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Firfirey F, September AV, Shamley D. ABCB1 and OPRM1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms collectively modulate chronic shoulder pain and dysfunction in South African breast cancer survivors. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:513-530. [PMID: 35727214 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic shoulder pain/disability is a well-recognized side effect of treatment for breast cancer, with ∼40% of patients experiencing this, despite receiving pain management. To manage acute and chronic pain, several opioids are commonly prescribed. Pharmacogenomics have implicated genes within the opioid signaling pathway, including ABCB1 and OPRM1, to contribute to an individual's variable response to opioids. Aim: To evaluate ABCB1 (rs1045642 G>A, rs1128503 G>A) and OPRM1 (rs1799971 A>G, rs540825 T>A) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chronic shoulder pain/disability in BCS. Materials & methods: TaqManTM assays were used to genotype ABCB1 and OPRM1 SNPs within the BCS (N = 252) cohort. The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index was used to evaluate pain and disability features associated with shoulder pathologies. Participants end scores for each feature (pain, disability and combined [pain and disability]) were categorized into no-low (>30%) and moderate-high (≥30%) scores. Statistical analysis was applied, and significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results: Of participants, 27.0, 19.0 and 22.0% reported moderate-high pain, disability and combined (pain and disability) scores, respectively. ABCB1:rs1045642-(A/A) genotype was significantly associated with disability (p = 0.028: no-low [14.9%] vs mod-high [4.3%]) and combined (pain and disability) (p = 0.011: no-low [15.9%] vs mod-high [5.7%]). The ABCB1:rs1045642-(A) allele was significantly associated with disability (p = 0.015: no-low [37.9%] vs mod-high [23.9%]) and combined (pain and disability) (p = 0.003: no-low [38.5%] vs mod-high [23.6%]). The inferred ABCB1 (rs1045642 G>A - rs1128503 G>A): A-G (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 0.0; 95% CI: 0.0-0.0) and the OPRM1 (rs1799971 A>G - rs540825 T>A): G-T (p = 0.019; OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14-0.75) haplotypes were associated with disability and pain, respectively. Gene-gene interactions showed the ABCB1 (rs1045642 G>A) - OPRM1 (rs540825 T>A) combinations, (A-T) (p = 0.019; OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.33-1.16) and (G-A) (p = 0.021; OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 0.30-3.10) were associated with disability. Conclusion: The study implicated ABCB1 with shoulder pain and disability; and haplotype analyses identified specific genetic intervals within ABCB1 and OPRM1 to associate with chronic shoulder pain and disability. Evidence suggests that potentially gene-gene interactions between ABCB1 and OPRM1 contribute to chronic shoulder pain and disability experienced in this SA cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzana Firfirey
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle & Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa
| | - Delva Shamley
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Clinical Anatomy & Biological Anthropology, Anatomy Building, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa
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2
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Gerhard AP, Krücken J, Heitlinger E, Janssen IJI, Basiaga M, Kornaś S, Beier C, Nielsen MK, Davis RE, Wang J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. The P-glycoprotein repertoire of the equine parasitic nematode Parascaris univalens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13586. [PMID: 32788636 PMCID: PMC7423980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoproteins (Pgp) have been proposed as contributors to the widespread macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in several nematode species including a major pathogen of foals, Parascaris univalens. Using new and available RNA-seq data, ten different genomic loci encoding Pgps were identified and characterized by transcriptome-guided RT-PCRs and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an ascarid-specific Pgp lineage, Pgp-18, as well as two paralogues of Pgp-11 and Pgp-16. Comparative gene expression analyses in P. univalens and Caenorhabditis elegans show that the intestine is the major site of expression but individual gene expression patterns were not conserved between the two nematodes. In P. univalens, PunPgp-9, PunPgp-11.1 and PunPgp-16.2 consistently exhibited the highest expression level in two independent transcriptome data sets. Using RNA-Seq, no significant upregulation of any Pgp was detected following in vitro incubation of adult P. univalens with ivermectin suggesting that drug-induced upregulation is not the mechanism of Pgp-mediated ML resistance. Expression and functional analyses of PunPgp-2 and PunPgp-9 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide evidence for an interaction with ketoconazole and ivermectin, but not thiabendazole. Overall, this study established reliable reference gene models with significantly improved annotation for the P. univalens Pgp repertoire and provides a foundation for a better understanding of Pgp-mediated anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gerhard
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Parasite Host Interactions, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Jana I Janssen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Basiaga
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kornaś
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Céline Beier
