating proteins (INPs). Several structurally different IBPs have evolved, even within related taxa. Proteins that produce thermal hysteresis inhibit freezing by a non-colligative mechanism, whereby they adsorb onto ice crystals or ice-nucleating surfaces and prevent further growth. This lowers the so-called hysteretic freezing point below the normal equilibrium freezing/melting point, producing a difference between the two, termed thermal hysteresis. True AFPs with high thermal hysteresis are found in freeze-avoiding animals (those that must prevent freezing, as they die if frozen) especially marine fish, insects and other terrestrial arthropods where they function to prevent freezing at temperatures below those commonly experienced by the organism. Low thermal hysteresis IBPs are found in freeze-tolerant organisms (those able to survive extracellular freezing), and function to inhibit recrystallization – a potentially damaging process whereby larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones – and in some cases, prevent lethal propagation of extracellular ice into the cytoplasm. Ice-nucleator proteins inhibit supercooling and induce freezing in the extracellular fluid at high subzero temperatures in many freeze-tolerant species, thereby allowing them to control the location and temperature of ice nucleation, and the rate of ice growth. Numerous nuances to these functions have evolved. Antifreeze glycolipids with significant thermal hysteresis activity were recently identified in insects, frogs and plants.
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Guz N, Toprak U, Dageri A, Oktay Gurkan M, Denlinger DL. Identification of a putative antifreeze protein gene that is highly expressed during preparation for winter in the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 68:30-35. [PMID: 25010548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library generated from the fat body of field-collected, diapausing adults of the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura revealed the presence of a transcript that encodes a protein that shares the distinct physiochemical and structural features of an insect antifreeze protein. The transcript, which is most abundant in the midgut, accumulates in adults as they leave the fields in late summer and migrate to surrounding mountainous areas to overwinter. Transcript abundance again declines when adults return to the fields the following spring. This winter pattern of abundance suggests that this protein may be critical for winter survival in the cold regions where the bug enters its obligatory diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurper Guz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Dageri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Oktay Gurkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, USA
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Park Y, Kim Y. A specific glycerol kinase induces rapid cold hardening of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 67:56-63. [PMID: 24973793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insects in temperate zones survive low temperatures by migrating or tolerating the cold. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a serious insect pest on cabbage and other cruciferous crops worldwide. We showed that P. xylostella became cold-tolerant by expressing rapid cold hardiness (RCH) in response to a brief exposure to moderately low temperature (4°C) for 7h along with glycerol accumulation in hemolymph. Glycerol played a crucial role in the cold-hardening process because exogenously supplying glycerol significantly increased the cold tolerance of P. xylostella larvae without cold acclimation. To determine the genetic factor(s) responsible for RCH and the increase of glycerol, four glycerol kinases (GKs), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PxGPDH) were predicted from the whole P. xylostella genome and analyzed for their function associated with glycerol biosynthesis. All predicted genes were expressed, but differed in their expression during different developmental stages and in different tissues. Expression of the predicted genes was individually suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using double-stranded RNAs specific to target genes. RNAi of PxGPDH expression significantly suppressed RCH and glycerol accumulation. Only PxGK1 among the four GKs was responsible for RCH and glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, PxGK1 expression was significantly enhanced during RCH. These results indicate that a specific GK, the terminal enzyme to produce glycerol, is specifically inducible during RCH to accumulate the main cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Nickell PK, Sass SJ, Verleye DM, Blumenthal EM, Duman JG. Antifreeze proteins in the primary urine of larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis (Latreille). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1695-703. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
To avoid freezing while overwintering beneath the bark of fallen trees, Dendroides canadensis (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae) larvae produce a family of antifreeze proteins (DAFPs) that are transcribed in specific tissues and have specific compartmental fates. DAFPs and associated thermal hysteresis activity (THA) have been shown previously in hemolymph and midgut fluid, but the presence of DAFPs has not been explored in primary urine, a potentially important site that can contain endogenous ice nucleating compounds that could induce freezing. A maximum mean thermal hysteresis activity of 2.65±0.33°C was observed in primary urine of winter collected D. canadensis larvae. Thermal hysteresis activity in primary urine increased significantly through autumn, peaked in the winter and decreased through spring to levels of 0.2-0.3°C in summer, in a pattern similar to that of hemolymph and midgut fluid. Thermal hysteresis activity was also found in hindgut fluid and excreted rectal fluid suggesting that these larvae not only concentrate AFPs in the hindgut, but also excrete AFPs from the rectal cavity. Based on dafps isolated from Malpighian tubule epithelia, cDNAs were cloned and sequenced, identifying the presence of transcripts encoding 24 DAFP isoforms. Six of these Malpighian tubule DAFPs were known previously, but 18 are new. We also provide functional evidence that DAFPs can inhibit ice nucleators present in insect primary urine. This is potentially critical because D. canadensis larvae die if frozen, and therefore ice formation in any body fluid, including the urine, would be lethal.
