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Getoff N, Schittl H, Gerschpacher M, Hartmann J, Danielova I, Quint RM. The effect of progesterone on the electron emission and degradation of testosterone. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:1077-83. [PMID: 21480767 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.569790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent findings that hormones can emit electrons () from their excited singlet state in polar media, it was of importance to study a possible mutual interaction of progesterone (PRG) and testosterone (TES) in this respect. Hormones of highest purity were dissolved in an air-free mixture of 40% triply distilled water and 60% ethanol, because the hormones are unsoluble in water. As energy source for substrate excitation in singlet state served a monochromatic UV-light (254 nm), the emitted electrons were scavenged by chloroethanol, whereby the quantum yield of produced Cl⁻ ions, Q (Cl⁻), is equal to Q(e⁻(aq)). Hormone degradation initiated by the electron emission was studied by HPLC method, using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The quantum yield of emitted e⁻(aq), Q(e⁻(aq)), from TES was 3.6 times higher than that from PRG, which is explained by the different molecular structures of the hormones. Observed 2nd and 3rd maxima of electron emission indicate the ability of TES and PRG products to also eject e⁻(aq), but with lower yield. It can be stated that a part of the emitted electrons from TES are consumed by PRG⁺ leading to a partial regeneration of hormone. The present results offer a deeper insight in the biological behavior of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Getoff
- Section of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Getoff N, Brenn E, Hartmann J, Danielova I. Method for regeneration of hormones: 17β-estradiol, 21α-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone. A pathway for a possible medical application. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Getoff N, Hartmann J, Schittl H, Gerschpacher M, Quint RM. Photo-induced regeneration of hormones by electron transfer processes: Potential biological and medical consequences. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011; 80:890-894. [PMID: 21814301 PMCID: PMC3134113 DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previous results concerning electron transfer processes in biological substances, it was of interest to investigate if hormone transients resulting by e.g. electron emission can be regenerated. The presented results prove for the first time that the hormone transients originating by the electron emission process can be successfully regenerated by the transfer of electrons from a potent electron donor, such as vitamin C (VitC). Investigations were performed using progesterone (PRG), testosterone (TES) and estrone (E1) as representatives of hormones. By irradiation with monochromatic UV light (λ=254 nm) in a media of 40% water and 60% ethanol, the degradation as well as the regeneration of the hormones was studied with each hormone individually and in the mixture with VitC as a function of the absorbed UV dose, using HPLC. Calculated from the obtained initial yields, the determined regeneration of PRG amounted to 52.7%, for TES to 58.6% and for E1 to 90.9%. The consumption of VitC was determined in the same way. The reported results concerning the regeneration of hormones by the transfer of electrons from an electron donor offer a new, promising method for the therapy with hormones. As a consequence of the regeneration of hormones, a decreased formation of carcinogenic metabolites is expected.
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Gerschpacher M, Getoff N, Hartmann J, Schittl H, Danielova I, Ying S, Huber JC, Quint RM. Electron emission and product analysis of estrone: progesterone interactions studied by experiments in vitro. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:496-503. [PMID: 20586552 PMCID: PMC3132449 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.495435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that hormones like progesterone, testosterone, etc. can eject [Formula: see text] (solvated electrons). By means of electron transfer processes via the brain, the hormones communicate with other biological systems in the organism. The present study proves that also estrone is able to emit electrons. Their yield strongly depends on the concentration of the hormone, temperature and on the absorbed energy. The metabolites resulting from this process are likewise able to generate electrons, however with much smaller yields. The formation of the estrone metabolites is studied by HPLC-analyses. In vitro experiments with MCF-7 cells demonstrate the distinct effect of progesterone on the carcinogenity of estrone metabolites. Probable reaction mechanisms for explanation of the observed effects are postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gerschpacher
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Getoff N, Brenn E, Hartmann J, Danielova I. Method for regeneration of hormones: 17β-estradiol, 21α-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone. A pathway for a possible medical application. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 7:303-13. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hormones 17β-estradiol (17βE2), 21α-hydroxyprogesterone (21α-HOPRG) and corticosterone (CORT) were used as representative models for the study. As a source for hormone excitation in singlet state serviced monochromatic UV-light (λ=254 nm), it was stated that the transients resulting by e
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Getoff N, Huber C, Hartmann J, Huber JC, Quint RM. Adrenaline: communication by electron emission. Effect of concentration and temperature. Product analysis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2010; 2:249-255. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBased on the recent findings about the ability of sexual hormones to emit electrons (eHighest purity adrenaline (ADR) and chemicals were used for preparation of aqueous solutions (pH ∼7.4). The excitation of ADR in singlet state was achieved by irradiation of airfree aqueous solution with monochromatic UV light at λ=254 nm. The emitted “solvated electrons” (eIt was found that Q(e
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Getoff N, Gerschpacher M, Hartmann J, Huber JC, Schittl H, Quint RM. The 4-hydroxyestrone: Electron emission, formation of secondary metabolites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:20-4. [PMID: 19926488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE(1)), a typical cancer-inducing metabolite, originating from 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2), was chosen as a model for the studies. The aim was to get a deeper insight in the mechanisms of its ability to initiate cancer. It was found, that 4-OHE(1) can eject electrons (e(aq)(-)), when excited in the singlet state by monochromatic UV-light (lambda=254 nm) in polar media (water:ethanol=40:60 vol.%). The quantum yield Q(e(aq)(-)), determined for various 4-OHE(1) concentrations, is found to be as high as that previously observed for 17beta-E2. It decreases with increasing substrate concentration, but it is enhanced at higher temperature. The ability of 4-OHE(1) to eject as well as to consume and to transfer electrons to other biological systems, classifies it as an electron mediator, similar to 17beta-E2. The 4-OHE(1) transients resulting of the electron emission process are leading to the formation of secondary metabolites. Surprisingly, it was established that the secondary metabolites possess likewise the ability to eject as well as to consume electrons. Hence, they behave similar like 17beta-E2. However, the structure of the secondary formed metabolites, which determinates their biological properties and carcinogenity, depends on the nature of the available reaction partners involved in their formation. A probable reaction mechanism explaining the subject matter is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Getoff
- The University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Section Radiation Biology, A-1090 Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, Austria.