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Jmel H, Romdhane L, Ben Halima Y, Hechmi M, Naouali C, Dallali H, Hamdi Y, Shan J, Abid A, Jamoussi H, Trabelsi S, Chouchane L, Luiselli D, Abdelhak S, Kefi R. Pharmacogenetic landscape of Metabolic Syndrome components drug response in Tunisia and comparison with worldwide populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194842. [PMID: 29652911 PMCID: PMC5898725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation is an important determinant affecting either drug response or susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Several studies have highlighted the importance of ethnicity in influencing drug response variability that should be considered during drug development. Our objective is to characterize the genetic variability of some pharmacogenes involved in the response to drugs used for the treatment of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Tunisia and to compare our results to the worldwide populations. A set of 135 Tunisians was genotyped using the Affymetrix Chip 6.0 genotyping array. Variants located in 24 Very Important Pharmacogenes (VIP) involved in MetS drug response were extracted from the genotyping data. Analysis of variant distribution in Tunisian population compared to 20 worldwide populations publicly available was performed using R software packages. Common variants between Tunisians and the 20 investigated populations were extracted from genotyping data. Multidimensional screening showed that Tunisian population is clustered with North African and European populations. The greatest divergence was observed with the African and Asian population. In addition, we performed Inter-ethnic comparison based on the genotype frequencies of five VIP biomarkers. The genotype frequencies of the biomarkers rs3846662, rs1045642, rs7294 and rs12255372 located respectively in HMGCR, ABCB1, VKORC1 and TCF7L2 are similar between Tunisian, Tuscan (TSI) and European (CEU). The genotype frequency of the variant rs776746 located in CYP3A5 gene is similar between Tunisian and African populations and different from CEU and TSI. The present study shows that the genetic make up of the Tunisian population is relatively complex in regard to pharmacogenes and reflects previous historical events. It is important to consider this ethnic difference in drug prescription in order to optimize drug response to avoid serious adverse drug reactions. Taking into account similarities with other neighboring populations, our study has an impact not only on the Tunisian population but also on North African population which are underrepresented in pharmacogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Jmel
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Romdhane
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Ben Halima
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Hechmi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jingxuan Shan
- Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelmajid Abid
- Department of external consultation, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Jamoussi
- Department of external consultation, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Trabelsi
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, National Pharmacovigilance Center, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail: ,
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Li A, Song J, Lai Q, Liu B, Wang H, Xu Y, Feng X, Sun X, Du Z. Hypermethylation of ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) is associated with cisplatin resistance in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:412-421. [PMID: 27995666 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of multiple drug resistance has been attributed to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) gene. In this study, the major purpose was to assess the expression and methylation levels of ABCB1 in human lung adenocarcinoma and to reveal the relationship between these processes and acquisition of cisplatin (DDP) resistance in the human cancer cell line A549. Methylation and expression levels of the ABCB1 gene ABCB1 in clinical human lung tissue were assessed using bisulphite sequencing, reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT2 -PCR) and Western blot methods. Cell viability, DDP resistance and apoptosis of A549 cells were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Our results showed that the onset of resistance to the cisplatin analogue, DDP, was associated with hypermethylation of the ABCB1 gene. Expression of the ABCB1 gene was enhanced at both mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with 5-Aza-C contributed to the hypomethylation of the ABCB1 gene and decreased ABCB1 protein expression in A549 cells. In conclusion, this in vitro and human tissue study of lung adenocarcinoma cells demonstrated that hypermethylation of the ABCB1 gene correlated with increased gene expression and was associated with the acquisition of resistance to the cisplatin analogue, DDP in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Taken together, our study highlighted the connection between increased ABCB1 methylation level and upregulated expression of the gene in lung cancer. Moreover, the abnormally high expression of ABCB1 in A549 cells contributed to the development of the DDP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angui Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianfei Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Lai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Cental South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bangqing Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinhui Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenzong Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Province, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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5
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Lin G, Mi P, Chu C, Zhang J, Liu G. Inorganic Nanocarriers Overcoming Multidrug Resistance for Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600134. [PMID: 27980988 PMCID: PMC5102675 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) could lead to therapeutic failure of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and has become one of the main obstacles to successful cancer treatment. Some advanced drug delivery platforms, such as inorganic nanocarriers, demonstrate a high potential for cancer theranostic to overcome the cancer-specific limitation of conventional low-molecular-weight anticancer agents and imaging probes. Specifically, it could achieve synergetic therapeutic effects, demonstrating stronger killing effects to MDR cancer cells by combining the inorganic nanocarriers with other treatment manners, such as RNA interference and thermal therapy. Moreover, the inorganic nanocarriers could provide imaging functions to help monitor treatment responses, e.g., drug resistance and therapeutic effects, as well as analyze the mechanism of MDR by molecular imaging modalities. In this review, the mechanisms involved in cancer MDR and recent advances of applying inorganic nanocarriers for MDR cancer imaging and therapy are summarized. The inorganic nanocarriers may circumvent cancer MDR for effective therapy and provide a way to track the therapeutic processes for real-time molecular imaging, demonstrating high performance in studying the interaction of nanocarriers and MDR cancer cells/tissues in laboratory study and further shedding light on elaborate design of nanocarriers that could overcome MDR for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Peng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Department of UltrasoundXijing HospitalXi'anShaanXi710032China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
