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Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias), a group of over 50 structurally distinct acidic saccharides on the surface of all vertebrate cells, are neuraminic acid derivatives. They serve as glycan chain terminators in extracellular glycolipids and glycoproteins. In particular, Sias have significant implications in cell-to-cell as well as host-to-pathogen interactions and participate in various biological processes, including neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, fertilization, and tumor migration. However, Sia is also present in some of our daily diets, particularly in conjugated form (sialoglycans), such as those in edible bird's nest, red meats, breast milk, bovine milk, and eggs. Among them, breast milk, especially colostrum, contains a high concentration of sialylated oligosaccharides. Numerous reviews have concentrated on the physiological function of Sia as a cellular component of the body and its relationship with the occurrence of diseases. However, the consumption of Sias through dietary sources exerts significant influence on human health, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota's composition and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the distribution, structure, and biological function of particular Sia-rich diets, including human milk, bovine milk, red meat, and egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Ling AJW, Chang LS, Babji AS, Latip J, Koketsu M, Lim SJ. Review of sialic acid's biochemistry, sources, extraction and functions with special reference to edible bird's nest. Food Chem 2021; 367:130755. [PMID: 34390910 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a group of nine-carbon α-keto acids. Sialic acid exists in more than 50 forms, with the natural types discovered as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), deaminoneuraminic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulononic acid or Kdn), and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Sialic acid level varies depending on the source, where edible bird's nest (EBN), predominantly Neu5Ac, is among the major sources of sialic acid. Due to its high nutritive value and complexity, sialic acid has been studied extensively through acid, aqueous, and enzymatic extraction. Although detection by chromatographic methods or mass spectrometry is common, the isolation and recovery work remained limited. Sialic acid is well-recognised for its bioactivities, including brain and cognition development, immune-enhancing, anti-hypertensive, anticancer, and skin whitening properties. Therefore, sialic acid can be used as a functional ingredient in the various industries. This paper reviews the current trend in the biochemistry, sources, extraction, and functions of sialic acids with special reference to EBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Jin Wei Ling
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Sin Chang
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Salam Babji
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer (INOVASI@UKM), Chancellery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jalifah Latip
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Seng Joe Lim
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Gurung MK, Altermark B, Helland R, Smalås AO, Ræder ILU. Features and structure of a cold active N-acetylneuraminate lyase. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217713. [PMID: 31185017 PMCID: PMC6559660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylneuraminate lyases (NALs) are enzymes that catalyze the reversible cleavage and synthesis of sialic acids. They are therefore commonly used for the production of these high-value sugars. This study presents the recombinant production, together with biochemical and structural data, of the NAL from the psychrophilic bacterium Aliivibrio salmonicida LFI1238 (AsNAL). Our characterization shows that AsNAL possesses high activity and stability at alkaline pH. We confirm that these properties allow for the use in a one-pot reaction at alkaline pH for the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, the most common sialic acid) from the inexpensive precursor N-acetylglucosamine. We also show that the enzyme has a cold active nature with an optimum temperature for Neu5Ac synthesis at 20°C. The equilibrium constant for the reaction was calculated at different temperatures, and the formation of Neu5Ac acid is favored at low temperatures, making the cold active enzyme a well-suited candidate for use in such exothermic reactions. The specific activity is high compared to the homologue from Escherichia coli at three tested temperatures, and the enzyme shows a higher catalytic efficiency and turnover number for cleavage at 37°C. Mutational studies reveal that amino acid residue Asn 168 is important for the high kcat. The crystal structure of AsNAL was solved to 1.65 Å resolution and reveals a compact, tetrameric protein similar to other NAL structures. The data presented provides a framework to guide further optimization of its application in sialic acid production and opens the possibility for further design of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kumari Gurung
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ronny Helland
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arne O. Smalås
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Lin U. Ræder
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
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4
