Electrochemiluminescence-Based Single-Particle Tracking of the Biomolecules Moving along Intercellular Membrane Nanotubes between Live Cells

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging, a rapidly evolving technology, has attracted significant attention in the field of cellular imaging. However, its primary limitation lies in its inability to analyze the motion behaviors of individual particles in live cellular environments. In this study, we leveraged the exceptional ECL properties of quantum dots (QDs) and the excellent electrochemical properties of carbon dots (CDs) to develop a high-brightness ECL nanoprobe (CDs-QDs) for real-time ECL imaging between living cells. This nanoprobe has excellent signal-to-noise ratio imaging capabilities for the single-particle tracking (SPT) of biomolecules. Our finding elucidated the enhanced ECL mechanism of CDs-QDs in the presence of reactive oxygen species through photoluminescence, electrochemistry, and ECL techniques. We further tracked the movement of single particles on membrane nanotubes between live cells and confirmed that the ECL-based SPT technique using CD-QD nanoparticles is an effective approach for monitoring the transport behaviors of biomolecules on membrane nanotubes between live cells. This opens a promising avenue for the advancement of ECL-based single-particle detection and the dynamic quantitative imaging of biomolecules.

[Absorption of Ammonium by Three Substrates Materials in Constructed Wetland System]

The adsorption characteristics of ammonia nitrogen for constructed wetland were studied with ceramsite, quartz sand, and gravel. The material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and a BET-specific surface area analyzer. It was found that the surface of ceramide was coarser than that of quartz sand and gravel, and the internal pores were more developed. The specific surface area of ceramide (18.97 m2·g-1) was higher than that of quartz sand and gravel. In the pure ammonia nitrogen solution and Grade I B standard for the wastewater treatment plant effluent ammonia nitrogen solution of the effluent from the simulated sewage plant, the adsorption capacity of the three substrates was as follows:ceramsite > gravel > quartz sand. The saturated adsorption capacity (63.55 m2·g-1) of ceramides was the highest in the mixed solution. The adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen by ceramides accorded with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 of 0.99 in the pure ammonia nitrogen solution and 0.98 in the mixed solution). The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to fit the isothermal adsorption results in a pure ammonia nitrogen solution. It was found that the Freundlich model described the adsorption characteristics of the ceramics more accurately than the Langmuir model (R2=0.93), indicating that the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by the ceramics was multilayer adsorption. In conclusion, the adsorption capacity of ceramide was strong, and the adsorption capacity of ceramide in the mixed solution was 31% higher than that in the pure ammonia nitrogen solution, which was suitable to be used as the matrix filler of constructed wetland.

In-situ synthesis of quantum dots in the nucleus of live cells

The cell nucleus is the main site for the storage and replication of genetic material, and the synthesis of substances in the nucleus is rhythmic, regular and strictly regulated by physiological processes. However, whether exogenous substances, such as nanoparticles, can be synthesized in situ in the nucleus of live cells has not been reported. Here, we have achieved in-situ synthesis of CdSxSe1-x quantum dots (QDs) in the nucleus by regulation of the glutathione (GSH) metabolic pathway. High enrichment of GSH in the nucleus can be accomplished by the addition of GSH with the help of the Bcl-2 protein. Then, high-valence Se is reduced to low-valence Se by glutathione-reductase-catalyzed GSH, and interacts with the Cd precursor formed through Cd and thiol-rich proteins, eventually generating QDs in the nucleus. Our work contributes to a new understanding of the syntheses of substances in the cell nucleus and will pave the way for the development of advanced 'supercells'.

One-Step Dual-Color Labeling of Viral Envelope and Intraviral Genome with Quantum Dots Harnessing Virus Infection

Labeling the genome and envelope of a virus with multicolor quantum dots (QDs) simultaneously enables real-time monitoring of viral uncoating and genome release, contributing to our understanding of virus infection mechanisms. However, current labeling techniques require genetic modification, which alters the virus's composition and infectivity. To address this, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas13 system and a bioorthogonal metabolic method to label the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genome and envelopes with different-colored QDs in situ. This technique allows one-step two-color labeling of the viral envelope and intraviral genome with QDs harnessing virus infection. In combination with single-virus tracking, we visualized JEV uncoating and genome release in real time near the endoplasmic reticulum of live cells. This labeling strategy allows for real-time visualization of uncoating and genome release at the single-virus level, and it is expected to advance the study of other viral infection mechanisms.