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Getoff N, Schittl H, Hartmann J, Quint RM. Electron emission from photo-excited testosterone in water-ethanol solution. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 94:179-82. [PMID: 19124256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone (TES; 4-androstene-17beta-ol-3-on) is found for the first time to eject electrons from its singlet excited state in water-ethanol solvent mixture. This ability was very recently also observed for 17beta-estradiol (17betaE2) and progesterone (PRG)/1/. With increasing TES-concentration, the yield of solvated electrons (e(s)(-)) is decreasing, because of "associate" formation. At higher absorbed UV-doses (lambda=254 nm) the e(s)(-) yield is passing a sharp maximum by formation of TES-ethanol adducts, which are able likewise to emit electrons when excited. At prolonged irradiation the resulting photolytic products of TES-ethanol adducts are also able to emit electrons. The capability of the hormones: 17betaE2, PRG and TES to eject electrons and the resulting metabolites, some of which can induce cancer, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Getoff
- The University of Vienna, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Section Radiation Biology, A-1090 Vienna, Althanstr. 14, UZAII, Austria.
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Getoff N, Hartmann J, Huber JC, Quint RM. Photo-induced electron emission from 17beta-estradiol and progesterone and possible biological consequences. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:38-41. [PMID: 18499468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It was established for the first time, that the sexual hormones 17beta-estradiol (17betaE2) and progesterone (PRG) are able to emit electrons from their excited single state in water-ethanol mixtures. The yield of the "solvated electrons" (e(s)(-)) depends on the substrate concentration, the ratio of water-alcohol-mixtures and the temperature. The e(s)(-) yield obtained from 17betaE2 is by two orders of magnitude higher than this of PRG. The possible relationship of the resulting hormone transients from 17betaE2 leading via specific metabolites to breast cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Getoff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Section Radiation Biology, The University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII, Austria.
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Getoff N. Radiation- and photoinduced degradation of pollutants in water. A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0197(91)90166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Quantum yields in the photolysis of trichlorobenzenes in cyclohexane, 2-propanol and methanol. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(89)87078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Park HR, Getoff N. Photoinduced decomposition of aqueous formaldehyde in the absence and the presence of CO. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(88)80015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Getoff N. Radiation induced decomposition of biological resistant pollutants in water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART A, APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1986; 37:1103-9. [PMID: 2846474 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2889(86)90134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Data and reaction mechanisms for oxidative decomposition of biological resistant chlorinated hydrocarbons in aerated water under the influence of ionizing radiation are reported. The radiolysis of the pollutants was studied as a function of the absorbed radiation dose, whereby the formation of C1- ions served as an indicator for the degradation process. In addition phenol was also investigated as a representative of aromatic compounds. Based on the experimental data a radiation pretreatment of water is proposed followed by conventional methods for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Getoff
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry and Radiation Chemistry, The University, Vienna, Austria
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Köhler G, Solar S, Getoff N, Holzwarth A, Schaffner K. Relationship between the quantum yields of electron photoejection and fluorescence of aromatic carboxylate anions in aqueous solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(85)85040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vonach W, Getoff N. Formation of eaq− from excited thionine and methylene blue in aqueous solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(83)80063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Halmann M, Bloch S. Glyoxal and malonaldehyde formation by ultraviolet irradiation of aqueous formaldehyde. Biosystems 1979; 11:227-32. [PMID: 543930 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(79)90023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Riboflavin and 12 of its derivatives have been shown to form solvated electrons under ultraviolet irradiation (253.7 nanometers) in various water-methanol solvent mixtures. The highest quantum yield of solvated electrons (about 0.03) was obtained for flavins containing tyrosine on a side chain in the isoalloxazine N-3 or N-10 position. The splitting of hydrogen atoms from excited flavin molecules was also observed. From the results presented here, it can be determined that the semiquinone transients are formed not only by way of the flavin triplet, as usually suggested, but also by the attack of the electrons and hydrogen atoms on flavin molecules in the ground state. This is important, because the flavin radicals remaining after the electron-ejection or hydrogen-splitting processes must also be considered in the subsequent reaction mechanisms. The electron-ejection process from electronically excited flavins has important implications in the photobiology of these compounds.
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