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6
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Hildebrand JL, Bains OS, Lee DSH, Kennedy CJ. Functional and energetic characterization of P-gp-mediated doxorubicin transport in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:65-72. [PMID: 18664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of energetic costs associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated xenobiotic efflux is important in understanding the energy budgets, tradeoffs, and fitness of organisms inhabiting contaminated environments. Here, a functional characterization and determination of the energetic costs associated with doxorubicin (DOX) efflux was examined in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout. The accumulation and efflux of DOX were both concentration dependent. The efflux of DOX over a 3 h incubation period resulted in a significant decrease in intracellular ATP concentrations (maximum decrease 25%) compared to control baseline levels, while significant increases in concentrations of ADP (max. 26%), AMP (max. 36%) and inorganic phosphate (max. 11%). were observed. In addition, significant reductions in the adenylate energy charge ([AEC]: max 11%), and phosphorylation potential ([PP]: max. 53%) were shown in cells incubated with DOX compared to control cells. Inhibition of DOX efflux (max. 61%) by the non-competitive P-gp inhibitor tariquidar (XR9576), demonstrated that changes in ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate concentrations, AEC and PP in DOX-exposed hepatocytes were mainly due to P-gp activity. Overall, these results indicate that the exposure of trout hepatocytes to DOX increases energetic and metabolic costs that are associated specifically with P-gp efflux activity.
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7
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Zwiers LH, Roohparvar R, de Waard MA. MgAtr7, a new type of ABC transporter from Mycosphaerella graminicola involved in iron homeostasis. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:853-63. [PMID: 17379549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ABC transporter-encoding gene MgAtr7 from the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola was cloned based upon its high homology to ABC transporters involved in azole-fungicide sensitivity. Genomic and cDNA sequences indicated that the N-terminus of this ABC transporter contains a motif characteristic for a dityrosine/pyoverdine biosynthesis protein. This makes MgAtr7 the first member of a new class of fungal ABC transporters harboring both a transporter and a biosynthetic moiety. A homologue of MgAtr7 containing the same biosynthetic moiety was only found in the Fusarium graminearum genome and not in any other fungal genome examined so far. The gene structure of both orthologous transporters is highly conserved and the genomic area surrounding the ABC transporter exhibits micro-synteny between M. graminicola and F. graminearum. Functional analyses revealed that MgAtr7 is neither required for virulence nor involved in fungicide sensitivity but indicated a role in maintenance of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lute-Harm Zwiers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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P-glycoprotein expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yu C, Kastin AJ, Tu H, Waters S, Pan W. TNF activates P-glycoprotein in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:853-8. [PMID: 17982267 DOI: 10.1159/000110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Multidrug resistance proteins (MDRs, including P-glycoproteins) are efflux pumps that serve important biological functions but hinder successful drug delivery to the CNS. Many chemotherapeutic agents, anti-epileptics, anti-HIV drugs, and opiates are substrates for MDRs. Therefore, understanding the regulation of MDRs in the endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier has therapeutic implications. METHODS We used microarray, real time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and uptake of vinblastine by RBE4 cerebral endothelial cells to test the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) on the expression and functions of P-glycoprotein (MDR1). RESULTS The proinflammatory cytokine TNF specifically induced the expression and enhanced the function of MDR1 in RBE4 cells. The persistent upregulation of MDR1 mRNA was shown by cDNA microarray at 6, 12, and 24 h after TNF treatment. This was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR between 2 and 24 h. MDR1 protein expression was increased 6 to 24 h after TNF treatment and resulted in a significant reduction in the cellular uptake of (3)H-vinblastine. CONCLUSION The drug efflux transporter in cerebral endothelial cells can be upregulated by TNF. This suggests that adjunctive anti-TNF treatment has novel therapeutic potential in conditions such as brain cancer, epilepsy, neuroAIDS, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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10
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Abstract
