1
|
Abstract
In addition to specifying cell fate, there is a wealth of evidence that molecular gradients are also primarily responsible for specifying cell polarity, particularly in the plane of epithelial sheets ("planar polarity"). The first compelling evidence of a role for gradients in specifying planar polarity came from transplantation experiments in the insect cuticle. More recent molecular genetic analyses in the fruit fly Drosophila have begun to give insights into the molecular nature of the gradients involved, and how they are interpreted at the cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Strutt
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zrzavý J. Morphological organization of abdominal colour patterns in pyrrhocorid bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Zrzavý J. Morphological organization of abdominal colour patterns in pyrrhocorid bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
Morphogens are in the front line just now. Here I trace how the concept of a morphogen has evolved over the past 100 years and step a little beyond what we already know.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Lawrence
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The wingless/Wnt-1 Signaling Pathway—New Insights into the Cellular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1064-2722(08)60056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- P W Ingham
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hooper JE, Scott MP. The molecular genetic basis of positional information in insect segments. Results Probl Cell Differ 1992; 18:1-48. [PMID: 1475532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-47191-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Hooper
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pattern regulation during the development of the dorsal abdomen in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga agryostoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 200:256-268. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00241295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/1991] [Accepted: 07/05/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Madhavan K, Madhavan MM. Pattern regulation in the ventral histoblasts of the housefly: induction of sternal pattern abnormalities by mechanical wounding of larval epidermal cells. Dev Biol 1990; 139:42-55. [PMID: 2328839 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90277-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In higher Diptera, two nests of diploid cells called the ventral histoblasts, located one on either side of each abdominal segment among the polytene larval epidermal cells, give rise to the sternite and its surrounding pleura. During metamorphosis of the insect, these two groups of cells migrate and meet with each other in the midventral region of the developing adult. The cuticular pattern elements and pigmentation in the fifth sternite of the male housefly, when compared to those of other segments as well as the tergites of both sexes, are quite distinct. The above-mentioned features, coupled with the smaller number and predictable occurrence of one of the pattern elements in this sternite, viz, the primary forceps, help one to determine the developmental potential of the histoblast nest and the regulation of its potential which occur at the time of fusion of the two contralateral nests of this segment. A simple operation of slitting the larval epidermal cells (LEC) in a hemisegment in the vicinity of the histoblast nest or extirpation or rotation of a small rectangular piece of LEC between the ventral nest and the midventral line produced pattern abnormalities including mirror image duplication in the hemisternite. An analysis of these pattern abnormalities in the different segments and, in particular, in the fifth segment provides a dynamic picture of the formation of the median sternite. Further, these abnormalities indicate the significance of the presence of the intervening pleural cells between the confronting hemisternites under experimental conditions. Thus, each of the fifth ventral nests has the developmental potential to form more than half of the final sternite pattern. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the normal median sternite during metamorphosis and for the formation of duplicated hemisternites and their fusion products under experimental conditions are discussed in light of current models of pattern regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Madhavan
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Developmental and genetic studies of the detailed patterns visible on the cuticle of many insects indicates that they are generated, progressively, through cellular interactions between nearest neighbours rather than instructed by gradients of diffusible morphogens.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The question posed by the science of analytical histology is how the properties and interactions of the components of the tissues determine their organization in the organs. The relevant components of the tissues are the cells and the extracellular matrix. The ability of cohering populations of cells to self-assemble structured tissues by cell sorting out offers an important opportunity for the experimental study of the mechanisms by which the cells and extracellular matrix interact to determine structure. The investigator can manipulate the initial organization and the cellular composition of the system and, in favorable situations, the composition of the extracellular matrix and the activities of candidate adhesive molecules. It can reasonably be expected that the recent progress in the characterization of the molecular species involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction will allow the analysis of the molecular basis of tissue organization, with study of the self-assembly of tissue structure during sorting out playing an important role in this analysis. The importance of the differential adhesion hypothesis is its success in describing the rules by which macroscopic tissue structure is governed by the adhesive interactions of cell with cell and cell with extracellular matrix. The DAH describes how the physical forces of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion determine structure. Elucidation of the particular adhesive molecules involved in these interactions (e.g., the CAMs, junctional proteins, and matrix adhesion molecules) will yield an explanation at the biochemical level. A complete understanding of structure requires both levels of explanation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Armstrong
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nübler-Jung K. Insect epidermis: disturbance of supracellular tissue polarity does not prevent the expression of cell polarity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987; 196:286-289. [PMID: 28305549 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1986] [Accepted: 07/21/1986] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The insect integument displays planar tissue polarity in the uniform orientation of polarized cuticular structures. In a body segment, for example, the denticles and bristles produced by the constituent epidermal cells point posteriorly. Colchicine can abolish this uniform orientation while still allowing individual cells to form orientated cuticular structures and thereby to express cell polarity. This suggests that an individual cell in a sheet can establish planar polarity without reference to some kind of covert supracellular cue (such as a morphogen gradient) in the epidermis as a whole. The results also indicate that colchicine interferes - directly or indirectly - with the mechanisms involved in aligning the polarity axes of individual cells into a common orientation, thereby generating supracellular or tissue polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nübler-Jung