Quantitative single-virus tracking for revealing the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 fusion with plasma membrane

Viral envelope fusion with the host plasma membrane (PM) for genome release is a hallmark step in the life cycle of many enveloped viruses. This process is regulated by a complex network of biomolecules on the PM, but robust tools to precisely elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of virus-PM fusion events are still lacking. Here, we developed a quantitative single-virus tracking approach based on highly efficient dual-color labelling of viruses and batch trajectory analysis to achieve the spatiotemporal quantification of fusion events. This approach allows us to comprehensively analyze the membrane fusion mechanism utilized by pseudotyped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the single-virus level and precisely elucidate how the relevant biomolecules synergistically regulate the fusion process. Our results revealed that SARS-CoV-2 may promote the formation of supersaturated clusters of cholesterol to facilitate the initiation of the membrane fusion process and accelerate the viral genome release.

[Study of the effects of dietary patterns on glycemic control in community type 2 diabetic mellitus patients]

Objective: To understand the impact of diet on glycemic control in community-managed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and provide evidence for implementing prevention strategies and measures for diabetes patients. Methods: Eight communities were randomly selected from Changshu and Wuhan in 2015, and T2DM patients managed in the community were selected to conduct questionnaire surveys, physical measurements, and blood glucose testing. Factor analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting glycemic control. Results: Finally, 1 818 T2DM patients were included, and the control rate of FPG was 57.59% (95%CI: 55.30%-59.86%), and the control rate of 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h PBG) was 24.90% (95%CI: 22.93%- 26.91%). Five dietary patterns were obtained by factor analysis: animal food pattern, fruit-aquatic products-potato patterns, vegetable-grain pattern, egg-milk-bean pattern, and oil-salt patterns. No-conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, the reduced probability of FPG control was related to animal food pattern (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.52-0.98) and fruit-aquatic products-potato patterns (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.51-0.97). The decrease in the 2 h PBG control probability was related to fruit-aquatic products-potato patterns (OR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.40-0.90). The increased probability of FPG and 2 h postprandial glucose control were both related to vegetable-grain pattern (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.03-1.94; OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.13-2.51) and egg-milk-bean pattern (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.25-2.46; OR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.00-2.42). Compared with the Q4 group of egg-milk-bean pattern, the FPG control rate of the combination of "fruit-aquatic products-potato pattern (Q4 group), vegetable-grain pattern (Q2 group), egg-milk-bean pattern (Q3 group)" was higher (OR=6.79, 95%CI: 1.15-40.23, P=0.035). Compared with the Q4 group of vegetable-grain pattern, the combination of "fruit-aquatic products-potato pattern (Q4 group), vegetable-grain pattern (Q3 group), egg-milk-bean pattern (Q2 group), oil-salt pattern (Q2 group)" had higher control rate of 2 h PBG (OR=12.78, 95%CI: 1.26-130.05, P=0.031). Conclusions: A proper combination of dietary patterns and dietary patterns are more conducive to the control of FPG and 2 h PBG in T2DM patients managed in the communities of Wuhan and Changshu. Patient nutrition education should be strengthened, and the food-matching ability of patients should be improved.

Accurate Cancer Screening and Prediction of PD-L1-Guided Immunotherapy Efficacy Using Quantum Dot Nanosphere Self-Assembly and Machine Learning

Accurate quantification of exosomal PD-L1 protein in tumors is closely linked to the response to immunotherapy, but robust methods to achieve high-precision quantitative detection of PD-L1 expression on the surface of circulating exosomes are still lacking. In this work, we developed a signal amplification approach based on aptamer recognition and DNA scaffold hybridization-triggered assembly of quantum dot nanospheres, which enables bicolor phenotyping of exosomes to accurately screen for cancers and predict PD-L1-guided immunotherapeutic effects through machine learning. Through DNA-mediated assembly, we utilized two aptamers for simultaneous ultrasensitive detection of exosomal antigens, which have synergistic roles in tumor diagnosis and treatment prediction, and thus, we achieved better sample classification and prediction through machine-learning algorithms. With a drop of blood, we can distinguish between different cancer patients and healthy individuals and predict the outcome of immunotherapy. This approach provides valuable insights into the development of personalized diagnostics and precision medicine.

