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Celarain N, Tomas-Roig J. Aberrant DNA methylation profile exacerbates inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 31937331 PMCID: PMC6961290 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterised by incoordination, sensory loss, weakness, changes in bladder capacity and bowel function, fatigue and cognitive impairment, creating a significant socioeconomic burden. The pathogenesis of MS involves both genetic susceptibility and exposure to distinct environmental risk factors. The gene x environment interaction is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics refers to a complex system that modifies gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. The most studied epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation. This epigenetic mark participates in distinct MS pathophysiological processes, including blood-brain barrier breakdown, inflammatory response, demyelination, remyelination failure and neurodegeneration. In this study, we also accurately summarised a list of environmental factors involved in the MS pathogenesis and its clinical course. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE through PubMED and Scopus. In conclusion, an exhaustive study of DNA methylation might contribute towards new pharmacological interventions in MS by use of epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Celarain
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
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The Acute Encephalopathy Induced by Intake of Sugihiratake Mushroom in the Patients with Renal Damage Might Be Associated with the Intoxication of Cyanide and Thiocyanate. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2014036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Satpute RM, Hariharakrishnan J, Bhattacharya R. Effect of alpha-ketoglutarate and N-acetyl cysteine on cyanide-induced oxidative stress mediated cell death in PC12 cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:297-308. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710365695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a mitochondrial poison, which is ubiquitously present in the environment. Cyanide-induced oxidative stress is known to play a key role in mediating the neurotoxicity and cell death in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PC12 cells are widely used as a model for neurotoxicity assays in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of alpha-ketoglutarate (A-KG), a potential cyanide antidote, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant against toxicity of cyanide in PC12 cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations (0.625—1.25 mM) of potassium cyanide (KCN) for 4 hours, in the presence or absence of simultaneous treatment of A-KG (0.5 mM) and NAC (0.25 mM). Cyanide caused marked decrease in the levels of cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). Lipid peroxidation indicated by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) was found to be accompanied by decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS) of the cells. Cyanide-treated cells showed notable increase in caspase-3 activity and induction of apoptotic type of cell death after 24 hours. A-KG and NAC alone were very effective in restoring the levels of GSH and TAS, but together they significantly resolved the effects of cyanide on antioxidant enzymes, MDA levels, and caspase-3 activity. The present study reveals that combination of A-KG and NAC has critical role in abbrogating the oxidative stress-mediated toxicity of cyanide in PC12 cells. The results suggest potential role of A-KG and NAC in cyanide antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- RM Satpute
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, India
| | - J. Hariharakrishnan
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, India
| | - R. Bhattacharya
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, India,
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Akiyama H, Toida T, Sakai S, Amakura Y, Kondo K, Sugita-Konishi Y, Maitani T. Determination of Cyanide and Thiocyanate in Sugihiratake Mushroom Using HPLC Method with Fluorometric Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shinobu Sakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Rotenberg
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Pediatrics, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA
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Yen D, Tsai J, Wang LM, Kao WF, Hu SC, Lee CH, Deng JF. The clinical experience of acute cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13:524-8. [PMID: 7662055 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(95)90162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors reviewed the clinical manifestations, complications, and the prognosis affected by Lilly Cyanide Antidote in 21 victims of acute cyanide poisoning over a 10-year period. The clinical signs and symptoms in cyanide poisoning are variable. Among 21 cases, loss of consciousness (15), metabolic acidosis (14), and cardiopulmonary failure (9) were the three leading manifestations of cyanide intoxication. Anoxic encephalopathy (6) was not uncommon in the severely intoxicated victims. Diabetes insipidus (1) or clinical signs and symptoms mimicking diabetes insipidus (3) may be an ominous sign to encephalopathy victims. The major cause of fatal cyanide poisoning is the intentional ingestion of cyanide compounds as part of a suicide attempt. Decrease of arteriovenous difference of O2 partial pressure may be a clue for the suspicion of cyanide intoxication. Although the authors cannot show a statistically significant difference (P = .47) for the Lilly cyanide antidote kit in terms of improving the survival rate for victims of cyanide poisoning, the antidote kit was always mandatory in our study in the cases of severely intoxicated victims who survived. Early diagnosis, prompt, intensive therapy with antidote, and supportive care are still the golden rules for the treatment of acute cyanide poisoning, whether in the ED or on the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Cassel GE, Mjörndal T, Persson SA, Söderström E. Effects of cyanide on the striatal dopamine receptor binding in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 248:297-301. [PMID: 8181537 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6917(93)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we have shown that sodium cyanide decreases the striatal dopamine levels within 60 s compared with the controls. Treatment with sodium cyanide also increases the naturally occurring 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) in the striatum, but not in any other region studied. An increase in the in vivo synthesis of dopamine in cyanide-treated rats has also been observed. In order to further elucidate the effects on the central dopaminergic pathways the effects of sodium cyanide on the striatal dopamine D1 and dopamine D2 receptor binding were studied in vitro and after administration of sodium cyanide. In the rats injected with sodium cyanide (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) the Bmax of the striatal dopamine D1 receptor binding was significantly decreased 15 min and 1 h after the treatment. The striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding was decreased only at 1 h after the cyanide administration. Neither sodium cyanide nor its metabolite sodium thiocyanate did significantly change the striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in vitro. Accordingly sodium cyanide and sodium thiocyanate do not have direct effects on the dopamine receptors studied. The effects of cyanide on dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are probably in part due to the effect of cyanide on the release of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Cassel