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Wagner D, Doak P, Sformo T, Steiner PM, Carlson B. Overwintering physiology and microhabitat use of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in interior Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:180-187. [PMID: 22525074 DOI: 10.1603/en11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the overwintering physiology and behavior of Phyllocnistis populiella Chambers, the aspen leaf miner, which has caused severe and widespread damage to aspen in Alaska over the past 10 yr. Active P. populiella moths caught in spring and summer supercooled to an average temperature of -16°C, whereas dormant moths excavated from hibernacula in the leaf litter during fall and winter supercooled to an average of -32°C. None of the moths survived freezing in the laboratory. Counts of overwintering moths in leaf litter across microhabitats in interior Alaska demonstrated that moths occurred at significantly higher density beneath white spruce trees than beneath the aspen host, several other hardwood species, or in open areas among trees. During winter, the temperature 1-2 cm below the surface of the leaf litter beneath white spruce trees was on average 7-9°C colder than beneath aspen trees, and we estimate that during at least one period of the winter the temperature under some white spruce trees may have been cold enough to cause mortality. However, the leaf litter under white spruce trees was significantly drier than the litter from other microhabitats, which may assist P. populiella moths to avoid inoculative freezing because of physical contact with ice. We conclude that in interior Alaska, P. populiella overwinter in a supercooled state within leaf litter mainly under nonhost trees, and may prefer relatively dry microhabitats over moister ones at the expense of lower environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Wagner
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology & Wildlife, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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9
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Sformo T, McIntyre J, Walters KR, Barnes BM, Duman J. Probability of freezing in the freeze-avoiding beetle larvae Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from interior Alaska. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1170-1177. [PMID: 21550349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-avoiding insects must resist freezing or die. A suite of adaptations to low temperatures, including the production of antifreeze proteins, colligative antifreezes (polyols), and dehydration allows most individuals to prevent freezing below the lowest ambient temperatures experienced in situ; however, there can be a wide variance in the minimum temperatures that individuals of freeze-avoiding species reach before freezing. We used logistic regression to explore factors that affect this variance and to estimate the probability of freezing in larvae of the freeze-avoiding beetle Cucujus clavipes puniceus. We hypothesized that water content ≤0.5 mg mg(-1) dry mass would lead to deep supercooling (avoidance of freezing below -58°C). We found a significant interaction between water content and ambient below-snow temperature and a significant difference between individuals collected from two locations in Alaska: Wiseman and Fairbanks. Individuals collected in Wiseman deep supercooled with greater water content and to a greater range of ambient temperatures than individuals collected in Fairbanks, leading to significantly different lethal water contents associated with 50% probability of freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sformo
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, United States.
