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Kumar S, Kumar A, Huhn S, DeVine L, Cole R, Du Z, Betenbaugh M. A Proteomics Approach to Decipher a Sticky CHO Situation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2064-2075. [PMID: 35470426 PMCID: PMC9546176 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells serve as protein therapeutics workhorses, so it is useful to understand what intrinsic properties make certain host cell lines and clones preferable for scale up and production of target proteins. In this study, two CHO host cell lines (H1, H2), and their respective clones were evaluated using comparative TMT‐proteomics. The clones obtained from host H1 showed increased productivity (6.8 times higher) in comparison to clones from host H2. Based on fold‐change analyses, we observed differential regulation in pathways including cell adhesion, aggregation, and cellular metabolism among others. In particular, the cellular adhesion pathway was downregulated in H1, in which podoplanin, an antiadhesion molecule, was upregulated the most in host H1 and associated clones. Phenotypically, these cells were less likely to aggregate and adhere to surfaces. In addition, enzymes involved in cellular metabolism such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and mitochondrial‐d‐lactate dehydrogenase (
d‐LDHm) were also found to be differentially regulated. IDH plays a key role in TCA cycle and isocitrate‐alpha‐ketoglutarate cycle while
d‐LDHm aids in the elimination of toxic metabolite methylglyoxal, involved in protein degradation. These findings will enhance our efforts towards understanding why certain CHO cell lines exhibit enhanced performance and perhaps provide future cell engineering targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Huhn
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Li W, Fan Z, Lin Y, Wang TY. Serum-Free Medium for Recombinant Protein Expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646363. [PMID: 33791287 PMCID: PMC8006267 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, nearly 70% of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) are produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and serum-free medium (SFM) is necessary for their culture to produce RTPs. In this review, the history and key components of SFM are first summarized, and its preparation and experimental design are described. Some small molecule compound additives can improve the yield and quality of RTP. The function and possible mechanisms of these additives are also reviewed here. Finally, the future perspectives of SFM use with CHO cells for RTP production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenlin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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3
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Majewska NI, Tejada ML, Betenbaugh MJ, Agarwal N. N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:311-338. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102419-010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Max L. Tejada
- Bioassay, Impurities and Quality, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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4
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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5
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Razaghi A, Villacrés C, Jung V, Mashkour N, Butler M, Owens L, Heimann K. Improved therapeutic efficacy of mammalian expressed-recombinant interferon gamma against ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:20-29. [PMID: 28803068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human interferon gamma (hIFNγ) affects tumour cells and modulates immune responses, showing promise as an anti-cancer biotherapeutic. This study investigated the effect of glycosylation and expression system of recombinant hIFNγ in ovarian carcinoma cell lines, PEO1 and SKOV3. The efficacy of E. coli- and mammalian-expressed hIFNγ (hIFNγ-CHO and HEK293, glycosylated/de-glycosylated) on cytostasis, cell death (MTT, and Guava-ViaCount® flow-cytometry) and apoptotic signalling (Western blot of Cdk2, histone H3, procaspase-3, FADD, cleaved PARP, and caspase-3) was examined. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography determined the structure of N-linked glycans present in HEK293-expressed hIFNγ (hIFNγ-HEK). PEO1 was more sensitive to hIFNγ than SKOV3, but responses were dose-dependent and expression platform/glycosylation status-independent, whereas SKOV3 responded to mammalian-expressed hIFNγ in a dose-independent manner, only. Complex-type oligosaccharides dominated the N-glycosylation pattern of hIFNγ-HEK with some terminal sialylation and core fucosylation. Cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 were not detected in either cell line, but FADD was expressed in SKOV3 with levels increased following treatment. In conclusion, hIFNγ did not induce apoptosis in either cell line. Mammalian- expressed hIFNγ increased cell death in the drug-resistant SKOV3. The presence of FADD in SKOV3, which may inhibit apoptosis through activation of NF-κB, could serve as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Razaghi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Vincent Jung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Narges Mashkour
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Leigh Owens
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
