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Oleander A, Hall DR, Bray DP, Burman JPJ. Identification of Female Sex Pheromone for Monitoring the Barred Tooth Striped Moth, Trichopteryx polycommata, a Priority Conservation Species. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:649-656. [PMID: 31407197 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pheromone-baited traps can be excellent tools for sensitive detection of insects of conservation concern. Here, identification of the sex pheromone of Trichopteryx polycommata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), an under-recorded UK priority species, is reported. In analyses of extracts of the pheromone glands of female T. polycommata by gas chromatography coupled to electroantennographic recording from the antenna of a male moth, a single active component was detected. This was identified as (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadiene (Z,Z6,9-19:H) by comparison of its mass spectrum and retention times with those of the synthetic standard. In a pilot field trial in Kent, UK, T. polycommata males were caught in pheromone traps baited with lures loaded with 1 mg and 2 mg (Z,Z)-6,9-19:H. Optimum lure loading was identified in a further five trials in Kent, Sussex and Lancashire where lures of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg loadings were tested. Traps baited with 1 to 10 mg of ZZ6,9-19:H caught significantly more T. polycommata than traps baited with 0 mg and 0.001 mg. In a pilot survey of T. polycommata using pheromone lures around Morecambe Bay, UK, T. polycommata males were captured at 122 new sites within the three counties where trials took place, demonstrating the potential of pheromone monitoring to increase knowledge of abundance, distribution and ecology of this elusive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashen Oleander
- Ecology Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, CT11QU, UK
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Joseph P J Burman
- Ecology Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, CT11QU, UK.
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2
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Javoiš J, Davis RB, Tammaru T. A comparative morphometric study of sensory capacity in geometrid moths. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:380-389. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Javoiš
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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Xu K, Zhao S, Xu JK, Shan MW, Yu JL, Wang YB, Zhang CF, Chen X. Total synthesis of (3Z,9Z,6S,7R) and (3Z,9Z,6R,7S)-6,7-epoxy-3,9-octadecadienes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1342842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Kuan Xu
- Changzhou Municipal Agricultural Commission, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Wei Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Li Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bo Wang
- Changzhou Nimrod Biotech Inc., Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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4
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Yang Y, Zhang L, Guo F, Long Y, Wang Y, Wan X. Reidentification of Sex Pheromones of Tea Geometrid Ectropis obliqua Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:167-175. [PMID: 26491188 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is an important defoliator of the tree crop Camellia sinensis L. in China. The sex pheromones of E. obliqua have not been identified, but have potential importance relative to the biological control of this predator. In this study, the female sex pheromones of E. obliqua were identified and evaluated for use in the monitoring and mass trapping of this pest. The sex pheromone extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identified chemicals were synthesized and applied to wind-tunnel tests and field experiments. (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and 6,7-epoxy-(Z,Z)-3,9-octadecadiene were determined to be the primary sex pheromones produced by the female E. obliqua; the latter elicits the strongest electroantennogram responses from male E. obliqua antennae. However, males did not respond to single components in the wind-tunnel tests. The results of a field-trapping experiment indicated that a 4:6 v/v blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and 6,7-epoxy-(Z,Z)-3,9-octadecadiene was highly effective in attracting male moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China (; ; )
| | - Longwa Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China (; ; ), School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China , and
| | - Yanhua Long
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China , and
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China (; ; )
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China (; ; ),
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Sex pheromone components of three species ofSemiothisa (Geometridae), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and two monoepoxydiene analogs. J Chem Ecol 2013; 13:1371-83. [PMID: 24302239 DOI: 10.1007/bf01012284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/1986] [Accepted: 08/12/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult males ofSemiothisa signaria dispuncta (Walker) were attracted to field traps baited with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-octadecadiene. However, analyses of sex pheromone gland extracts of females of this species by GC-MS and by GC in combination with an electroantennograph detector (GC-EAD) showed the pheromone to be comprised of a mixture of the next lower homologs: (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene. Blends of these two C17 compounds were subsequently found to be more attractive to males in the field than the corresponding C18 mixtures. Sex pheromones of two otherSemiothisa species were also found to contain C17 components. (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene, detected by GC-EAD analysis of a female abdominal tip extract ofS. bicolorata (Fabricius), attracted conspecific males, and this attraction was significantly reduced by additions of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene, the major pheromone component ofS. signaria dispuncta, to the lure. (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxy-heptadecadiene was detected by GC-EAD analysis as the primary male antennal stimulatory component present in abdominal tip extracts ofS. ulsterata (Pearsall), and males of this species were attracted to traps baited with this epoxide. Each of these three C17 compounds constitute previously unknown lepidopteran sex pheromone components. Blends of (Z,Z, Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxyheptadecadiene attracted males of a fourth species,S. delectata Hulst, but no females of this species were obtained to permit analysis of its sex pheromone. The occurrence of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene inS. neptaria (Guenee) females was indicated by GC-MS analysis of an abdominal tip extract; however, no males were attracted to any of the fielded mixtures containing this hydrocarbon.