Real-Time Dissection of the Exosome Pathway for Influenza Virus Infection

Exosomes play an important role in the spread of viral infections and immune escape. However, the exact ability and mechanisms by which exosomes produced during viral infections (vExos) infect host cells are still not fully understood. In this study, we developed a dual-color exosome labeling strategy that simultaneously labels the external and internal structures of exosomes with quantum dots to enable in situ monitoring of the transport process of vExos in live cells using the single-particle tracking technique. Our finding revealed that vExos contains the complete influenza A virus (IAV) genome and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) proteins but lacks viral envelope proteins. Notably, these vExos have the ability to infect cells and produce progeny viruses. We also found that vExos are transported in three stages, slow-fast-slow, and move to the perinuclear region via microfilaments and microtubules. About 30% of internalized vExos shed the external membrane and release the internal vRNPs into the cytoplasm by fusion with endolysosomes. This study suggested that vExos plays a supporting role in IAV infection by assisting with IAV propagation in a virus-independent manner. It emphasizes the need to consider the infectious potential of vExos and draws attention to the potential risk of exosomes produced by viral infections.

Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging for evaluating the pancreatic perfusion in cirrhotic patients

PURPOSE

To assess the characteristics of pancreatic perfusion in normal pancreas versus cirrhotic patients using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

METHODS

A total of 67 cirrhotic patients and 33 healthy subjects underwent IVIM on a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Diffusion coefficient (ADCslow), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (ADCfast), and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated based on the bi-exponential model. The pancreatic IVIM-derived parameters were then compared. In the cirrhotic group, the relationship was analyzed between IVIM-derived pancreatic parameters and different classes of hepatic function as determined by the Child-Pugh classification. Also, the pancreatic IVIM-derived parameters were compared among different classes of cirrhosis as determined by the Child-Pugh classification.

RESULTS

The f value of the pancreas in cirrhotic patients was significantly lower than that in normal subjects (p = 0.01). In the cirrhotic group, the f value of the pancreas decreased with the increase of the Child-Pugh classification (R = - 0.49, p = 0.00). The f value of the pancreas was significantly higher in Child-Pugh class A patients than in class B and C patients (p = 0.02, 0.00, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference between class B and C patients (p = 0.16).

CONCLUSION

The IVIM-derived perfusion-related parameter (f value) could be helpful for the evaluation of pancreatic perfusion in liver cirrhosis. Our data also suggest that the blood perfusion decrease in the pancreas is present in liver cirrhosis, and the pancreatic perfusion tends to decrease with the increasing severity of hepatic function.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial registration number is 2021-ky-68 and date of registration for prospectively registered trials is February 23, 2022.

Multifunctional In-MOF and Its S-Scheme Heterojunction toward Pollutant Decontamination via Fluorescence Detection, Physical Adsorption, and Photocatalytic REDOX

A novel doubly interpenetrated indium-organic framework of 1 has been assembled by In3+ ions and highly conjugated biquinoline carboxylate-based bitopic connectors (H2L). The isolated 1 exhibits an anionic framework possessing channel-type apertures repleted with exposed quinoline N atoms and carboxyl O atoms. Owing to the unique architecture, 1 displays a durable photoluminescence effect and fluorescence quenching sensing toward CrO42-, Cr2O72-, and Cu2+ ions with reliable selectivity and anti-interference properties, fairly high detection sensitivity, and rather low detection limits. Ligand-to-ligand charge transition (LLCT) was identified as the essential cause of luminescence by modeling the ground state and excited states of 1 using DFT and TD-DFT. In addition, the negatively charged framework has the ability to rapidly capture single cationic MB, BR14, or BY24 and their mixture, including the talent to trap MB from the (MB + MO) system with high selectivity. Moreover, intrinsic light absorption capacity and band structure feature endow 1 with effective photocatalytic decomposition ability toward reactive dyes RR2 and RB13 under ultraviolet light. Notably, after further polishing the band structure state of 1 by constructing the S-scheme heterojunction of In2S3/1, highly efficient photocatalytic detoxification of Cr(VI) and degradation of reactive dyes have been fully achieved under visible light. This finding may open a new avenue for designing novel multifunctional MOF-based platforms to address some intractable environmental issues, i.e., detection of heavy metal ions, physical capture of pony-sized dyes, and photochemical decontamination of ultrastubborn reactive dyes and highly toxic Cr(VI) ions from water.