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6
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Fan Y, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Engineer Medium and Feed for Modulating N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Protein Production in CHO Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:209-226. [PMID: 28493133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the primary expression system for the production of complex recombinant proteins due to their long-term success in industrial scale production and generating appropriate protein N-glycans similar to that of humans. Control and optimization of protein N-glycosylation is crucial, as the structure of N-glycans can largely influence both biological and physicochemical properties of recombinant proteins. Protein N-glycosylation in CHO cell culture can be controlled and tuned by engineering medium, feed, culture process, as well as genetic elements of the cell. In this chapter, we will focus on how to carry out experiments for N-glycosylation modulation through medium and feed optimization. The workflow and typical methods involved in the experiment process will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Rathore AS, Kumar Singh S, Pathak M, Read EK, Brorson KA, Agarabi CD, Khan M. Fermentanomics: Relating quality attributes of a monoclonal antibody to cell culture process variables and raw materials using multivariate data analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1586-99. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S. Rathore
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Indian Inst. of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Indian Inst. of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Mili Pathak
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Indian Inst. of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Erik K. Read
- Div. of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD 20903
| | - Kurt A. Brorson
- Div. of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD 20903
| | - Cyrus D. Agarabi
- Div. of Product Quality Research; Office of Testing and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD 20903
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Div. of Product Quality Research; Office of Testing and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD 20903
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8
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Lattová E, Perreault H, Butler M. Low glucose depletes glycan precursors, reduces site occupancy and galactosylation of a monoclonal antibody in CHO cell culture. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1051-66. [PMID: 26058832 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled feeding of glucose has been employed previously to enhance the productivity of recombinant glycoproteins but there is a concern that low concentrations of glucose could limit the synthesis of precursors of glycosylation. Here we investigate the effect of glucose depletion on the metabolism, productivity and glycosylation of a chimeric human-llama monoclonal antibody secreted by CHO cells. The cells were inoculated into media containing varying concentrations of glucose. Glucose depletion occurred in cultures with an initial glucose ≤5.5 mM and seeded at low density (2.5 × 10(5) cells/mL) or at high cell inoculum (≥2.5 × 10(6) cells/mL) at higher glucose concentration (up to 25 mM). Glucose-depleted cultures produced non-glycosylated Mabs (up to 51%), lower galactosylation index (GI <0.43) and decreased sialylation (by 85%) as measured by mass spectrometry and HPLC. At low glucose a reduced intracellular pool of nucleotides (0.03-0.23 fmoles/cell) was measured as well as a low adenylate energy charge (<0.57). Low glucose also reduced GDP-sugars (by 77%) and UDP-hexosamines (by 90%). The data indicate that under glucose deprivation, low levels of intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars reduced the availability of the immediate precursors of glycosylation. These results are important when applied to the design of fed-batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erika Lattová
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Masaryk University, CEITEC, Proteomics, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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9
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Liu J, Wang J, Fan L, Chen X, Hu D, Deng X, Fai Poon H, Wang H, Liu X, Tan WS. Galactose supplementation enhance sialylation of recombinant Fc-fusion protein in CHO cell: an insight into the role of galactosylation in sialylation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1147-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Mammalian cell-produced therapeutic proteins: heterogeneity derived from protein degradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Costa AR, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Glycosylation: impact, control and improvement during therapeutic protein production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:281-99. [PMID: 23919242 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.793649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the biopharmaceutical industry represented a major revolution for modern medicine, through the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins that brought new hope for many patients with previously untreatable diseases. There is a ever-growing demand for these therapeutics