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6
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Underhill EW, Millar JG, Ring RA, Wong JW, Barton D, Giblin M. Use of a sex attractant and an inhibitor for monitoring winter moth and bruce spanworm populations. J Chem Ecol 2013; 13:1319-30. [PMID: 24302234 DOI: 10.1007/bf01012279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/1986] [Accepted: 08/01/1986] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A single sex pherormone component was isolated from abdominal tip extracts of female Bruce spanworm.Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). This was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene by capillary gas chromatography (GC), electroantennography, and mass spectrometry. In addition, hexane extracts of female abdominal tips from Bruce spanworm and the winter moth.O. brumata L., were analyzed by GC coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). The extracts ofO. bruceata andO. brumata females elicited only a single response, at the same retention time, from antennae of their conspecific and reciprocal males. In field tests conducted in Saskatchewan, traps baited with the synthetic tetraene captured Bruce spanworm males. In tests carried out on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where the two species coexist, both Bruce spanworm and winter moth males were captured. The attractancy of lures containing the synthetic pheromone alone and in combination with several structurally related analogs was field tested at both locations. One of these, an isomer of the natural pheromone, (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene, inhibited the capture of Bruce spanworm males but had no effect upon the number of winter moth males which were taken. Thus, populations of these two very similar species can be distinguished by employing traps baited with pheromone ± the inhibitor. Coneorifice Hara traps were found useful for field trapping males of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Underhill
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, S7N 0W9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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7
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Renou M, Lalanne-Cassou B, Michelot D, Gordon G, Doré JC. Multivariate analysis of the correlation between noctuidae subfamilies and the chemical structure of their sex pheromones or male attractants. J Chem Ecol 2013; 14:1187-215. [PMID: 24276204 DOI: 10.1007/bf01019346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1986] [Accepted: 06/30/1987] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Female-emitted pheromones and sex attractants of Noctuidae were investigated using a specific computer procedure to analyze data collected from the literature. Correspondence analysis was used to survey the structure-activity relationships of sex pheromones in seven subfamilies. Structural, stereochemical, and functional features of active molecules were related to taxonomy. This multidimensional analysis revealed that the prevalent chemical frame of noctuid moth pheromones was a monounsaturated acetate withZ stereochemistry and a double bond on the fifth carbon closest to the nonfunctional branch of the molecule. Possible phylogenetic relationships within Noctuidae and between Noctuidae and other families are discussed in light of the sex pheromone biochemistry. Female sex pheromones appeared to be an additional character to be considered in the classification of noctuid moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renou
- Laboratoire des Médiateurs Chimiques, I.N.R.A., C.N.R.S. Domaine de Brouessy, Magny-les-Hameaux, 78470, Saint Remy les Chevreuse, France
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8
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(3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species. J Chem Ecol 2013; 16:2153-66. [PMID: 24264083 DOI: 10.1007/bf01026927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1989] [Accepted: 12/08/1989] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17-22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
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9
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Identification and field testing of female-produced sex pheromone components of the spring cankerworm,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J Chem Ecol 2013; 16:3393-409. [PMID: 24263437 DOI: 10.1007/bf00982106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1990] [Accepted: 07/02/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two sex pheromone components, 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H), and 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶ H), have been positively identified, and a third component, 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene (6(Z),9(Z)-19 ∶ H) has been tentatively identified from abdominal tip extracts of female spring cankerworm moths,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera∶ Geometridae). The pheromone components were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, electroantennography, mass spectrometry, chemical tests, comparison with standards, and field testing. Only 