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Gao X, Zhang F, Wu M, Wu Z, Shang G. Production of N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic Acid by Whole Cells Expressing Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-Epimerase and Escherichia coli N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic Acid Aldolase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6285-6291. [PMID: 31117501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is a potential baby nutrient and the key precursor of antiflu medicine Zanamivir. The Neu5Ac chemoenzymatic synthesis consists of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine epimerase (AGE)-catalyzed epimerization of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) to N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (ManNAc) and aldolase-catalyzed condensation between ManNAc and pyruvate. Herein, we cloned and characterized BT0453, a novel AGE, from a human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. BT0453 shows the highest soluble fraction among the AGEs tested. With GlcNAc and sodium pyruvate as substrates, Neu5Ac production by coupling whole cells expressing BT0453 and Escherichia coli N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid aldolase was explored. After 36 h, a 53.6% molar yield, 3.6 g L-1 h-1 productivity and 42.9 mM titer of Neu5Ac were obtained. Furthermore, for the first time, the T7- BT0453-T7- nanA polycistronic unit was integrated into the E. coli genome, generating a chromosome-based biotransformation system. BT0453 protein engineering and metabolic engineering studies hold potential for the industrial production of Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Meng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Guangdong Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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5
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Zhao L, Tian R, Shen Q, Liu Y, Liu L, Li J, Du G. Pathway Engineering of
Bacillus subtilis
for Enhanced
N
‐Acetylneuraminic Acid Production via Whole‐Cell Biocatalysis. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800682. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Rongzhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Qingyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
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Cai ZP, Conway LP, Huang YY, Wang WJ, Laborda P, Wang T, Lu AM, Yao HL, Huang K, Flitsch SL, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Trideuterated Sialosides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071368. [PMID: 30965582 PMCID: PMC6479850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of acidic monosaccharides often found on the termini of cell surface proteins or lipid glycoconjugates of higher animals. Herein we describe the enzymatic synthesis of the two isotopically labeled sialic acid derivatives d3-X-Gal-α-2,3-Neu5Ac and d3-X-Gal-α-2,3-Neu5Gc. Using deuterium oxide as the reaction solvent, deuterium atoms could be successfully introduced during the enzymatic epimerization and aldol addition reactions when the sialosides were generated. NMR and mass spectrometric analyses confirmed that the resulting sialosides were indeed tri-deuterated. These compounds may be of interest as internal standards in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric assays for biochemical or clinical studies of sialic acids. This was further exemplified by the use of this tri-deuterated sialosides as internal standards for the quantification of sialic acids in meat and egg samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-P Cai
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Louis P Conway
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ying Y Huang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wen J Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ai M Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hong L Yao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Kao CH, Chen YY, Wang LR, Lee YC. Production of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic Acid by Recombinant Single Whole Cells Co-expressing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-2-epimerase and N-acetyl-D-neuraminic Acid Aldolase. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:427-434. [PMID: 29704158 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is a costly precursor for many drugs such as anti-influenza antivirals. In a previous study, a whole-cell process for Neu5Ac production was developed using a combination of two Escherichia coli cells expressing Anabaena sp. CH1 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-2-epimerase (bage) and E. coli N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid aldolase (nanA), respectively. In this study, we constructed a bAGE and NanA co-expression system to improve Neu5Ac production. Two recombinant E. coli strains, E. coli BL21 (DE3) pET-bage-nanA (HA) and E. coli BL21 (DE3) pET-bage-2nanA (HAA), synchronously expressing bAGE and NanA were used as biocatalysts to generate Neu5Ac from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and pyruvate. The HA biocatalysts produced 187.5 mM Neu5Ac within 8 h. The yield of GlcNAc was 15.6%, and the Neu5Ac production rate was 7.25 g/L/h. The most active HAA biocatalysts generated 412.6 mM Neu5Ac and a GlcNAc yield of 34.4%. HAA achieved a Neu5Ac production rate of 15.9 g/L/h, which surpassed those for all reported Neu5Ac production processes so far. The present study demonstrates that using recombinant E. coli cells synchronously expressing bAGE and NanA as biocatalysts could potentially be used in the industrial mass production of Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Kao
- Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Bachelor Degree Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lian-Ren Wang