that forces a constant technological evolution to increase product yields while simultaneously reducing costs. However, the process changes made for this purpose may also affect the quality of the product, a factor that was initially overlooked but which is now a major focus of concern. Of the many properties determining product quality, glycosylation is regarded as one of the most important, influencing, for example, the biological activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity of the protein. Consequently, monitoring and control of glycosylation is now critical in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and a requirement of regulatory agencies. A rapid evolution is being observed in this context, concerning the influence of glycosylation in the efficacy of different therapeutic proteins, the impact on glycosylation of a diversity of parameters/processes involved in therapeutic protein production, the analytical methodologies employed for glycosylation monitoring and control, as well as strategies that are being explored to use this property to improve therapeutic protein efficacy (glycoengineering). This work reviews the main findings on these subjects, providing an up-to-date source of information to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal
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12
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Biological Insights into Therapeutic Protein Modifications throughout Trafficking and Their Biopharmaceutical Applications. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:273086. [PMID: 23690780 PMCID: PMC3652174 DOI: 10.1155/2013/273086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the lifespan of therapeutic proteins, from the point of biosynthesis to the complete clearance from tested subjects, they undergo various biological modifications. Therapeutic influences and molecular mechanisms of these modifications have been well appreciated for some while remained less understood for many. This paper has classified these modifications into multiple categories, according to their processing locations and enzymatic involvement during the trafficking events. It also focuses on the underlying mechanisms and structural-functional relationship between modifications and therapeutic properties. In addition, recent advances in protein engineering, cell line engineering, and process engineering, by exploring these complex cellular processes, are discussed and summarized, for improving functional characteristics and attributes of protein-based biopharmaceutical products.
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13
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Applying quality by design to glycoprotein therapeutics: experimental and computational efforts of process control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Niklas J, Priesnitz C, Rose T, Sandig V, Heinzle E. Metabolism and metabolic burden by α1-antitrypsin production in human AGE1.HN cells. Metab Eng 2013; 16:103-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Zhu J. Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1158-70. [PMID: 21968146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Yang M, Butler M. Enhanced erythropoietin heterogeneity in a CHO culture is caused by proteolytic degradation and can be eliminated by a high glutamine level. Cytotechnology 2011; 34:83-99. [PMID: 19003383 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008137712611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular heterogeneity of recombinant humanerythropoietin (EPO) increased during the course of abatch culture of transfected Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells grown in serum-free medium. This wasshown by both an increased molecular weight and pIrange of the isolated EPO at the end of the culture. However, analysis of the N-glycan structures of themolecule by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrateelectrophoresis (FACE) and HPLC anion exchangechromatography indicated a consistent pattern ofglycosylation. Seven glycoforms were identified, thepredominant structure being a fully sialylatedtetra-antennary glycan. The degree of sialylationwas maintained throughout the culture. Analysis ofthe secreted EPO indicated a time-dependent increasein the molecular weight band width of the peptideconsistent with proteolytic degradation. A highglutamine concentration (16-20 mM) in the culturedecreased the apparent degradation of the EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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17
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Guan YH, Kemp RB. On-line heat flux measurements improve the culture medium for the growth and productivity of genetically engineered CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 30:107-20. [PMID: 19003360 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008038515285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasingly competitive commercial production of target proteins by hybridoma and genetically engineered cells, there is an urgent requirement for biosensors to monitor and control on-line and in real time the growth of cultured cells. Since growth is accompanied by an enthalpy change, heat dissipation measured by calorimetry could act as an index for metabolic flow rate. Recombinant CHO cell suspensions producing interferon-gamma were pumped to an on-line flow calorimeter. The results showed that an early reflection of metabolic