Correction: Virus-mimicking nanosystems: from design to biomedical applications

Correction for 'Virus-mimicking nanosystems: from design to biomedical applications' by Hao-Yang Liu et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023, 52, 8481-8499, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00138E.

Mapping Extracellular Space Features of Viral Encephalitis to Evaluate the Proficiency of Anti-Viral Drugs

The extracellular space (ECS) is an important barrier against viral attack on brain cells, and dynamic changes in ECS microstructure characteristics are closely related to the progression of viral encephalitis in the brain and the efficacy of antiviral drugs. However, mapping the precise morphological and rheological features of the ECS in viral encephalitis is still challenging so far. Here, a robust approach is developed using single-particle diffusional fingerprinting of quantum dots combined with machine learning to map ECS features in the brain and predict the efficacy of antiviral encephalitis drugs. These results demonstrated that this approach can characterize the microrheology and geometry of the brain ECS at different stages of viral infection and identify subtle changes induced by different drug treatments. This approach provides a potential platform for drug proficiency assessment and is expected to offer a reliable basis for the clinical translation of drugs.

Transcription factor PbNAC71 regulates xylem and vessel development to control plant height

Dwarfism is an important agronomic trait in fruit breeding programs. However, the germplasm resources required to generate dwarf pear (Pyrus spp.) varieties are limited. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying dwarfism remain unclear. In this study, 'Yunnan' quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) had a dwarfing effect on 'Zaosu' pear. Additionally, the dwarfism-related NAC transcription factor gene PbNAC71 was isolated from pear trees comprising 'Zaosu' (scion) grafted onto 'Yunnan' quince (rootstock). Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and pear OHF-333 (Pyrus communis) plants overexpressing PbNAC71 exhibited dwarfism, with a substantially smaller xylem and vessel area relative to the wild-type controls. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that PbNAC71 down-regulates PbWalls are thin 1 expression by binding to NAC-binding elements in its promoter. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that PbNAC71 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase PbRING finger protein 217 (PbRNF217). Furthermore, PbRNF217 promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PbNAC71 by the 26S proteasome, thereby regulating plant height as well as xylem and vessel development. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying pear dwarfism and expand our understanding of the molecular basis of dwarfism in woody plants.

Predicting intraoperative hemorrhage during curettage treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy using free-breathing GRASP DCE-MRI

OBJECTIVE

To explore the feasibility of the golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in predicting the intraoperative bleeding risk of scar pregnancy.

METHODS

A total of 49 patients with cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) who underwent curettage and GRASP-MRI imaging were retrospectively selected between January 2021 and July 2022. The pharmacokinetic parameters, including Wash-in, Wash-out, time to peck (TTP), initial area under the curve (iAUC), the transfer rate constant (Ktrans), constant flow rate (Kep), and volume of extracellular space (Ve), were calculated. The amount of intraoperative bleeding was recorded by a gynecologist who performed surgery, after which patients were divided into non-hemorrhage (blood loss ≤ 200 mL) and hemorrhage (blood loss > 200 mL) groups. The measured pharmacokinetic parameters were statistically compared using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test with a significant level set to be p < 0.05. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate each parameter's capability in intraoperative hemorrhage subgroup classification.