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Chung Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Phosphate-catalyzed epimerization of N -acetyl- d -glucosamine to N -acetyl- d -mannosamine for the synthesis of N -acetylneuraminic acid. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Klermund L, Riederer A, Groher A, Castiglione K. High-level soluble expression of a bacterial N-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase in recombinant Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:36-41. [PMID: 25804337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase (AGE) is an important enzyme for the biocatalytic synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Due to the wide range of biological applications of Neu5Ac and its derivatives, there has been great interest in its large-scale synthesis. Thus, suitable strategies for achieving high-level production of soluble AGE are needed. Several AGEs from various organisms have been recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. However, the soluble expression level was consistently low with an excessive formation of inclusion bodies. In this study, the effects of different solubility-enhancement tags, expression temperatures, chaperones and host strains on the soluble expression of the AGE from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 (AvaAGE) were examined. The optimum combination of tag, expression temperature, co-expression of chaperones and host strain (His6-tag, 37°C, GroEL/GroES, E. coli BL21(DE3)) led to a 264-fold improvement of the volumetric epimerase activity, a measure of the soluble expression, compared to the starting conditions (His6-maltose-binding protein-tag, 20°C, without chaperones, E. coli BL21(DE3)). A maximum yield of 22.5mg isolated AvaAGE per liter shake flask culture was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Klermund
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Amelie Riederer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Anna Groher
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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10
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Gurung MK, Ræder ILU, Altermark B, Smalås AO. Characterization of the sialic acid synthase from Aliivibrio salmonicida suggests a novel pathway for bacterial synthesis of 7-O-acetylated sialic acids. Glycobiology 2013; 23:806-19. [PMID: 23481098 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving the enzymatic pathways leading to sialic acids (Sias) in bacteria are vitally important for understanding their roles in pathogenesis and for subsequent development of tools to combat infections. A detailed characterization of the involved enzymes is also essential due to the highly applicable properties of Sias, i.e., as used in a wide range of medical applications and human nutrition. Bacterial strains that produce Sias display them mainly on their cell surface to mimic animal cells thereby evading the host's immune system. Despite several studies, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida. The genome of A. salmonicida LFI1238 contains a gene cluster homologous to the Escherichia coli neuraminic acid (Neu) gene cluster involved in biosynthesis of Sias found in the E. coli capsule. This cluster is probably responsible for the biosynthesis of Neu found in A. salmonicida. In this work, we have produced and characterized the sialic acid (Sia) synthase NeuB1, the key enzyme in the pathway. The Sia synthase is an enzyme producing N-acetylneuraminic acid by the condensation of N-acetylmannosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. Genome content, kinetic data obtained, together with structural considerations, have led us to the prediction that the substrate for NeuB1 from A. salmonicida, E. coli and Streptococcus agalactiae among others, is 4-O-acetyl-N-acetylmannosamine. This means that the product of its enzymatic reaction is 7-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid. We propose a pathway for production of this Sia in A. salmonicida, and present evidence for the presence of diacetylated Neu in the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian Structural Biology Center NorStruct, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Enhanced production of N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid by multi-approach whole-cell biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4775-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Lu SC, Lin SC. Recovery of active N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase from inclusion bodies by solubilization with non-denaturing buffers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Steiger MG, Mach-Aigner AR, Gorsche R, Rosenberg EE, Mihovilovic MD, Mach RL. Synthesis of an antiviral drug precursor from chitin using a saprophyte as a whole-cell catalyst. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:102. [PMID: 22141613 PMCID: PMC3245449 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent incidents, such as the SARS and influenza epidemics, have highlighted the need for readily available antiviral drugs. One important precursor currently used for the production of Relenza, an antiviral product from GlaxoSmithKline, is N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc). This substance has a considerably high market price despite efforts to develop cost-reducing (biotechnological) production processes. Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) is a saprophyte noted for its abundant secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and its potential to degrade chitin to its monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitin is considered the second most abundant biomass available on earth and therefore an attractive raw material. Results In this study, we introduced two enzymes from bacterial origin into Hypocrea, which convert GlcNAc into NeuNAc via N-acetylmannosamine. This enabled the fungus to produce NeuNAc from the cheap starting material chitin in liquid culture. Furthermore, we expressed the two recombinant enzymes as GST-fusion proteins and developed an enzyme assay for monitoring their enzymatic functionality. Finally, we demonstrated that Hypocrea does not metabolize NeuNAc and that no NeuNAc-uptake by the fungus occurs, which are important prerequisites for a potential production strategy. Conclusions This study is a proof of concept for the possibility to engineer in a filamentous fungus a bacterial enzyme cascade, which is fully functional. Furthermore, it provides the basis for the development of a process for NeuNAc production as well as a general prospective design for production processes that use saprophytes as whole-cell catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G Steiger
- Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Str. 1a, A-1060 Wien, Austria
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14
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Ishikawa M, Koizumi S. Microbial production of N-acetylneuraminic acid by genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2605-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Biotechnological production and applications of N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Coupled bioconversion for preparation of N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid using immobilized N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-2-epimerase and N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid lyase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Chien PS, Tzeng TT, Lin SC, Hsu WH. Refolding of recombinant N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase by a fed-batch process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcice.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Roy R. DESIGNING NOVEL MULTIVALENT GLYCOTOOLS FOR BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO SIALIC ACID. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee JO, Yi JK, Lee SG, Takahashi S, Kim BG. Production of N-acetylneuraminic acid from N-acetylglucosamine and pyruvate using recombinant human renin binding protein and sialic acid aldolase in one pot. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tabata K, Koizumi S, Endo T, Ozaki A. Production of N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid by coupling bacteria expressing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase and N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid synthetase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Why is sialic acid attracting interest now? complete enzymatic synthesis of sialic acid with N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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KOKETSU MAMORU. CLARIFICATION OF EGG YOLK SUSPENSION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1999.tb00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Maru I, Ohnishi J, Ohta Y, Tsukada Y. Simple and large-scale production of N-acetylneuraminic acid from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and pyruvate using N-acyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase and N-acetylneuraminate lyase. Carbohydr Res 1998; 306:575-8. [PMID: 9679278 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminate lyase and N-acyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase had been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Simultaneous use of these two enzymes and feeding of appropriate amounts of pyruvate to the reaction mixture made possible the high conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) with a 77% conversion rate on a molar basis. As a result, 29 kg of Neu5Ac was obtained from 27 kg of GlcNAc. The product was recovered by direct crystallization, and verified as identical to authentic Neu5Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Maru
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, Marukin Shoyu Co., Ltd, Japan
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Koketsu M, Nitoda T, Sugino H, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamamoto T, Abe N, Kajimoto T, Wong CH. Synthesis of a novel sialic acid derivative (sialylphospholipid) as an antirotaviral agent. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3332-5. [PMID: 9341907 DOI: 10.1021/jm9701280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel sialylphospholipid (SPL) was synthesized from N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a chemical and enzymatic method and evaluated as an inhibitor of rotavirus. PC and 1,8-octanediol were conjugated by transesterification reaction of Streptomyces phospholipase D (PLD) under a water-chloroform biphasic system to afford phosphatidyloctanol, which was condensed with a protected 2-chloro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid derivative by using silver trifluoromethanesulfonate as an activator in chloroform and converted, after deprotection, to SPL. Rhesus monkey kidney cells (MA-104) were incubated with simian (SA-11 strain) and human (MO strain) rotaviruses in the presence of SPL, and the cells infected were detected indirectly with anti-rotavirus antibody. SPL showed dose dependent inhibition against both virus strains. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition (IC50) against SA-11 and MO were 4.35 and 16.1 microM, respectively, corresponding to 10(3)- and 10(4)-fold increases in inhibition as compared to monomeric NeuAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koketsu
- Central Research Laboratories, Taiyo Kagaku Company, Ltd., Mie, Japan.