change is size-specific heat flux obtained from dividing heat flow rate by the capacitance change of the cell suspension, using the on-line probe of a dielectric spectroscope. Comparison of heat flux with glucose and glutamine fluxes indicated that the former most accurately reflected decreased metabolic activity. Possibly this was due to accumulation of lactate and ammonia resulting from catabolic substrates being used as biosynthetic precursors. Thus, the heat flux probe is an ideal on-line biosensor for fed-batch culture. A stoichiometric growth reaction was formulated and data for material and heat fluxes incorporated into it. This showed that cell demand for glucose and glutamine was in the stoichiometric ratio of approximately 3:1 rather than the approximately 5:1 in the medium. It was demonstrated that the set of stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction were related through the extent of reaction (advancement) to overall metabolic activity (flux). The fact that this approach can be used for medium optimisation is the basis for an amino-acid-enriched medium which improved cell growth while decreasing catabolic fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Guan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
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18
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Lamotte D, Buckberry L, Monaco L, Soria M, Jenkins N, Engasser JM, Marc A. Na-butyrate increases the production and alpha2,6-sialylation of recombinant interferon-gamma expressed by alpha2,6- sialyltransferase engineered CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 29:55-64. [PMID: 19003337 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008080432681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-human like glycosylation pattern in human recombinant glycoproteins expressed by animal cells may compromise their use as therapeutic drugs. In order to correct the CHO glycosylation machinery, a CHO cell line producing recombinant human interferon- gamma (IFN) was transformed to replace the endogenous pseudogene with a functional copy of the enzyme alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (alpha2,6-ST). Both the parental and the modified CHO cell line were propagated in serum-free batch culture with or without 1 mM sodium butyrate. Although Na-butyrate inhibited cell growth, IFN concentration was increased twofold. The IFN sialylation status was determined using linkage specific sialidases and HPLC. Under non- induced conditions, IFN expressed by alpha2,6-engineered cells contained 68% of the total sialic acids in the alpha2,6- conformation and the overall molar ratio of sialic acids to IFN was 2.3. Sodium butyrate addition increased twofold the molar ratio of total sialic acids to IFN and 82% of total sialic acids on IFN were in the alpha2,6-conformation. In contrast, no effect of the sodium butyrate was noticed on the sialylation of the IFN secreted by the alpha2,6-ST deficient parental cell line. This study deals for the first time with the effect of Na-butyrate on CHO cells engineered to produce human like sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lamotte
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC, 1, rue Grandville, BP 451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
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del Val IJ, Kontoravdi C, Nagy JM. Towards the implementation of quality by design to the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired glycosylation patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1505-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Clincke MF, Guedon E, Yen FT, Ogier V, Roitel O, Goergen JL. Effect of surfactant pluronic F-68 on CHO cell growth, metabolism, production, and glycosylation of human recombinant IFN-γ in mild operating conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 27:181-90. [PMID: 21312365 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation to satisfy regulatory requirements and quality consistency of recombinant proteins produced by different processes has become an important issue. With two N-glycosylation sites, γ-interferon (IFN-γ) can be seen as a prototype of a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein for this purpose. The effect of the nonionic surfactant Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) on cell growth and death was investigated, as well as production and glycosylation of recombinant IFN-γ produced by a CHO cell line that was maintained in a rich protein-free medium in the absence or presence of low agitation. Under these conditions, a dose-dependent effect of PF-68 (0-0.1%) was shown not only to significantly enhance growth but also to reduce cell lysis. Interestingly, supplementing the culture medium with PF-68 led to increased IFN-γ production as a result of both higher cell densities and a higher specific production rate of IFN-γ. If cells were grown with agitation, lack of PF-68 in the culture medium decreased the fraction of the fully glycosylated IFN-γ glycoform (2N) from 80% to 65-70% during the initial period. This effect appeared to be due to a lag phase in cell growth observed during this period. Finally, a global kinetic study of CHO cell metabolism indicated higher efficiency in the utilization of the two major carbon substrates when cultures were supplemented with PF-68. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of understanding how media surfactant can affect cell growth as well as cell death and the product quality of a recombinant glycoprotein expressed in CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Clincke