RESULTS

Twenty patients had intraoperative hemorrhage (blood loss > 200 mL) during curettage. The hemorrhage group had larger Wash-in, iAUC, Ktrans, Ve, and shorter TTP than the non-hemorrhage group (all P > 0.05). Wash-in had the highest AUC value (0.90), while Ktrans had the lowest value (0.67). Wash-out and Kep were not significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

GRASP DCE-MRI has the potential to forecast intraoperative hemorrhage during curettage treatment of CSP, with Wash-in exhibiting the highest predictive performance. This data holds promise for advancing personalized treatment. However, further study is required to compare its effectiveness with other risk factors identified through anatomical MRI and ultrasound.

The impact of green finance and local regulations on industrial green innovation efficiency in China

When the incentive mechanism of green finance fails to fully promote green technology innovation in industrial enterprises, local government environmental regulations become an important tool in correcting this market failure. However, due to the "follow the cost" hypothesis, the moderating effect of the local government environmental regulation is heterogeneous. In order to explore the impact mechanism of green finance development on the efficiency of green technology innovation in industrial enterprises, spatial effects as well as the heterogeneous moderating effect of local government environmental regulation, this paper systematically evaluates the development level of green finance in 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2019. It estimates the efficiency of green technology innovation in industrial enterprises using the super-efficiency SBM model, and empirically analyzes the impact mechanism and moderating effect using the spatial Durbin model. The results show that: (1) green finance not only positively impacts the efficiency improvement of green technology innovation in industrial enterprises but also has significant spatial spillover effects; (2) local government environmental regulation has a nonlinear "inverted U-shaped" moderating effect between the green finance development and the efficiency of green technology innovation in industrial enterprises. Based on the research conclusions, this paper proposes policy recommendations from the perspectives of deepening the regional connectivity of green finance and promoting joint regulation by local governments.

Carboxyl groups on carbon nanodots as co-reactant sites for anodic electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

Carbon nanodots (C-dots) with good biocompatibility have been extensively utilized as co-reactants for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) system. However, the ECL intensity of this system is still relatively low and the mechanism of C-dots as co-reactants remains unclear, which greatly limits its further application in bio-analysis. In this work, we revealed that the carboxyl groups on C-dots are co-reactant sites for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL by systematically investigating the contribution of carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the surface of C-dots to the ECL intensity. Further treatment with hydrogen peroxide to increase the carboxyl-group content on C-dots resulted in a 10-fold increase in ECL intensity over the original Ru(bpy)32+/C-dots system. This work provides new insights for the rational design of ECL systems with C-dots as co-reactants and offers new chances for further applications of C-dots in the field of ECL.

Lipid-Centric Design of Plasma Membrane-Mimicking Nanocarriers for Targeted Chemotherapeutic Delivery

The plasma membranes (PM) of mammalian cells contain diverse lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that are important for systemic recognition and communication in health and disease. Cell membrane coating technology that imparts unique properties of natural plasma membranes to the surface of encapsulated nanoparticles is thus becoming a powerful platform for drug delivery, immunomodulation, and vaccination. However, current coating methods fail to take full advantage of the natural systems because they disrupt the complex and functionally essential features of PMs, most notably the chemical diversity and compositional differences of lipids in two leaflets of the PM. Herein, a new lipid coating approach is reported in which the lipid composition is optimized through a combination of biomimetic and systematic variation approaches for the custom design of nanocarrier systems for precision drug delivery. Nanocarriers coated with the optimized lipids offer unique advantages in terms of bioavailability and efficiency in tumor targeting, tumor penetration, cellular uptake, and drug release. This pilot study provides new insight into the rational design and optimization of nanocarriers for cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and lays the foundation for further customization of cell membrane-mimicking nanocarriers through systematic incorporation of other components.