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21 a, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nübler-Jung K, Grau V. Pattern control in insect segments: superimposed features of the pattern may be subject to different control mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987; 196:290-294. [PMID: 28305550 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1986] [Accepted: 01/26/1987] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The integument of an insect segment displays two distinct pattern features which are based on different properties of the constituent epidermal cells. Normally, the uniform orientation of epidermal cell polarities ("polarity pattern") is strictly correlated with the sequence of differentiated cells ("differentiation pattern"). Here it is reported that in the integument of the cotton bug Dysdercus epidermal cells can adopt orientations that do not correlate with the pigmentation pattern and which are not compatible with the gradient model. The results indicate that different features of a composite pattern can be independently controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nübler-Jung
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21 a, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21 a, D-7800, Freiburg i.Br., Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Held LI, Duarte CM, Derakhshanian K. Extra tarsal joints and abnormal cuticular polarities in various mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986; 195:145-157. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02439432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1985] [Accepted: 11/07/1985] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
16
|
Nuelle JR, Melchers DM, Mittenthal JE. Measurement with an elastimeter of the stiffness of epithelial vesicles from pupal moth eye. Dev Genes Evol 1986; 195:133-136. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00456110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1985] [Accepted: 10/07/1985] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Stocum DL. The urodele limb regeneration blastema. Determination and organization of the morphogenetic field. Differentiation 1984; 27:13-28. [PMID: 6381198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The idea that the undifferentiated limb regeneration blastema of urodele amphibians is an undetermined and pluripotent structure is examined. A detailed review of the literature shows that this notion has no basis in fact. The data show that the morphogenetic potency of the blastema is restricted to its prospective significance and that this potency can be fully expressed when the blastema is transplanted either to a neutral location or to a regenerating organ of another type. Within this morphogenetic constraint, however, blastema cells have a histogenetic potency that is, at least in some cases, greater than their limb cell phenotype of origin. The morphogenetic responses of the regeneration field to discontinuities suggest that its autonomous determining relationships are based on the inheritance, from parent limb cells, of a graded set of mesodermal positional values specifying the pattern of the amputation plane, and a single epidermal external boundary value. The dividing mesenchymal cells of the blastema change positional value to erase any discontinuity between themselves and the epidermis, and the epidermis acts as a stop signal to inform the mesenchyme when the regenerate boundary has been reached. In vitro experiments suggest that changes in mesenchymal positional value in response to discontinuity can be interpreted in terms of gradients of cell-cell adhesivity, and they focus attention on the importance of molecular studies of blastema cell surfaces for our future understanding of regeneration and morphogenesis in general.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nardi JB, Stocum DL. Surface properties of regenerating limb cells: Evidence for gradation along the proximodistal axis. Differentiation 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Mittenthal JE, Mazo RM. A model for shape generation by strain and cell-cell adhesion in the epithelium of an arthropod leg segment. J Theor Biol 1983; 100:443-83. [PMID: 6834865 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(83)90441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a model for the energetic factors determining the most stable shape of a tubular epithelium such as the hypodermis of an arthropod leg segment. The model uses the analysis by Steinberg (1963) of rearrangement of cells in aggregates under the influence of differential adhesion, combining this analysis with the assumption that the epithelium behaves as an elastic sheet. The epithelium is assumed to consist of blocks of cells with different adhesive affinities, which remain unmixed in a quilt pattern. Rearrangement of cells within each block can adjust the shape of the tube by changing the shapes of the blocks. By means of such rearrangements the tube develops that shape which minimizes a free energy. The free energy is the difference between the energy of mechanical strain due to bending of the epithelium and the work of adhesion among cells. Minimization of the free energy for a cylindrical segment yields a scaling relation involving the length and radius of the segment. Leg segments of Drosophila conformed approximately to this relation, with deviations which suggest that a whole-limb pattern of adhesive affinities modulates the shaping effects of an adhesive pattern repeated in each leg segment. The model also predicts a transient deformation in an epithelium following a grafting operation. For example, deleting a slab of tissue from a tubular segment and reuniting the cut ends should produce a constriction of the tube at the host-graft junction. We propose that patterns of strain and adhesion can provide positional information which regulates subsequent development. Local increases in strain or adhesive disparity may stimulate mitoses; the resulting changes in distribution of cells will affect morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
NARDI JAMESB. Epithelial Invagination: Adhesive Properties of Cells Can Govern Position and Directionality of Epithelial Folding. Differentiation 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1981.tb01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
The proposal that adhesive disparities between inpocketing populations of cells and surrounding epithelia drive epithelial invagination was tested in grafting experiments with moth pupal wing epithelium. Evidence exists that a cellular adhesiveness gradient spans the proximodistal axis of the wing. Although pupal wing cells normally do not invaginate or evaginate, epithelial folding can be induced after exchange of grafts from opposite ends of the proximodistal axis. The hypothesis that cytoskeletal elements are the primary agents in epithelial invagination should be reevaluated.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Meinhardt H, Gierer A. Generation and regeneration of sequence of structures during morphogenesis. J Theor Biol 1980; 85:429-50. [PMID: 7442273 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
26
|
Roseland CR, Schneiderman HA. Regulation and metamorphosis of the abdominal histoblasts ofDrosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 186:235-265. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/1978] [Accepted: 02/14/1979] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
N�bler-Jung K. Pattern stability in the insect segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 186:211-233. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1978] [Accepted: 01/17/1979] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|