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H exhibited significant attractant activity when tested alone, and it was potentiated by the other two components. The attractive blend was an 8∶2∶1 ratio of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H/3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H/6Z,9Z-19∶H. However, the two-component blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 ∶ H and 6Z,9Z-19 ∶ H (8∶1 ratio) was as attractive as the three-component blend in further field tests. A series of related compounds, the diene monoepoxides available from epoxidation of C19 and C20 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, some of which have been found in the pheromone blends of other moth species, were tested as behavioral antagonists. The attraction of male moths to synthetic lures was suppressed by the addition of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene to the lures. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of lure dosage, trap height, and trap design on the numbers of male moths captured.
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10
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Millar JG, Giblin M, Barton D, Underhill EW. 3Z,6Z,9Z-Trienes and unsaturated epoxides as sex attractants for geometrid moths. J Chem Ecol 2013; 16:2307-16. [PMID: 24264096 DOI: 10.1007/bf01026940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1989] [Accepted: 02/01/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex attractants for three species of geometrid moths were discovered during field screening of 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, and the racemic monoepoxydienes derived therefrom. MaleProbole amicaria moths were attracted to lure blends containing 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H) with 3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H was positively identified and 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H was tentatively identified in extracts of female pheromone glands by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Sicya macularia male moths were attracted by blends of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-19∶H. The attractive response was strongly antagonized by small amounts of 3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H, or by larger amounts of 3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-19∶H.Lomographa semiclarata male moths were attracted by a variety of lures containing 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H as a major component. 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H was tentatively identified in a female pheromone gland extract by GC-EAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 92521, Riverside, California
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Millar JG, Giblin M, Barton D, Underhill EW. Synthesis and field screening of chiral monounsaturated epoxides as lepidopteran sex attractants and sex pheromone components. J Chem Ecol 2013; 17:911-29. [PMID: 24259075 DOI: 10.1007/bf01395599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1990] [Accepted: 01/23/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically enriched forms of (Z)-6-cis-9,10-epoxymonoenes and (Z)-9-cis-6,7-epoxymonoenes of chain lengths C17-20 were synthesized by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohol intermediates, followed by tosylation or halogenation and chain extension. The resulting monounsaturated epoxides were field tested as sex attractants for lepidopteran species.Euchlaena madusaria Walker males were attracted to blends of the enantiomers of (Z)-6- cis- 9,10-epoxynonadecene 6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-19:H; IUPAC name [2α,3α(Z)]-2-pentyl-3-(2-dodecenyI)oxirane in combination with 6Z,9Z-19: H. The response was antagonized by 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19: H. 6Z,9Z-19: H was tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts.Xanthotype sospeta Drury male moths were attracted to lures containing 6Z-9S,10R-epoxy-19: H; the response was antagonized by the opposite enantiomer.Pal-this angulalis Hübner males were attracted to 9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19:H; the opposite enantiomer was antagonistic. 6Z,9Z-19:H and 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19:H and 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19:H were tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts fromAnacamptodes humaria Guenée females. In field trails, 9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19:H proved to be the attractive enantiomer, and the response was potentiated by 6Z,9Z-19:H. Mechanisms by which unique chemical communication channels are maintained by each species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 92521, Riverside, California
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12