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR-CNRS 3349, ENSAIA-INPL, Nancy Université, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Gawlitzek M, Estacio M, Fürch T, Kiss R. Identification of cell culture conditions to control N-glycosylation site-occupancy of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:1164-75. [PMID: 19418565 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different cell culture conditions on N-glycosylation site-occupancy has been elucidated for two different recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and a recombinant enzyme (glycoprotein 2-GP2). Both molecules contain a N-glycosylation site that is variably occupied. Different environmental factors that affect the site-occupancy (the degree of occupied sites) of these molecules were identified. Supplementing the culture medium with additional manganese or iron increased the fraction of fully occupied t-PA (type I t-PA) by approximately 2.5-4%. Decreasing the cultivation temperature from 37 to 33 degrees C or 31 degrees C gradually increased site-occupancy of t-PA up to 4%. The addition of a specific productivity enhancer, butyrate, further increased site-occupancy by an additional 1% under each cultivation temperature tested. In addition, the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased site-occupancy of t-PA compared to control conditions by about 2%. In contrast, the addition of relevant nucleoside precursor molecules involved in N-glycan biosynthesis (e.g., uridine, guanosine, mannose) either had no effect or slightly reduced site-occupancy. For the recombinant enzyme (GP2), it was discovered that culture pH and the timing of butyrate addition can be used to control N-glycan site-occupancy within a specific range. An increase in culture pH correlated with a decrease in site-occupancy. Similarly, delaying the timing for butyrate addition also decreased site-occupancy of this molecule. These results highlight the importance of understanding how cell culture conditions and media components can affect the product quality of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in mammalian cell cultures. Furthermore, the identification of relevant factors will enable one to control product quality attributes, specifically N-glycan site-occupancy, within a specific range when applied appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gawlitzek
- Manufacturing Sciences & Technology, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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22
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Hossler P, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture. Glycobiology 2009; 19:936-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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23
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Kochanowski N, Blanchard F, Cacan R, Chirat F, Guedon E, Marc A, Goergen JL. Influence of intracellular nucleotide and nucleotide sugar contents on recombinant interferon-gamma glycosylation during batch and fed-batch cultures of CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:721-33. [PMID: 18496872 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Both the macroheterogeneity of recombinant human IFN-gamma produced by CHO cells and intracellular levels of nucleotides and sugar nucleotides, have been characterized during batch and fed-batch cultures carried out in different media. Whereas PF-BDM medium was capable to maintain a high percentage of the doubly- glycosylated glycoforms all over the process, mono-glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms increased during the batch culture using SF-RPMI medium. Intracellular level of UTP was higher in PF-BDM all over the batch culture compared to the SF-RPMI process. UDP-Gal accumulated only during the culture performed in PF-BDM medium, probably as a consequence of the reduced UDP-Glc synthesis flux in SF-RPMI medium. When the recombinant CHO cells were cultivated in fed-batch mode, the UTP level remained at a relatively high value in serum-containing RPMI and its titer increased during the fed-phase indicating an excess of biosynthesis. Besides, an accumulation of UDP-Gal occurred as well. Those results all together indicate that UTP and UDP-Glc syntheses in CHO cells cultivated in SF-RPMI medium in batch process, could be limiting during the glycosylation processes of the recombinant IFN-gamma. At last, the determination of the energetic status of the cells over the three studied processes suggested that a relationship between the adenylate energy charge and the glycosylation macroheterogeneity of the recombinant IFN-gamma may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kochanowski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, UPR CNRS 6811, ENSAIA-INPL-2, avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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24