The rapidly dividing cleavage stages of embryos do not have the typical responses to cell damage, such as induction of the heat shock response, use of mitotic checkpoints, or use of apoptosis to eliminate severely damaged cells. This could create problems with integrity of DNA, but the solution in these embryos appears to be a "be prepared" approach, in which specific adaptations are used to minimize DNA damage during cleavage and the use of apoptosis at the mid-blastula transition to remove any cells that were nevertheless damaged. It has been assumed that this approach has evolved because of the advantage of rapid production of a motile larvae. Alternatively, this particular approach may have the selective advantage of increasing mutation rate when there are greater environmental stresses. This could provide more variants on which selective pressures could act and thus accelerate evolution during environmentally stressful periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Epel
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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11
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Connolly L, Moran E, Larkin A, Scheffer G, Scheper R, Sarkadi B, Kool M, Clynes M. A new monoclonal antibody, P2A8(6), that specifically recognizes a novel epitope on the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), but not on MRP2 nor MRP3. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 20:333-41. [PMID: 11839251 DOI: 10.1089/15368590152740734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major problem in the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), is associated with MDR in certain tumors. A number of MRP1-specific MAbs, which facilitate both clinical and experimental investigations of this protein, are available. To add to this panel of existing antibodies, we have now generated an additional MRP1-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), P2A8(6), which detects a unique heat stable epitope on the MRP1 molecule. Female Wistar rats were immunized via footpad injections with a combination of two short synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 235-246 (peptide A) and 246-260 (peptide B) of the MRP1 protein. Immune reactive B cells were then isolated from the popliteal lymph nodes for fusion with SP2/O-Ag14 myeloma cells. Resultant hybridoma supernatants were screened for MRP1-specific antibody production. Antibody P2A8(6) was characterized by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry on paired multidrug resistant (MRP1 overexpressing) and sensitive parental cell lines. The antibody detects a protein of 190 kDa in MRP1-expressing cell lines but not in MRP2- or MRP3-transfected cell lines. P2A8(6) stains drug-selected and MRP1-transfected cell lines homogeneously by immunocytochemistry and recognizes MRP1 by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections. Peptide inhibition studies confirm that P2A8(6) reacts with peptide B (amino acids 246-260), therefore recognizing a different epitope from that of all currently available MRP1 MAbs. This new MAb, chosen for its specificity to the MRP1 protein, may be a useful addition to the currently available range of MRP1-specific MAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Connolly
- National Cell and Tissue Culture Centre/Bioresearch Ireland, D.C.U., Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Nielsen D, Maare C, Eriksen J, Litman T, Skovsgaard T. Expression of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance associated protein in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:1050-7. [PMID: 11704330 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize irradiated murine tumor cells with respect to drug resistance, drug kinetics, and ATPase activity, and to evaluate the possible role of P-glycoprotein (PGP) and murine multidrug resistance associated protein (Mrp1) in the drug-resistant phenotype of these cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Sensitive Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EHR2) were in vitro exposed to fractionated irradiation (60 Gy). Western blot analysis was performed for determination of PGP and Mrp1, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for determination of mdr1a + b mRNA, and semiquantitative RT-PCR for Mrp1 mRNA. The clonogenic assay was applied to investigate sensitivity, whereas the steady-state drug accumulation of daunorubicin (DNR), 3H-vincristine (VCR), and 3H-etoposide (VP16) was measured by spectrofluorometry and scintillation counting, respectively. For determining of ATPase activity, the release of inorganic phosphate from ATP was quantified using a colorimetric method. RESULTS Compared with EHR2, the irradiated cell line EHR2/irr showed increased expression of PGP (threefold), Mrp1 (eightfold), and Mrp1 mRNA (sixfold), and a slight reduction of mdr1b mRNA, whereas mdr1a was present in EHR2 but could not be detected in EHR2/irr. EHR2/irr developed sixfold resistance to VP16, twofold resistance to vincristine, but remained sensitive to DNR. Addition of the PGP inhibitor, verapamil (VER) or depletion of glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) partly reversed the resistance in EHR2/irr. In EHR2/irr, the steady-state accumulation of 3H-VCR and 3H-VP16 was significantly decreased as compared with EHR2, whereas the accumulation of DNR was unchanged. The ATPase activity of plasma membrane vesicles prepared from EHR2/irr cells was similar to that of wild-type EHR2 cells. The ATPase activity was neither stimulated by vinblastine nor VER. CONCLUSION Irradiation induced a multidrug-resistant phenotype in sensitive tumor cells. This phenotype was characterized by increased expression of Mrp1 mRNA, Mrp1, and PGP but decreased expression of mdr1a + b mRNA. The influence of irradiation on PGP and Mrp1 expression seemed to be different.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/radiation effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/radiotherapy
- Daunorubicin/metabolism
- Daunorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Etoposide/metabolism
- Etoposide/therapeutic use
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/radiation effects
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- Verapamil/pharmacology
- Vincristine/metabolism
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
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13