[Role of mitophagy in diabetes mellitus and its complications and traditional Chinese medicine intervention: a review]

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by carbohydrate or lipid metabolism disorders or insulin dysfunction. Hyperglycemia and long-term metabolic disorders in DM can damage tissues and organs throughout the body, leading to serious complications. Mitochondrial autophagy(mitophagy) is an important mitochondrial quality control process in cells and a special autophagy phenomenon, in which damaged or redundant mitochondria can be selectively removed by autophagic lysosome, which is crucial to maintain cell stability and survival under stress. Studies have confirmed that changes in autophagy play a role in the development and control of DM and its complications. Mitophagy has become a research hotspot in recent years and it is closely associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Substantial evidence suggests that mitophagy plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic homeostasis in the case of DM and its complications. Because the destructive great vessel complications and microvascular complications cause increased mortality, blindness, renal failure, and declined quality of life of DM patients, it is urgent to develop targeted therapies to intervene in DM and its complications. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), with a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-level action manner, can prevent the development of drug resistance and have significant therapeutic effects in the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms of TCM in regulating mito-phagy may become a new method for treating DM and its complications. With focus on the roles and mechanisms of mitophagy in DM and its complications, this paper summarizes and prospects the research on the treatment of DM and its complications with TCM via re-gulating mitophagy, aiming to provide new ideas for the clinical practice.

Virus-mimicking nanosystems: from design to biomedical applications

Nanomedicine, as an interdisciplinary discipline involving the development and application of nanoscale materials and technologies, is rapidly developing under the impetus of bionanotechnology and has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers. Especially, with the global outbreak of COVID-19, the in-depth investigation of the infection mechanism of the viruses has made the study of virus-mimicking nanosystems (VMNs) a popular research topic. In this review, we initiate with a brief historical perspective on the emergence and development of VMNs for providing a comprehensive view of the field. Next, we present emerging design principles and functionalization strategies for fabricating VMNs in light of viral infection mechanisms. Then, we describe recent advances in VMNs in biology, with a major emphasis on representative examples. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges that exist in this field, hoping to provide new insights and inspiration to develop VMNs for disease diagnosis and treatment and to attract the interest of more researchers from different fields.

Effects of straw return with potassium fertilizer on the stem lodging resistance, grain quality and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.)

This experiment aimed to study the effects of straw return combined with potassium fertilizer on stem lodging resistance, grain quality, and yield of spring maize. The objective was to provide a scientific basis for the rational utilization of Inner Mongolia spring maize straw and potassium fertilizer resources. The test material used was 'Xianyu 335', and the study was conducted in three ecological regions from east to west of Inner Mongolia (Tumochuan Plain Irrigation Area, Hetao Plain Irrigation Area, and Lingnan Warm Dry Zone). A split-plot design was employed, with the straw return method as the main plot and potassium fertilizer dosage as the secondary plot. We determined the stem resistance index, grain quality, and yield. The results showed that both straw return and potassium application improved stem lodging resistance, grain quality, and maize yield. Combining straw return with the reasonable application of potassium fertilizer enhanced the effectiveness of potassium fertilizer, increased lodging resistance, maize yield, and improved grain quality and yield stability. Under the straw return treatment, with potassium application compared to no potassium application, significant increases were observed in maize plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of stems, stem compressive strength, stem bending strength, grain protein content, yield, straw potassium accumulation content, and soil available potassium content. These increases were up to 30.79 cm, 2.63 mm, 15.40 g, 74.93 N/mm2, 99.65 N/mm2, 13.68%, 3142.43 kg/hm2, 57.97 kg/hm2, and 19.80 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the interaction of straw return and potassium fertilizer was found to be the most effective measure for maintaining high-yield and stress-resistant cultivation, improving grain quality, and optimizing the management of straw and potassium fertilizer resources. This approach is suitable for promotion and application in the spring maize growing areas of Inner Mongolia.

In-situ quantification of lipids in live cells through imaging approaches

Lipids are important molecules that are widely distributed within the cell, and they play a crucial role in several biological processes such as cell membrane formation, signaling, cell motility and division. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular lipids in real-time and quantifying their concentrations in situ is crucial since the local concentration of lipids initiates various signaling pathways that regulate cellular processes. In this review, we first introduced the historical background of lipid quantification methods. We then delve into the current state of the art of in situ lipid quantification, including the establishment and utility of fluorescence imaging techniques based on sensors of lipid-binding domains labeled with organic dyes or fluorescent proteins, and Raman and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that do not require lipid labeling. Next, we highlighted the biological applications of live-cell lipid quantification techniques in the study of in situ lipid distribution, lipid transformation, and lipid-mediated signaling pathways. Finally, we discussed the technical challenges and prospects for the development of lipid quantification in live cells, with the aim of promoting the development of in situ lipid quantification in live cells, which may have a profound impact on the biological and medical fields.