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de la Luz-Hernández K, Rojas-del Calvo L, Rabasa-Legón Y, Lage-Castellanos A, Castillo-Vitlloch A, Díaz J, Gaskell S. Metabolic and proteomic study of NS0 myeloma cell line following the adaptation to protein-free medium. J Proteomics 2008; 71:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Baik JY, Joo EJ, Kim YH, Lee GM. Limitations to the comparative proteomic analysis of thrombopoietin producing Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with sodium butyrate. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:461-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Related effects of cell adaptation to serum-free conditions on murine EPO production and glycosylation by CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2006; 52:39-53. [PMID: 19002864 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity to perform serum-free cultures to produce recombinant glycoproteins generally requires an adaptation procedure of the cell line to new environmental conditions, which may therefore induce quantitative and qualitative effects on the product, particularly on its glycosylation. In previous studies, desialylation of EPO produced by CHO cells was shown to be dependent on the presence of serum in the medium. In this paper, to discriminate between the effects of the adaptation procedure to serum-free medium and the effects of the absence of serum on EPO production and glycosylation, adapted and non-adapted CHO cells were grown in serum-free and serum-containing media. The main kinetics of CHO cells were determined over batch processes as well as the glycosylation patterns of produced EPO by HPCE-LIF. A reversible decrease in EPO production was observed when cells were adapted to SFX-CHO(TM) medium, as the same cells partially recovered their production capacity when cultivated in serum-containing medium or in the enriched SFM(TM) serum-free medium. More interestingly, EPO desialylation that was not observed in both serum-free media was restored if the serum-independent cells were recultured in presence of serum. In the same way, while the serum-independent cells did not release a sialidase activity in both serum-free media, a significant activity was recovered when serum was added. In fact, the cell adaptation process to serum-free conditions did not specifically affect the sialidase release and the cellular mechanism of protein desialylation, which appeared to be mainly related to the presence of serum for both adapted and non-adapted cells.
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27
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Pritchett J, Baldwin SA. The effect of nitrogen source on yield and glycosylation of a human cystatin C mutant expressed in Pichia pastoris. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 31:553-8. [PMID: 15662545 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human cystatin C is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor with potential applications as an anti-viral agent, cancer tumor growth inhibitor, and in prevention of proteolysis during food processing. A glycosylated cystatin C mutant with increased temperature stability was developed for the latter application [Nakamura et al. (1998) FEBS Lett 427:252-254]. A recombinant variant of cystatin C [Nakamura et al. (2000) International patent no. PLTCA99/00717] with two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation was expressed in Pichia pastoris Mut(s). Little of the cystatin C produced was in the glycosylated form under fermentation conditions of pH 6, temperature 28 degrees C, methanol only feed, and ammonium hydroxide as a nitrogen source. Thus, the effect of addition of complex nitrogen sources, peptone and amino acid supplements, on the yield and glycosylation of this mutant cystatin C were investigated. A full factorial design experiment using 2-l fermenters was performed with three factors: ammonium hydroxide, peptone, and an amino acid mix, at two levels, absent or present. Peptone addition was found to have a positive, and the most significant, effect on cell specific cystatin C yield. A maximum mutant cystatin C yield of 0.82 mumol (g-dry cell weight)(-1) min(-1) was obtained when all three nitrogen sources were used together. However, under these conditions only 16% of protein was in the glycosylated form since ammonia was found to have a significant negative effect on glycosylation extent. The maximum extent of glycosylation was 30% when peptone and amino acid mix were the only nitrogen sources added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pritchett
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Müthing J, Kemminer SE, Conradt HS, Sagi D, Nimtz M, Kärst U, Peter-Katalinić J. Effects of buffering conditions and culture pH on production rates and glycosylation of clinical phase I anti-melanoma mouse IgG3 monoclonal antibody R24. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:321-34. [PMID: 12783488 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
R24, a mouse IgG3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ganglioside GD3 (Neu5Acalpha8Neu5Acalpha3Gal beta4Glcbeta1Cer), can block tumor growth as reported in a series of clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma. The IgG molecule basically contains an asparagine-linked biantennary complex type oligosaccharide on the C(H)2 domain of each heavy chain, which is necessary for its in vivo effector function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biotechnological production and particularly the glycosylation of this clinically important MAb in CO(2)/HCO(3) (-) (pH 7.4, 7.2, and 6.9) and HEPES buffered serum-free medium. Growth, metabolism, and IgG production of hybridoma cells (ATCC HB-8445) were analyzed on a 2-L bioreactor scale using fed-batch mode. Specific growth rates (mu) and MAb production rates (q(IgG)) varied significantly with maximum product yields at pH 6.9 (q(IgG) = 42.9 microg 10(-6) cells d(-1), mu = 0.30 d(-1)) and lowest yields in pH 7.4 adjusted batches (q(IgG) = 10.8 microg 10(-6) cells d(-1), mu = 0.40 d(-1)). N-glycans were structurally characterized by high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), and electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The highest relative amounts of agalacto and monogalacto biantennary complex type oligosaccharides were detected in the pH 7.2 (46% and 38%, respectively) and pH 6.9 (44% and 40%, respectively) cultivations and the uppermost quantities of digalacto (fully galactosylated) structures in the pH 7.4 (32%) and the HEPES (26%) buffered fermentation. In the experiments with HEPES buffering, antibodies with a molar Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc ratio of 3.067 were obtained. The fermentations at pH 7.2 and 6.9 resulted in almost equal molar Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc ratios of 1.008 and 0.985, respectively, while the alkaline shift caused a moderate overexpression of Neu5Ac deduced from the Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc quotient of 1.411. Different culture buffering gave rise to altered glycosylation pattern of the MAb R24. Consequently, a detailed molecular characterization of MAb glycosylation is generally recommended as a part of the development of MAbs for targeted in vivo immunotherapy to assure biochemical consistency of product lots and oligosaccharide-dependent biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory for Biomedical Analysis, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Cudna RE, Dickson AJ. Endoplasmic reticulum signaling as a determinant of recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:56-65. [PMID: 12432581 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Generation of functional recombinant proteins requires efficient and undisturbed functioning of the ER-Golgi secretory pathway in host cells. In large-scale production, where target proteins are highly overexpressed, this pathway can be easily congested with unfolded or misfolded proteins. Accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to responsibility for protein processing, ER is also an important signaling compartment and a sensor of cellular stress. Two ER responses have been described to arise from the overaccumulation of proteins: unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER overload response (EOR). UPR and EOR employ various mechanisms at the transcriptional and the translational levels to deal efficiently and appropriately with encountered stress. This review will outline the molecular bases of ER functioning and stress response, highlight the relevance of ER signaling to the large-scale cell culture productivity and discuss possible approaches to the improvement of the secretion capacities of recombinant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata E Cudna
- Biochemistry Research Division, School of Biological Sciences, 2.205 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
This unit reviews the stages involved in protein production in mammalian cells using a stable-expression approach. Choice of cell type is discussed, as is transfection of the host cells, methods for selection and amplification of transformants, and growth of cells at appropriate scale for protein production. Since post-transcriptional modification and intracellular protein transportation are important features of recombinant-protein production in mammalian cells, some description of these mechanisms is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gray
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA
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Andersen DC, Bridges T, Gawlitzek M, Hoy C. Multiple cell culture factors can affect the glycosylation of Asn-184 in CHO-produced tissue-type plasminogen activator. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70:25-31. [PMID: 10940860 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001005)70:1<25::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) contains a variably occupied glycosylation site at Asn-184 in naturally produced t-PA and in t-PA produced in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The presence of an oligosaccharide at this site has previously been shown to reduce specific activity and fibrin binding. In this report, the site occupancy of t-PA is shown to increase gradually over the course of batch and fed-batch CHO cultures. Additional cell culture factors, including butyrate and temperature, are also shown to influence the degree of glycosylation. In each of these cases, conditions with decreased growth rate correlate with increased site occupancy. Investigations using quinidine and thymidine to manipulate the cell cycle distribution of cultures further support this correlation between site occupancy and growth state. Comparison of the cell cycle distribution across the range of cell culture factors investigated shows a consistent relationship between site occupancy and the fraction of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These results support a correlation between growth state and site occupancy, which fundamentally differs from site occupancy trends previously observed and illustrates the importance of the growth profile of CHO cultures in producing consistently glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Andersen
- Department of Manufacturing Sciences, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, USA.