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Cossé AA, Cyjon R, Moore I, Wysoki M, Becker D. Sex pheromone components of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification, synthesis, electrophysiological evaluation, and behavioral activity. J Chem Ecol 2013; 18:165-81. [PMID: 24254907 DOI: 10.1007/bf00993751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1990] [Accepted: 10/15/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene9a and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene have been identified as sex pheromone components in female ovipositor extracts and effluvia of the geometridBoarmia selenaria. The identification was based on relative retention times on gas chromatographic columns, GC-MS, chemical enantioselective syntheses, EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral experiments, and field tests. A single female ovipositor extract contained an average of 42 ng of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and 2 ng of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene.EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral studies, and field tests demonstrated that maleB. selenaria exhibit preferential attraction for the (3S,4R)-enantiomer of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene. Only in effluvia and ovipositor extracts of calling females was (Z,Z)-6,9-cis- 3,4-epoxynonadecadiene detected, whereas relatively high amounts of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene were found in noncalling females. Wind-tunnel behavioral studies showed that (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene did not elicit any response in the males, and when tested in combination with a mixture of monoepoxynonadecadienes, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene decreased the observed behavioral responses. A possible precursor role for (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene in the pheromonal system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cossé
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Gries G, Gries R, Underhill EW, Humble L. (6Z,9Z-3R,4S)-Epoxy-heptadecadiene: major sex pheromone component of the larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J Chem Ecol 2013; 19:843-50. [PMID: 24249023 DOI: 10.1007/bf00985014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1992] [Accepted: 12/08/1992] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic analysis (GC-EAD) of female larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard), gland extracts revealed two EAD-active compounds. Retention index calculations, GC-mass spectroscopy in selected ion monitoring mode, and GC-EAD analysis of authentic standards identified the compounds as (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heptadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H) and (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H). Chirality determination of the monoepoxydiene in gland extracts was impeded by small quantities, but field experiments indicated that maleS. sexmaculata were most strongly attracted to enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H (69% ee), while maleS. neptaria (Guenée) responded well to various blends of theR,S- and S,R-epoxide enantiomers. Binary combinations of theR,S-epoxide enantiomer with 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H significantly inhibited response by maleS. sexmaculata, but strongly enhanced attraction of sympatric maleS. marmorata Ferguson. Enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H can be used as a trap bait to monitor populations of the larch-defoliatingS. sexmaculata. Whether 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H serves as single component sex pheromone inS. sexmaculata or small amounts of 6Z,9Z-3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H synergize or suppress optimal attraction, will be tested as chirally pure monoepoxydienes become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gries
- Centre for Pest Management Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Haynes KF, Yeargan KV, Millar JG, Chastain BB. Identification of sex pheromone ofTetanolita mynesalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a prey species of bolas spider,Mastophora hutchinsoni. J Chem Ecol 2013; 22:75-89. [PMID: 24226984 DOI: 10.1007/bf02040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/1995] [Accepted: 08/28/1995] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bolas spider,Mastophora hutchinsoni, attracts adult males of four species of nocturnally active Lepidoptera through aggressive chemical mimicry of those species' sex pheromones. Here we report the identification of the sex pheromone of one prey species, the smoky tetanolita (Tetanolita mynesalis). In sex pheromone gland extracts, only two peaks stimulated an electrophysiological response as measured by a coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection analysis. These two peaks had retention times identical to (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H) and (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-heneicosadiene (3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H), respectively, and mass spectra identical to these two compounds. It was determined that 0.23±0.16 and 0.56±0.26 ng of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-21:H, respectively, were present in pheromone gland extracts from individual females. A 1:1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H was an effective attractant for adult males from feral populations. Blend ratios of these two components from 2:1 to 1:2 were equally effective as attractants. Greater deviation from the optimal blends resulted in diminished trap catches. The enantiomer 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-21:H not only was not effective in attracting males, its presence in the effective blend shut down trap catches. These results indicate that the pheromone blend consists of 3Z,6Z,9Z-21:H and 3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-21:H. This is the first report of a hydrocarbon/epoxide pheromone for a prey species of this bolas spider. Sex attractants or pheromones for the other three prey species are composed of aldehydes or acetates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Haynes