- Department of NBC Defence, National Defence Research Establishment, Umeå, Sweden
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Kanthasamy AG, Maduh EU, Peoples RW, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. Calcium mediation of cyanide-induced catecholamine release: implications for neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 110:275-82. [PMID: 1909818 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(05)80010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to KCN (1.0-10 mM) over a 30-min period stimulated secretion of dopamine (DA) and decreased intracellular DA content. Addition of KCN (10 mM) to rat frontal cortex slices preloaded with 1-[7-3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) increased secretion of NE over a 10- to 30-min incubation period. In PC12 cells release of DA by KCN was nearly abolished in calcium-free media or by prior addition of diltiazem, a calcium channel antagonist. Release of [3H]NE from rat cortical slices by cyanide was only partly inhibited by diltiazem suggesting that intracellular calcium may be involved in this response. In PC12 cells KCN also produced a dose-related release of the DA precursor dihydroxyphenylalanine, without altering intracellular stores. Levels of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were enhanced at lower concentrations of KCN. These observations indicate cyanide elicits exocytotic release of neurotransmitters in a calcium-dependent manner and also show that cyanide alters catecholamine metabolism. These actions of cyanide may be important in CNS symptoms of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Kanthasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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Heepe P, Nemeth L, Brune F, Grant JW, Kleihues P. Marchiafava-Bignami disease. A correlative computed tomography and morphological study. EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 1988; 237:74-9. [PMID: 3360028 DOI: 10.1007/bf00382370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The subacute development of Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is reported in a 60-year-old patient from Southern Germany with a history of chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition. Computed tomography scans showed progressive white matter destruction over a period of 8 months, ranging from diffuse hypodensities to well-delineated, strongly hypodense areas in the central hemispheric white matter of both frontal and parietal lobes and in the corpus callosum. Autopsy revealed an identical pattern of demyelinated, partially necrotic lesions in addition to small cystic necroses in the genu corporis callosi. The temporal evolution of MBD, criteria for early diagnosis and pathogenetic aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heepe
- Abteilung Neuropathologie, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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Hamilton BF, Gould DH. Correlation of morphologic brain lesions with physiologic alterations and blood-brain barrier impairment in 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity in rats. Acta Neuropathol 1987; 74:67-74. [PMID: 3116820 DOI: 10.1007/bf00688340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA), a toxin which irreversibly inhibits the Krebs cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, causes severe neurologic disease and a specific pattern of morphologic brain damage when given subcutaneously to rats. To determine whether hypotension or hypoxemia were necessary for development of morphologic brain lesions in NPA neurotoxicity, systemic blood pressure and arterial blood gases were measured in NPA-intoxicated rats. The extent and distribution of albumin extravasation was examined by immunohistochemistry, and was compared to the extent and severity of morphological injury in the caudate-putamen. Neither hypotension nor hypoxemia were necessary for the development of morphologic injury in the brains of NPA-intoxicated rats. In fact, intoxicated rats had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and arterial blood oxygen than did controls. Arterial bicarbonate and pH were significantly lower in intoxicated rats than controls, however, suggesting that acidosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of NPA toxicity. When morphologic injury was severe, albumin extravasation was extensive occupying approximately 30%-80% of the lesion area in the caudate-putamen of NPA-intoxicated rats. When morphologic injury was mild, albumin extravasation was absent, or limited to small cuffs around individual capillaries (less than 1% of the lesion area). There was no leakage of albumin in the cerebral cortex, which was resistant to morphologic injury. It was concluded that leakage of protein-rich fluid into cerebral parenchyma from blood-brain barrier impairment is not responsible for the initiation of morphologic injury in NPA toxicity, but may contribute to the severity of injury later in the evolution of brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Hamilton
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Darriet D, Der T, Collins RC. Distribution of cytochrome oxidase in rat brain: studies with diaminobenzidine histochemistry in vitro and [14C]cyanide tissue labeling in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6:8-14. [PMID: 3003131 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1986.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies in experimental animals and post-mortem studies in humans have indicated that the level of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase within brain anatomical pathways is regulated by the long-term functional use of those pathways. To study this relationship, we have measured cytochrome oxidase spectrophotometrically in punch biopsies from different brain regions of rat. We compared these assays against results from the diaminobenzidine histochemical technique. We found a high degree of correlation (r = 0.90) between the density of diaminobenzidine reaction product and enzyme activity. This validates the usefulness of the diaminobenzidine technique for anatomical localization and measurement of this enzyme. To study the feasibility of using radioactive cyanide as an in vivo ligand of cytochrome oxidase, we performed quantitative autoradiographic analysis of rat brains of animals given an intravenous bolus injection of [14C]cyanide. Analysis of the arterial blood curve indicated a complex redistribution of cyanide between red blood cells, plasma, and tissues. Brain labeling reached peak levels at 1 min and then fell despite rising concentrations of free plasma cyanide. Analysis of autoradiographic images revealed good anatomical resolution. The density of labeling in individual structures over time failed to show a strong correlation with cytochrome oxidase activity or diaminobenzidine reaction product.
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