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32
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Kadouri A, Spier RE. Some myths and messages concerning the batch and continuous culture of animal cells. Cytotechnology 1997; 24:89-98. [PMID: 22358649 PMCID: PMC3449584 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007932614011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
lt is often assumed that continuous processes are more difficult and less productive than a suite of batch processes for the production of a particular biomolecule. This paper cites two papers which have appeared in the literature which propound this view and examines in detaü the justification for the support of this contention. After reviewing those features where it is alleged that continuous processes are at a disadvantage, the authors of this paper conclude that the opposite is the case and that for suitable processes the most effective way of generating product is by the use of fully continuous processes. The choice of a particular process dependends on a variety of fixed and variable factors which are unique to the process. These factors are discussed and two decision trees are presented which are designed to facilitate the choice of the appropriate process technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kadouri
- Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot, Israel and School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, UK
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Jenkins N, Parekh RB, James DC. Getting the glycosylation right: implications for the biotechnology industry. Nat Biotechnol 1996; 14:975-81. [PMID: 9631034 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0896-975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most extensive of all the posttranslational modifications, and has important functions in the secretion, antigenicity and clearance of glycoproteins. In recent years major advances have been made in the cloning of glycosyltransferase enzymes, in understanding the varied biological functions of carbohydrates, and in the accurate analysis of glycoprotein heterogeneity. In this review we discuss the impact of these advances on the choice of a recombinant host cell line, in optimizing cell culture processes, and in choosing the appropriate level of glycosylation analysis for each stage of product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jenkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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Abstract
One of the major problems faced in the manufacture of recombinant proteins is the assessment and control of product heterogeneity, which is caused mainly by the biological variation in post-translational processing. The past year has witnessed significant improvements both in analytical methods for detecting variation in this processing and in our ability to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jenkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
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Monaco L, Marc A, Eon-Duval A, Acerbis G, Distefano G, Lamotte D, Engasser JM, Soria M, Jenkins N. Genetic engineering of ?2,6-sialyltransferase in recombinant CHO cells and its effects on the sialylation of recombinant interferon-? Cytotechnology 1996; 22:197-203. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00353939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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36
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CHO cell growth and recombinant interferon-? production: Effects of BSA, Pluronic and lipids. Cytotechnology 1996; 19:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00749752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1995] [Accepted: 08/30/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hooker AD, Goldman MH, Markham NH, James DC, Ison AP, Bull AT, Strange PG, Salmon I, Baines AJ, Jenkins N. N-glycans of recombinant human interferon-? change during batch culture of chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 48:639-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260480612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Gawlitzek M, Valley U, Nimtz M, Wagner R, Conradt HS. Characterization of changes in the glycosylation pattern of recombinant proteins from BHK-21 cells due to different culture conditions. J Biotechnol 1995; 42:117-31. [PMID: 7576532 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation patterns of a genetically engineered human interleukin-2 variant glycoprotein (IL-Mu6), produced by BHK-21 cells from long-term suspension and microcarrier cultures in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum were compared. IL-Mu6 was used as a model protein in studying the effect of different controlled cell culture conditions on the expression of N-glycans in recombinant glycoproteins. IL-Mu6 contains a single amino acid substitution (Glu100<==>Asn) generating a potential N-glycosylation recognition site (Asn100-Xxx-Thr/Ser) in addition to the natural O-glycosylation at position Thr3. Parallel cell cultivations were carried out in two continuously perfused 2.5-liter stirred bioreactors under defined culture conditions. Major differences were found in the glycoprotein products obtained during these different cultivation conditions. Serum-free cultures resulted in a higher level of terminal sialylation and proximal alpha 1-6 fucosylation. The ratio of O- to N-glycans as well as the amount of nonglycosylated product and the antennarity of N-linked carbohydrates in the model protein exhibited major differences depending on the presence or absence of serum, the condition of growth and the cultivation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gawlitzek
- Department for Cell Culture Techniques, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung m.b.H., Braunschweig, Germany
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