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 40546, Lexington, Kentucky
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Mowat J, Senior J, Kang B, Britton R. Scalable synthesis of the pink gypsy moth Lymantria mathura sex pheromone (–)-mathuralure. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mathuralure (1) is the major sex pheromone component of the pink gypsy moth Lymantria mathura, a potentially devastating invasive species to North America. To support population monitoring of this moth, a gram-scale synthesis of (–)-mathuralure (1) was developed. This process relies on coupling an alkynyl lithium species with a chloroepoxide and provides access to the natural product in a 10% yield over 10 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Mowat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5S 1S6, Canada
| | - James Senior
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5S 1S6, Canada
| | - Baldip Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5S 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5S 1S6, Canada
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Silk PJ, Sweeney J, Wu J, Sopow S, Mayo PD, Magee D. Contact sex pheromones identified for two species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Tetropium fuscum and T. cinnamopterum in the subfamily Spondylidinae. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:714-726. [PMID: 22251651 DOI: 10.1603/en10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Male Tetropium fuscum (F.) and T. cinnamopterum Kirby mated with live and dead (freeze-killed) conspecific females upon antennal contact, but did not respond to dead females after cuticular waxes were removed by hexane rinsing. Significantly fewer males of each species attempted to copulate with live or dead heterospecific females than with conspecifics, indicating that mate recognition was mediated by species-specific contact sex pheromones in the female's cuticular hydrocarbons. GC/MS analysis of T. fuscum elytra identified n-alkanes and mono-methyl branched alkanes of which 11-methylheptacosane and 3- and 5-methyltricosanes were dominant in females. Full male responses, including copulatory behavior, were restored with application of enantiomerically pure synthetic (S)-11-methyl-heptacosane at 40 μg/female (one female equivalent) but not with racemic or (R)-11-methyl-heptacosane. The cuticular hydrocarbons on T. cinnamopterum elytra included 11-methyl-heptacosane as well as n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes, mono-alkenes, and (Z, Z)-6, 9-alkadienes. (Z)-9-pentacosene, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and 11-methyl-heptacosane were female dominant, but only (Z)-9-pentacosene elicited precopulatory behaviors in conspecific males at levels similar to those behaviors elicited by unrinsed females, but elicited copulation in fewer than half of males. At female equivalent dosages (10 μg), neither (Z)-9-heptacosene nor (S)-11-methyl- heptacosane elicited responses in males that were significantly different from those responses to a rinsed female but when applied together, the proportion of males responding was significantly increased. 11-methyl-heptacosene is thus a contact pheromone component common to both species, which may explain the heterospecific mating attempts by some males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Silk
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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Ryall K, Silk PJ, Wu J, Mayo P, Lemay MA, MaGee D. Sex pheromone chemistry and field trapping studies of the elm spanworm Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Geometridae). Naturwissenschaften 2010; 97:717-24. [PMID: 20559612 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-010-0687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner), occurs throughout Canada and the eastern United States and can be a destructive forest pest on a wide range of deciduous trees. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) analysis of pheromone gland extracts, in combination with chemical synthesis and field trapping studies have identified (2S, 3R)-2-((Z)-oct-2'-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane (hereafter Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H) as the female-produced sex pheromone. Significantly more male moths were captured between 1-100 microg loadings of this compound on red rubber septa in sticky traps compared to blank (unbaited) traps; catches then declined at higher dosages (500-1000 microg). The other isomeric enantiomer, (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z)-oct-2'-enyl]-3-nonyl oxirane (Z6-9R, 10S-epoxy-19:H), at a 10-microg dosage did not elicit trap capture. The likely precursor to the active epoxide, (Z, Z)-6, 9-nonadecadiene ((Z, Z)-6, 9-19:H), identified in virgin female sex pheromone glands, did not elicit trap capture either, and inhibited trap capture when combined with the active epoxide. Racemic 2-((Z)-oct-2'-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane showed no significant difference in trap capture compared with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H, indicating that the opposite enantiomer was not antagonistic. The addition of the EAD-active diene epoxide enantiomers (2S, 3R)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2', 5'-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane or (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2', 5'-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane in admixture with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H (at 10% of the latter) did not enhance or decrease trap capture compared to Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H oxirane alone, so they are not likely pheromone components. This pheromone, impregnated in rubber septa at less than 100-microg dosage, can now be used as a trap bait to develop detection and monitoring strategies for this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forest Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada
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Du Y, Zheng JF, Wang ZG, Jiang LJ, Ruan YP, Huang PQ. A Concise, Protection-Free and Divergent Approach for the Enantioselective Syntheses of Two Pheromonal Epoxide Components of the Fall Webworm Moth and Other Species. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4619-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1007042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ping Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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Identification, synthesis and field testing of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-henicosatriene, a second bioactive component of the sex pheromone of the autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:1411-22. [PMID: 20012676 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sex pheromone of Mnesampela privata, an endemic pest of Eucalyptus plantations in Australia, was previously identified as a single bioactive compound, (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (C19 triene). Initial field testing of lures containing 1 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg of C19 triene (>98% purity) caught no or very few male M. privata. (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Henicosatriene (C21 triene) was identified as an additional minor pheromone component in abdominal tip extracts of M. privata females from Tasmania. Levels of both compounds extracted from individual females varied greatly, but the ratio was relatively constant at 33:1 C19:C21 trienes. Electroantennograms (EAG) of synthetic C21 triene with male M. privata gave positive but consistently lower responses than elicited by the C19 triene. Field tests showed that the addition of 1-6% C21 triene to 1 mg C19 triene significantly increased trap catch and the detection of M. privata in plantations. Traps baited with a 16:1 ratio caught significantly more moths than those baited with a ratio approximating that of females.
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Che C, Zhang ZN. Concise total synthesis of (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-heneicosatriene, sex pheromone component of Hyphantria Cunea. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Che C, Zhang Z. Stereospecific Syntheses of Chiral Epoxides Bearing 1,4‐Diyne or 1,4‐Enyne Unit Via Alkylative Epoxide Rearrangement. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200043198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Asymmetric dihydroxylation and one-pot epoxidation routes to (+)- and (−)-posticlure: a novel trans-epoxide as a sex pheromone component of Orgyia postica (Walker). Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Bonini C, Righi G. A critical outlook and comparison of enantioselective oxidation methodologies of olefins. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Millar JG. Polyene hydrocarbons and epoxides: a second major class of lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 45:575-604. [PMID: 10761590 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyene hydrocarbons and epoxides are used as pheromone components and sex attractants by four macrolepidopteran families: the Geometridae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, and Lymantriidae. They constitute a second major class of lepidopteran pheromones, different from the C10-C18 acetates, alcohols, and aldehydes commonly found in other species. They are biosynthesized from diet-derived linoleic or linolenic acids and are characterized by C17-C23 straight chains, 1-3 cis double bonds separated by methylene groups, and 0, 1, or 2 epoxide functions. Pheromone blends are created from components with different chain lengths, numbers of double bonds, and functional groups, or from mixtures of epoxide regioisomers or enantiomers, with several examples of synergism between enantiomers. Behavioral antagonists also limit interspecific attraction, with numerous examples of antagonism by enantiomers. This review summarizes the taxonomic distribution, mechanisms used to generate unique pheromone blends, and the identification, synthesis, and biosynthesis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Yamamoto M, Yamazawa H, Nakajima N, Ando T. A Convenient Preparation of Optically Active Diepoxyhenicosene (Leucomalure), Lymantrid Sex Pheromone, by Chiral HPLC. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199907)1999:7<1503::aid-ejoc1503>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang ZB, Wang ZM, Wang YX, Liu HQ, Lei GX, Shi M. A facile synthetic method for chiral 1,2-epoxides and the total synthesis of chiral pheromone epoxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kaisalo L, Koskimies J, Hase T. The Synthesis of (±)-Patulolide C and its Epimer Via Dodec-3-En-11-Olide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919908085781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lima ER, Vilela EF, Sanchez GR. Avaliação do comportamento reprodutivo e do feromônio sexual sintético de Mocis latipes (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s0301-80591998000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Durante a escotofase, fêmeas de Mocis latipes (Guenée) pousaram em superfícies verticais e iniciaram o comportamento de chamamento aos machos, abaixando levemente as asas, levantando o final do abdômen e protraindo o ovipositor. As fêmeas começaram a chamar a partir do 2º dia de idade, sendo o pico de chamamento no 4º dia. O início do chamamento aconteceu na 2ª hora da escotofase e o máximo de indivíduos chamando aconteceu na 3ªhora. As proporções entre os componentes (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatrieno e o (Z,Z)-6,9-heneicosadieno de 70:30 e 60:40 mostraram ser as mais atrativas aos machos de M. latipes em túnel-de-vento. Os machos iniciaram a resposta às fêmeas 24 h após a emergência, na 3ª hora da escotofase. São descritas as seqüências de corte e cópula e apresentada uma análise comparativa do comportamento reprodutivo de M. latipes e Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner).
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Soulié J, Boyer T, Lallemand J. Access to unsaturated chiral epoxides. Part II. Synthesis of a component of the sex pheromone of Phragmatobia fuliginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00046-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Millar JG, Giblin M, Barton D, Underhill EW. Sex pheromone components of the geometrid mothsLobophora nivigerata andEpirrhoe sperryi. J Chem Ecol 1992; 18:1057-68. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00980062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/1991] [Accepted: 02/20/1992] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Soulié J, Ta C, Lallemand JY. Access to unsaturated chiral epoxides. I: Bisallylic chiral epoxides. Application to the synthesis of lepidopteran pheromones. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Millar JG, Giblin M, Barton D, Wong JW, Underhill EW. Sex attractants and sex pheromone components of noctuid mothsEuclidea cuspidea,Caenurgina distincta, and geometrid mothEupithecia annulata. J Chem Ecol 1991; 17:2095-111. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00987994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1991] [Accepted: 07/01/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Millar JG, Giblin M, Barton D, Morrison A, Underhill EW. Synthesis and field testing of enantiomers of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxydienes as sex attractants for geometrid moths. J Chem Ecol 1990; 16:2317-39. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01026941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1989] [Accepted: 02/01/1990] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hansson BS, Sz�cs G, Schmidt F, Francke W, L�fstedt C, T�th M. Electrophysiological and chemical analysis of sex pheromone communication system of the mottled umber,Erannis defoliaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J Chem Ecol 1990; 16:1887-97. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1989] [Accepted: 10/20/1989] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Descoins C, Malosse C, Renou M, Lalanne-Cassou B, Le Duchat d'Aubigny J. Chemical analysis of the pheromone blends produced by males and females of the neotropical moth,Mocis megas (Guénée) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Cell Mol Life Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01954259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soulie J, Lampilas M, Lallemand J. Preparation et utilisation d'un synthon comportant un epoxyde chiral. Tetrahedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Synthesis from D-xylose of the salt marsh caterpillar moth pheromone (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-epoxyheneicosadiene and its (3Z,6E)-stereoisomer. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Sabulodes caberata guen�e (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:2107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1985] [Accepted: 12/30/1985] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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