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A thermal hysteresis-producing xylomannan glycolipid antifreeze associated with cold tolerance is found in diverse taxa. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:631-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sformo T, Walters K, Jeannet K, Wowk B, Fahy GM, Barnes BM, Duman JG. Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited survival to –100°C in the Alaskan beetle Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) larvae. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:502-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.035758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Larvae of the freeze-avoiding beetle Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in Alaska have mean supercooling points in winter of –35 to –42°C, with the lowest supercooling point recorded for an individual of –58°C. We previously noted that some larvae did not freeze when cooled to –80°C, and we speculated that these larvae vitrified. Here we present evidence through differential scanning calorimetry that C. c. puniceus larvae transition into a glass-like state at temperatures <–58°C and can avoid freezing to at least –150°C. This novel finding adds vitrification to the list of insect overwintering strategies. While overwintering beneath the bark of fallen trees, C. c. puniceus larvae may experience low ambient temperatures of around –40°C (and lower) when microhabitat is un-insulated because of low snow cover. Decreasing temperatures in winter are correlated with loss of body water from summer high levels near 2.0 to winter lows near 0.4 mg mg–1 dry mass and concomitant increases in glycerol concentrations (4–6 mol l–1) and thermal hysteresis. Finally, we provide direct evidence that Cucujus from Wiseman, Alaska, survive temperatures to –100°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Sformo
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - K. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - K. Jeannet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - B. Wowk
- 1st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, CA, USA
| | - G. M. Fahy
- 1st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, CA, USA
| | - B. M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - J. G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Walters KR, Sformo T, Barnes BM, Duman JG. Freeze tolerance in an arctic Alaska stonefly. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:305-12. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Most aquatic insects do not survive subzero temperatures and, for those that do, the physiology has not been well characterized. Nemoura arctica is a species of stonefly widely distributed throughout arctic and subarctic Alaska. We collected nymphs from the headwaters of the Chandalar River, where we recorded streambed temperatures as low as –12.7°C in midwinter. When in contact with ice, autumn-collected N. arctica cool to –1.5±0.4°C before freezing, but individuals survived temperatures as low as –15°C, making this the first described species of freeze-tolerant stonefly. N. arctica clearly survive freezing in nature, as winter-collected nymphs encased in ice demonstrated high survivorship when thawed. In the laboratory, 87% of N. arcticanymphs frozen to –15°C for 2.5 weeks survived and, within one month of thawing, 95% of the last-instar nymphs emerged. N. arctica produce both glycerol and ice-binding factors (e.g. antifreeze protein) in response to low temperature. Hemolymph glycerol concentrations increased from 3 mmol l–1 to 930±114 mmol l–1 when temperatures were decreased from 4°C to –8°C, and N. arctica continued to produce glycerol even while frozen. Although the hemolymph of individual cold-acclimated nymphs occasionally exhibited more than a degree of thermal hysteresis, typically the hemolymph exhibited only hexagonal crystal growth, indicating a low concentration of ice-binding factor. Hemolymph of nymphs acclimated to subzero temperatures had recrystallization inhibition. These results demonstrate that, in the face of freezing conditions, N. arctica exhibit overwintering adaptations similar to those of terrestrial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent R. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Todd Sformo
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Ansart A, Aulne PA, Madec L, Vernon P. Influence of temperature acclimation and gut content on the supercooling ability of the land snail Cornu aspersum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 150:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Bennett VA, Sformo T, Walters K, Tøien Ø, Jeannet K, Hochstrasser R, Pan Q, Serianni AS, Barnes BM, Duman JG. Comparative overwintering physiology of Alaska and Indiana populations of the beetle Cucujus clavipes (Fabricius): roles of antifreeze proteins, polyols, dehydration and diapause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:4467-77. [PMID: 16339867 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The beetle Cucujus clavipes is found in North America over a broad latitudinal range from North Carolina (latitude approximately 35 degrees N) to near tree line in the Brooks Range in Alaska (latitude, approximately 67 degrees 30' N). The cold adaptations of populations from northern