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Mahmood B, Daood MJ, Hart C, Hansen TW, Watchko JF. Ontogeny of P-glycoprotein in mouse intestine, liver, and kidney. J Investig Med 2001; 49:250-7. [PMID: 11352182 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.33969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an ATP-dependent, integral plasma-membrane efflux pump that is constitutively expressed on (i) adult apical brush-border epithelial cells of the intestine, (ii) the bile canalicular face of hepatocytes, and (iii) the brush border epithelium of renal proximal tubules. This Pgp tissue distribution and localization affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of Pgp substrates. Little is known regarding the ontogeny of Pgp expression in these tissues. METHODS Postnatal expression of Pgp on brush border membranes of small intestine, liver, and kidney as a function of maturity from birth through adulthood was determined using Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemical techniques. Tissue was isolated from FVB mice at four different ages: day of life 0 (D0), day of life 7 (D7), day of life 21 (D21), and adult (Ad). The relative expression of Pgp protein on Western immunoblots was assessed by scanning densitometry and indexed as a percentage (mean+/-SEM) of the adult levels. RESULTS On Western immunoblots, Pgp expression was limited at birth (19+/-6% of Ad) and increased significantly with maturation in intestine (ANOVA, P<0.005). In contrast, hepatic (113+/-12% of Ad) and renal (96+/-15% of Ad) Pgp expression were at adult levels at birth. The tissue-specific developmental pattern of Pgp expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Pgp is expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated fashion and speculate that developmental modulation of intestine-Pgp expression may affect the oral bioavailability of Pgp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mahmood
- Department of Pediatrics, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Sister of P-glycoprotein (spgp) is a gene that is closely related to the P-glycoprotein family (Pgps). This class of proteins belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters and is known for its involvement in pharmacological drug interactions. Therefore, this study investigated the distribution of spgp expression in different tissues known for their high levels of Pgps expression such as brain, liver, kidney, small- and large-gut mucosa. Analysis was done by using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition to a high expression in the liver, we were able to demonstrate a significant spgp expression in brain grey cortex, small- and large-gut mucosa. Although Pgps are expressed in the kidney and brain capillary endothelial cells, no expression of spgp was detected in these tissues, which might indicate that spgp has no function in the blood-brain barrier and is not involved in the renal excretion of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Török
- Dept. of Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Nakamura T, Oka M, Aizawa K, Soda H, Fukuda M, Terashi K, Ikeda K, Mizuta Y, Noguchi Y, Kimura Y, Tsuruo T, Kohno S. Direct interaction between a quinoline derivative, MS-209, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in human gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 255:618-24. [PMID: 10049760 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MS-209 is a novel quinoline derivative reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). We investigated the interaction between MS-209 and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in MRP-overexpressing human gastric cancer cells. We measured [3H]leukotriene C4 uptake into the membrane vesicles of the cells and intracellular calcein and [3H]vincristine accumulation with or without MS-209. In multi-drug-resistant MKN45R0.8 cells selected by doxorubicin, MS-209 dose dependently reduced MRP-mediated [3H]leukotriene C4 uptake and increased calcein accumulation. In both resistant and unselected cell lines expressing the MRP gene, MS-209 increased [3H]vincristine accumulation in proportion with the level of MRP mRNA expression and enhanced the cytotoxicity of etoposide, doxorubicin, and vincristine. The reversal effects correlated with the level of MRP mRNA expression in these cells. Our results indicate that MS-209 effectively reverses intrinsic and acquired MRP-mediated MDR of gastric cancer cells by interacting directly with MRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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16
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Larkin A, Moran E, Alexander D, Doherty G, Connolly L, Kennedy SM, Clynes M. A new monoclonal antibody that specifically recognises the MDR-3-encoded gene product. Int J Cancer 1999; 80:265-71. [PMID: 9935209 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990118)80:2<265::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The MDR-3-encoded P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is highly expressed in liver and is thought to function as a hepatic transporter of phospholipids into bile. However its role, if any, in other tissues remains undefined. Although transfection experiments have indicated that it may be unable to confer drug resistance, there is evidence that it may be involved in drug resistance in certain B-cell leukaemias. To date, most work on clinical samples has been performed at the mRNA level; limited work has been performed using polyclonal antibodies raised to MDR-3 and mdr-2 (the murine equivalent of MDR-3). We have generated a new monoclonal antibody, termed 6/1G, which specifically recognises the human MDR-3 gene-encoded product. Antibody 6/1G was produced by in vitro immunisation of spleen cells from BALB/c mice with a synthetic 12-amino acid peptide. Cells from MDR-3 transgenic mice showed consistent membranous staining with antibody 6/1G. Immunoblotting with 6/1G identified a band at 170 kDa on lysates of MDR-3 transgenic cells. Preliminary results with a range of B-cell leukaemias suggest that MDR-3 Pgp positivity may be a marker for a more malignant phenotype in B-CLL. Antibody 6/1G may be useful in defining a role for MDR-3 in malignancy and drug resistance, as well as in certain liver diseases such as progressive familial intracholeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larkin
- National Cell and Tissue Culture Centre, Bioresearch Ireland, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Croop
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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18