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Seko A, Koketsu M, Nishizono M, Enoki Y, Ibrahim HR, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamamoto T. Occurence of a sialylglycopeptide and free sialylglycans in hen's egg yolk. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1335:23-32. [PMID: 9133639 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Free sialylglycans (FSGs) and a sialylglycopeptide (SGP) as components of hen's egg yolk were found and their chemical structures were determined. SGP and FSGs were isolated from fresh egg yolk by treatment with phenol, gel filtration and successive chromatographies on columns of anion- and cation-exchangers. They were localized in the yolk plasma. The glycan moiety of SGP, which was liberated by PNGase digestion, was studied for the chemical structure by HPLC mapping with p-aminobenzoic ethylester-derivatization, sugar composition analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and the glycomoiety was found to be an N-linked disialyl-biantennary glycan. The amino acid sequence of the peptide moiety of SGP was determined to consist of Lys-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys-Thr, the Asn of which is modified with the disialylglycan moiety. FSGs were determined to be two free disialyl-biantennary glycans whose reducing end was either Man beta1-4GlcNAc (FSG-I) or Man beta1-4GlcNAc beta1-4GlcNAc (FSG-II). Since the molar value of SGP present in one egg yolk (2.8 micromol) is comparable to those of well-known major yolk proteins, low density lipoprotein, lipovitellins and phosvitin, it can be considered that SGP is one of the major components in hen's egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seko
- Central Research Laboratories, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. Chemistry, biochemistry and biology of sialic acids ☆. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 29. [PMCID: PMC7147860 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechls-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Bijuoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Sugai T, Kuboki A, Hiramatsu S, Okazaki H, Ohta H. Improved Enzymatic Procedure for a Preparative-Scale Synthesis of Sialic Acid and KDN. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Lin CH, Shimazaki M, Wong CH, Koketsu M, Juneja LR, Kim M. Enzymatic synthesis of a sialyl Lewis X dimer from egg yolk as an inhibitor of E-selectin. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1625-30. [PMID: 8770386 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A dimeric sialyl Lewis X (SLex) glycopeptide was synthesized enzymatically in three steps from an N-linked oligosaccharide prepared from egg yolk. Treatment of delipidated hen egg yolk with the protease Orientase and neuraminidase gave a dimeric N-acetyllactosamine-containing oligosaccharide linked to asparagine. Addition of sialic acid and fucose catalyzed by alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase and alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase provided the dimeric SLex, which was shown to be as active as monomeric SLex as an inhibitor of E-selectin with IC50 0.75 mM. The synthetic dimeric SLex of the mucin type (i.e. SLex linked to the 3- and 6-OH groups of Gal) is, however, about five times as active as the monomer. It is suggested that dimeric SLex glycopeptides of the mucin type would be effective ligands for E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Koketsu M, Seko A, Juneja LR, Kim M, Kashimura N, Yamamoto T. An Efficient Preparation and Structural Characterization of Sialylglycopeptides from Protease Treated Egg Yolk. J Carbohydr Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309508005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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KRAGL UDO, KITTELMANN MATTHIAS, GHISALBA ORESTE, WANDREY CHRISTIAN. N-Acetylneuraminic Acid From a Rare Chemical from Natural Sources to a Multikilogram Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Application. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb19969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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KOKETSU MAMORU, JUNEJA LEKHRAJ, KIM MUJO, OHTA MASAYA, MATSUURA FUMITO, YAMAMOTO TAKEHIKO. Sialyloligosaccharides of Delipidated Egg Yolk Fraction. J Food Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb09349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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