Indiana (approximately 41 degrees 45' N) and Alaska were compared and, as expected, the supercooling points (the temperatures at which they froze) of these freeze-avoiding insects were significantly lower in Alaska insects. Both populations produce glycerol, but the concentrations in Alaska larvae were much higher than in Indiana insects (approximately 2.2 and 0.5 mol l(-1), respectively). In addition, both populations produce antifreeze proteins. Interestingly, in the autumn both populations have the same approximate level of hemolymph thermal hysteresis, indicative of antifreeze protein activity, suggesting that they synthesize similar amounts of antifreeze protein. A major difference is that the Alaska larvae undergo extreme dehydration in winter wherein water content decreases from 63-65% body water (1.70-1.85 g H2O g(-1) dry mass) in summer to 28-40% body water (0.40-0.68 g H2O g(-1) dry mass) in winter. These 2.5-4.6-fold reductions in body water greatly increase the concentrations of antifreeze in the Alaska insects. Glycerol concentrations would increase to 7-10 mol l(-1) while thermal hysteresis increased to nearly 13 degrees C (the highest ever measured in any organism) in concentrated hemolymph. By contrast, Indiana larvae do not desiccate in winter. The Alaska population also undergoes a diapause while insects from Indiana do not. The result of these, and likely additional, adaptations is that while the mean winter supercooling points of Indiana larvae were approximately -23 degrees C, those of Alaska larvae were -35 to -42 degrees C, and at certain times Alaska C. clavipes did not freeze when cooled to -80 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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15
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Packard GC, Packard MJ. Influence of acclimation and incubation medium on supercooling by hatchling painted turtles,Chrysemys picta. Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Lundheim R. Physiological and ecological significance of biological ice nucleators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:937-43. [PMID: 12171657 PMCID: PMC1693005 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When a pure water sample is cooled it can remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below its melting point (0 degrees C). The initiation of the transition from the liquid state to ice is called nucleation. Substances that facilitate this transition so that it takes place at a relatively high sub-zero temperature are called ice nucleators. Many living organisms produce ice nucleators. In some cases, plausible reasons for their production have been suggested. In bacteria, they could induce frost damage to their hosts, giving the bacteria access to nutrients. In freeze-tolerant animals, it has been suggested that ice nucleators help to control the ice formation so that it is tolerable to the animal. Such ice nucleators can be called adaptive ice nucleators. There are, however, also examples of ice nucleators in living organisms where the adaptive value is difficult to understand. These ice nucleators might be structures with functions other than facilitating ice formation. These structures might be called incidental ice nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolv Lundheim
- Allforsk Biology, Queen Maud College, Thonning Owesensgt 18, 7044 Trondheim, Norway.
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Bale JS. Insects and low temperatures: from molecular biology to distributions and abundance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:849-62. [PMID: 12171648 PMCID: PMC1693004 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse fauna on earth, with different species occupying a range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats from the tropics to the poles. Species inhabiting extreme low-temperature environments must either tolerate or avoid freezing to survive. While much is now known about the synthesis, biochemistry and function of the main groups of cryoprotectants involved in the seasonal processes of acclimatization and winter cold hardiness (ice-nucleating agents, polyols and antifreeze proteins), studies on the structural biology of these compounds have been more limited. The recent discovery of rapid cold-hardening, ice-interface desiccation and the daily resetting of critical thermal thresholds affecting mortality and mobility have emphasized the role of temperature as the most important abiotic factor, acting through physiological processes to determine ecological outcomes. These relationships are seen in key areas such as species responses to climate warming, forecasting systems for pest outbreaks and the establishment potential of alien species in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bale
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Abstract