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Epel D. Use of multidrug transporters as first lines of defense against toxins in aquatic organisms. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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van de Vrie W, Marquet RL, Stoter G, De Bruijn EA, Eggermont AM. In vivo model systems in P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1998; 35:1-57. [PMID: 9532418 DOI: 10.1080/10408369891234165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article we review the in vivo model systems that have been developed for studying P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in the preclinical setting. Rodents have two mdr genes, both of which confer the MDR phenotype: mdr 1a and mdr 1b. At gene level they show strong homology to the human MDR1 gene and the tissue distribution of their gene product is very similar to P-glycoprotein expression in humans. In vivo studies have shown the physiological roles of P-glycoprotein, including protection of the organism from damage by xenobiotics. Tumors with intrinsic P-glycoprotein expression, induced MDR or transfected with an mdr gene, can be used as syngeneic or xenogenic tumor models. Ascites, leukemia, and solid MDR tumor models have been developed. Molecular engineering has resulted in transgenic mice that express the human MDR1 gene in their bone marrow and in knockout mice missing a murine mdr gene. The data on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity of chemosensitizers of P-glycoprotein in vivo are described. Results from studies using monoclonal antibodies directed against P-glycoprotein and other miscellaneous approaches for modulation of MDR are mentioned. The importance of in vivo studies prior to clinical trials is being stressed and potential pitfalls due to differences between species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van de Vrie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
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20
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Davies TG, Theodoulou FL, Hallahan DL, Forde BG. Cloning and characterisation of a novel P-glycoprotein homologue from barley. Gene 1997; 199:195-202. [PMID: 9358056 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoproteins are members of a large superfamily of transport proteins (the 'traffic ATPases') that utilize ATP to translocate a wide range of substrates across biological membranes. Using a PCR-based approach, and degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to conserved motifs, two 300-bp cDNA fragments (pBMDR1 and pBMDR2) with a significant sequence similarity to mammalian P-glycoproteins were amplified from barley (Hordeum vulgare) root poly A+ RNA and used as probes to screen a barley root cDNA library. A single full-length clone pHVMDR2 coding for a polypeptide of 1232 residues (c. 134 kDa) was isolated. Comparison of this barley sequence with Arabidopsis ATPGP1 and human MDR1 and MDR3 P-glycoprotein sequences showed that the barley cDNA has 44%, 37% and 38% amino acid (aa) identity, respectively, with these sequences, and conserved structural features. RNase protection analysis showed that HVMDR2 mRNA is expressed at low levels in both barley roots and leaves. Southern blot analyses indicated that there is a small multigene family related to P-glycoproteins in barley. Possible functions for these barley P-glycoproteins are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Hordeum/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Plant Roots/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Davies
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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21
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Vesicular Anthracycline Accumulation in Doxorubicin-Selected U-937 Cells: Participation of Lysosomes. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.10.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe U-A10 cell line, a doxorubicin-selected variant of human U-937 myeloid leukemia cells, exhibits a redistribution of anthracyclines into a expanded vesicular compartment. The acidic nature of this compartment was confirmed by vital staining with a pH sensitive dye, LysoSensor yellow/blue DND-160. Identification of the vesicular compartment was performed by immunofluorescence analysis. Staining for the LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 antigens showed that the vesicles are enlarged lysosomes that are eccentrically placed near the nucleus of U-A10 cells. By contrast, the expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and the P-glycoprotein was observed predominately on the plasma membrane of the drug-resistant cells. The accumulation of daunorubicin into cellular compartments was quantified using radiolabeled drug. Exposing cells to 3[H]-daunorubicin and then isolating intact nuclei showed that nuclei from U-A10 cells accumulated twofold to threefold less anthracycline than nuclei from U-937 cells. However, when nuclei were isolated first and then exposed to 3[H]-daunorubicin, little difference in net nuclear drug accumulation was detected. Cytoplasts prepared from U-A10 and U-937 cells were exposed to 3[H]-daunorubicin to measure cytoplasmic drug accumulation. At external daunorubicin concentrations of 100 ng/mL or higher, cytoplasts from U-A10 cells accumulated significantly more daunorubicin than cytoplasts from U-937 cells. Moreover, studies with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine showed that U-A10 cells accumulated twofold more chloroquine and showed twofold enhanced sensitivity to this agent as compared with parental U-937 cells. Fluorescence microscopy showed that chloroquine affects vesicular anthracycline sequestration in U-A10 cells with an associated increase in daunorubicin nuclear fluorescence. Although chloroquine did not alter anthracycline cytotoxicity in parental cells, it restored daunorubicin and doxorubicin sensitivity to U-A10 cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that U-A10 cells exhibit a redistribution of the lysosomal compartment. The trapping of drug into an expanded acidic vesicular compartment results in decreased nuclear drug accumulation and decreased cytotoxicity. Lysosomotropic agents, such as chloroquine, warrant further study as modulators of this acquired drug-resistance phenotype.
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22
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Abstract
The U-A10 cell line, a doxorubicin-selected variant of human U-937 myeloid leukemia cells, exhibits a redistribution of anthracyclines into a expanded vesicular compartment. The acidic nature of this compartment was confirmed by vital staining with a pH sensitive dye, LysoSensor yellow/blue DND-160. Identification of the vesicular compartment was performed by immunofluorescence analysis. Staining for the LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 antigens showed that the vesicles are enlarged lysosomes that are eccentrically placed near the nucleus of U-A10 cells. By contrast, the expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and the P-glycoprotein was observed predominately on the plasma membrane of the drug-resistant cells. The accumulation of daunorubicin into cellular compartments was quantified using radiolabeled drug. Exposing cells to 3[H]-daunorubicin and then isolating intact nuclei showed that nuclei from U-A10 cells accumulated twofold to threefold less anthracycline than nuclei from U-937 cells. However, when nuclei were isolated first and then exposed to 3[H]-daunorubicin, little difference in net nuclear drug accumulation was detected. Cytoplasts prepared from U-A10 and U-937 cells were exposed to 3[H]-daunorubicin to measure cytoplasmic drug accumulation. At external daunorubicin concentrations of 100 ng/mL or higher, cytoplasts from U-A10 cells accumulated significantly more daunorubicin than cytoplasts from U-937 cells. Moreover, studies with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine showed that U-A10 cells accumulated twofold more chloroquine and showed twofold enhanced sensitivity to this agent as compared with parental U-937 cells. Fluorescence microscopy showed that chloroquine affects vesicular anthracycline sequestration in U-A10 cells with an associated increase in daunorubicin nuclear fluorescence. Although chloroquine did not alter anthracycline cytotoxicity in parental cells, it restored daunorubicin and doxorubicin sensitivity to U-A10 cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that U-A10 cells exhibit a redistribution of the lysosomal compartment. The trapping of drug into an expanded acidic vesicular compartment results in decreased nuclear drug accumulation and decreased cytotoxicity. Lysosomotropic agents, such as chloroquine, warrant further study as modulators of this acquired drug-resistance phenotype.
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23
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Bosch I, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Wu RL, Furlong ST, Croop J. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine behave as substrates of the human MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Biochemistry 1997; 36:5685-94. [PMID: 9153408 DOI: 10.1021/bi962728r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The multidrug resistant cell line CEM/VBL300 and the parental CEM T-lymphoblastic cell line from which it was derived were used to study the accumulation of fluorescent phospholipid analogs of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS). The fluorescent analogs NBD-PC, NBD-PE, and NBD-PS and [3H]PC were delivered in liposomes prepared by ethanol injection. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated decreased accumulation of the NBD-PC analog in the multidrug resistant cell line compared to the parental cell line. Verapamil enhanced NBD-PC accumulation in the resistant cells. Similar results were obtained with insect cells expressing high levels of recombinant human MDR1. Elimination of NBD fluorescence on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane with dithionite permitted quantification of the internal cellular fluorescence by FACS analysis. The drug resistant CEM/VBL300 cells accumulated approximately 10% the amount of NBD-PE and 20% the amount of NBD-PC compared to CEM drug sensitive cells. No difference in internal accumulation of NBD-PS was found between the drug resistant and drug sensitive cell lines. The internal accumulation of NBD-PE and NBD-PC was enhanced by the MDR reversal agents verapamil, cyclosporin A, and SDZ PSC 833 in the CEM/VBL300 cells but not in the CEM cells. The increased accumulation was dose dependent, and the relative potency of the reversal agents paralleled their ability to circumvent multidrug resistance. In addition, the monoclonal antibody UIC2 directed against the P-glycoprotein produced similar results. The evidence presented here suggests that PC and PE but not PS behave as substrates for human MDR1 P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bosch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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24
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Croop JM, Tiller GE, Fletcher JA, Lux ML, Raab E, Goldenson D, Son D, Arciniegas S, Wu RL. Isolation and characterization of a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila white gene. Gene 1997; 185:77-85. [PMID: 9034316 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster white gene is a member of the ABC transporter superfamily of ATPase transmembrane proteins and is involved in the cellular uptake of guanine and tryptophan. We have cloned and sequenced human and mouse homologs of white which share 55-58% amino acid similarity with the Drosophila protein. Northern analysis reveals that the mammalian homolog is highly expressed in several tissues, including brain, spleen, lung and placenta. We have localized the gene to human chromosome 21q22.3 by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization and linkage analysis using a (CA)n polymorphism. The human homolog maps to the interval between D21S212 and D21S171, a region which includes loci for bipolar affective disorder and a recessive form of deafness. Since tryptophan is a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and neurotoxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, we propose that the human homolog of white is a suitable candidate gene for these neurological disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Croop