Terrestrial arthropods survive subzero temperatures by becoming either freeze tolerant (survive body fluid freezing) or freeze avoiding (prevent body fluid freezing). Protein ice nucleators (PINs), which limit supercooling and induce freezing, and antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which function to prevent freezing, can have roles in both freeze tolerance and avoidance. Many freeze-tolerant insects produce hemolymph PINs, which induce freezing at high subzero temperatures thereby inhibiting lethal intracellular freezing. Some freeze-tolerant species have AFPs that function as cryoprotectants to prevent freeze damage. Although the mechanism of this cryoprotection is not known, it may involve recrystallization inhibition and perhaps stabilization of the cell membrane. Freeze-avoiding species must prevent inoculative freezing initiated by external ice across the cuticle and extend supercooling abilities. Some insects remove PINs in the winter to promote supercooling, whereas others have selected against surfaces with ice-nucleating abilities on an evolutionary time scale. However, many freeze-avoiding species do have proteins with ice-nucleating activity, and these proteins must be masked in winter. In the beetle Dendroides canadensis, AFPs in the hemolymph and gut inhibit ice nucleators. Also, hemolymph AFPs and those associated with the layer of epidermal cells under the cuticle inhibit inoculative freezing. Two different insect AFPs have been characterized. One type from the beetles D. canadensis and Tenebrio molitor consists of 12- and 13-mer repeating units with disulfide bridges occurring at least every six residues. The spruce budworm AFP lacks regular repeat units. Both have much higher activities than any known AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Abstract
The cold hardiness adaptations of natural and laboratory reared populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, were examined. Hemolymph, gut, and whole body supercooling points (SCPs), 24-h LT50s, polyhydroxy alcohol concentrations, hemolymph freezing points, and hemolymph melting points were determined. Nondiapausing codling moth larvae do not have appreciable levels of ice nucleators in the hemolymph or gut. Whole body supercooling points were higher than hemolymph supercooling points. For nondiapausing larvae, LT50s were significantly higher than both the whole body and the hemolymph supercooling points, indicating the presence of chill sensitivity. As the larvae left the food source and spun a cocoon, both hemolymph and whole body SCPs decreased. Diapause destined larvae had significantly lower hemolymph SCPs than nondiapausing larvae, but whole body SCPs were not significantly different from nondiapausing larvae of the same age. The LT50s of diapause destined and diapausing larvae were significantly lower than that of nondiapausing larvae. Codling moths are freezing intolerant, with LT50s close to the average whole body supercooling point in diapause destined and diapausing larvae. The overwintering, diapausing larvae effectively supercool to avoid lethal freezing by removal of ice nucleators from the gut and body without appreciable increase of antifreeze agents such as polyols or antifreeze proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- LG Neven
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, Washington, 98951, USA
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Freeze Tolerance and Freeze Avoidance in Ectotherms. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Neven LG, Duman JG, Low MG, Sehl LC, Castellino FJ. Purification and characterization of an insect hemolymph lipoprotein ice nucleator: evidence for the importance of phosphatidylinositol and apolipoprotein in the ice nucleator activity. J Comp Physiol B 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00692685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kukal O, Serianni AS, Duman JG. Glycerol metabolism in a freeze-tolerant arctic insect: an in vivo 13C NMR study. J Comp Physiol B 1988; 158:175-83. [PMID: 3170824 DOI: 10.1007/bf01075831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-tolerance in larvae of Gynaephora groenlandica is enhanced by the accumulation of glycerol in the winter. Since summer larvae remain freeze-tolerant despite the lack of glycerol, we investigated glycerol metabolism as a function of acclimation and body temperature using noninvasive 13C NMR spectroscopy. Major constituents of hemolymph isolated from cold- and warm-acclimated larvae were identified with the aid of standard NMR spectra and confirmed by TLC and GLC. Spectra obtained on live, warm-acclimated larvae showed the presence of lipids, glycogen, glucose, trehalose and amino acids. Similar spectra of cold-acclimated or previously frozen larvae showed the additional presence of glycerol. In vitro time-lapse 13C spectra of D-[1-13C]glucose added separately to hemolymph or extracted fat body tissue showed that glycerol is synthesized from glucose in the fat body tissue and distributed to the peripheral tissue via hemolymph. In vivo time-lapse 13C spectra of cold- and warm-acclimated larvae were obtained after injection with D-[1-13C]glucose to monitor the production of labeled metabolic intermediates and end-products. [13C]Glycerol was produced between -30 degrees C and 30 degrees C but accumulated only below 5 degrees C. Above 5 degrees C glycerol was degraded and the 13C label incorporated mainly into glycogen. The mechanism underlying temperature control of glycerol biosynthesis and degradation may provide a clue to the role of glycerol in enhancing freeze-tolerance in these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kukal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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