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The multidrug resistance proteins, discovered as membrane transporters producing chemotherapy-resistance in cancer, are functioning as complex cellular defence systems through recognition and energy-dependent removal of a large variety of toxic agents. The multidrug transporters belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, present both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and built from a combination of characteristic membrane-spanning helices and cytoplasmic ATP-binding domains. In mammals the MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) extrudes large hydrophobic compounds and provides the basis of the blood-brain and the blood-testis barrier for such molecules. The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and its homologues have a major role in the cellular export of large organic anions, including e.g. conjugated bile salts and glutathione-conjugates. The substrate recognition, that is the self and non-self discrimination and the ATP-dependent foreign agent extrusion are directly coupled within the structure of these large plasma membrane proteins. Here we suggest that the multidrug transporters are essential parts of our immune-defence system, working as 'cellular antitoxic' mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sarkadi
- National Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Membrane Research and Immunopathology Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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26
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Bosch I, Croop J. P-glycoprotein multidrug resistance and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1288:F37-54. [PMID: 8876632 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(96)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Bosch
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Harward Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Abstract
The occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main obstacles in the successful chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. MDR cell lines are resistant to the so-called naturally occurring anti-cancer drugs, such as anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins, but are not cross-resistant to alkylating agents, antimetabolites and cisplatin. So far, three separate forms of MDR have been characterized in more detail: classical MDR, non-Pgp MDR and atypical MDR. Although all three MDR phenotypes have much in common with respect to cross-resistance patterns, the underlying mechanisms certainly differ. Atypical MDR is associated with quantitative and qualitative alterations in topoisomerase II alpha, a nuclear enzyme that actively participates in the lethal action of cytotoxic drugs. Atypical MDR cells do not overexpress P-glycoprotein, and are unaltered in their ability to accumulate drugs. In this review we will focus on classical and non-Pgp MDR. The molecular mechanism of classical and non-Pgp MDR is transcriptional activation of membrane-bound transport proteins. These transport proteins belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transport systems. The classical MDR phenotype is characterized by a reduced ability to accumulate drugs, due to activity of an energy-dependent uni-directional, membrane-bound, drug-efflux pump with broad substrate specificity. The classical MDR drug pump is composed of a transmembrane glycoprotein (P-glyco-protein-Pgp) with a molecular weight of 170 kD, and is, in man, encoded by the so-called multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene. Typically, non-Pgp MDR has no P-gly-coprotein expression, yet has about the same cross-resistance pattern as classical MDR. This non-Pgp MDR phenotype is caused by overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene, which encodes a 190 kD membrane-bound glycoprotein (MRP). MRP probably works by direct extrusion of cytotoxic drugs from the cell and/or by mediating sequestration of the drugs into intracellular compartments, both leading to a reduction in effective intracellular drug concentrations. For the classical MDR phenotype, evidence is accumulating that it plays a role indeed, in clinical drug resistance, especially in some hematological malignancies (acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) and solid tumors (soft tissue sarcomas and neuroblastoma). The association of MRP with clinical drug resistance has not been elaborated, yet, and studies on MRP expression in human cancer have just begun. We found that overexpression of MRP, as determined by RNase protection assay as well as by immunohistochemistry, occurs in several human cancers, among which are cancer of the lung, esophagus, breast and ovary, and leukemias. Further studies are indicated to establish whether elevated MRP expression at diagnosis is an unfavorable prognostic factor for clinical outcome of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nooter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
The human multidrug resistance protein, or P-glycoprotein (Pgp), exhibits a high-capacity drug-dependent ATP hydrolytic activity that is a direct reflection of its drug transport capability. This activity is readily measured in membranes isolated from cultured insect cells infected with a baculovirus carrying the human mdr1 cDNA. The drug-stimulated ATPase activity is a useful alternative to conventional screening systems for identifying high-affinity drug substrates of the Pgp with potential clinical value as chemosensitizers for tumor cells that have become drug resistant. Using this assay system, a variety of drugs have been directly shown to interact with the Pgp. Many of the drugs stimulate the Pgp ATPase activity, but certain drugs bind tightly to the drug-binding site of the Pgp without eliciting ATP hydrolysis. Either class of drugs may be useful as chemosensitizing agents. The baculovirus/insect cell Pgp ATPase assay system may also facilitate future studies of the molecular structure and mechanism of the Pgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Scarborough
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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