Real-Time Imaging of Single Viral mRNA Translation in Live Cells Using CRISPR/dCas13

Translation is one of the many critical cellular activities regulated by viruses following host-cell invasion, and studies of viral mRNA translation kinetics and subcellular localization require techniques for the dynamic, real-time visualization of translation. However, conventional tools for imaging mRNA translation often require coding region modifications that may affect native translation. Here, we achieve dynamic imaging of translation with a tool that labels target mRNAs with unmodified coding regions using a CRISPR/dCas13 system with specific complementary paired guide RNAs. This system enables a real-time dynamic visualization of the translation process and is a promising tool for further investigations of the mechanisms of translation.

Near-Infrared II Hemicyanine Dye with Large Stokes Shift Designed by TICT Regulation for Boosting Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy

The serious threat that cancer poses to human health highlights the significance of early detection and effective treatment. The integration of fluorescence diagnosis and photothermal therapy in NIR-II has gained attention due to its high sensitivity, fast response, and noninvasiveness. Fluorescence, produced by the radiative relaxation process of electrons in a molecule, and photothermal, generated by the nonradiative relaxation process of electrons in a molecule, are competing photophysical processes. Hence, it is a challenge for the molecule to balance between the properties of fluorescence and photothermal. In this study, a NIR-II hemicyanine with TICT character is designed to obtain molecules with both better fluorescence and photothermal properties, utilizing positively charged pyridine salt and triphenylamine as electron acceptor and donor, respectively, and oxole as the conjugated π-bridge. HCY-995, one of the synthesized compounds, has a quantum yield of 0.09%, photothermal conversion efficiency of 54.90%, and a significant Stoke shift of 232 nm, which makes it appropriate for the integration of photothermal therapy and high-resolution imaging. This study provides new insights into the development of NIR-II molecules with fluorescent and photothermal integrated properties.

A gas-selective Zn-MOF exhibits selective sensing of Fe3+ ions by doping with Tb3

Here, a new Zn2+ metal organic framework, {[Me2NH2][Zn2(L)(DTZ)]·2DMF·3H2O}n (Zn-MOF), has been synthesized with low-symmetric carboxylic acid ligand 2,6 bis(2',5'-dicarboxyphenyl)pyridine (H4L) as the main ligand and 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-riazole (DTZ) containing an electron-rich N atom as an auxiliary ligand. Because of its high structural stability and adsorption properties, it can be used to efficiently separate CO2/CH4 and C2H2/CH4. In addition, Tb@Zn-MOF was obtained by doping with Tb3+ to partially replace Zn2+. A study of its luminescence sensing performance demonstrated that Tb@Zn-MOF showed intense luminescence properties and can be used for the directional detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solution. Furthermore, PXRD analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were also used to study possible luminescence sensing mechanisms. The recognition mechanism for Fe3+ ions is believed to be caused by electron transfer.

[Clinical effects of free transplanted pre-expanded scapular flap in reconstructing scar contracture deformity of neck]

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of free transplanted pre-expanded scapular flap in reconstructing scar contracture deformity of neck. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. From February 2010 to August 2020, 17 cervical scar deformity patients (9 males and 8 females, aged 8-42 years) who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. The patients underwent skin and soft tissue expander (hereinafter referred to as expander) implantation in scapular region in stage Ⅰ procedures, and the free transplanted pre-expanded flaps were used to resurface the wounds followed by neck scar resection in the stage Ⅱ procedures. The wound size after neck scar release was 12.0 cm×6.0 cm-30.0 cm×24.0 cm, and the size of the flap ranged from 13.0 cm×7.5 cm to 31.5 cm×25.0 cm. The wounds in donor site of 15 patients were sutured directly, and the wounds in donor site of 2 patients were covered with full-thickness skin graft from abdominal area. The survival of flaps was observed after the operation of stage Ⅱ. Six months after stage Ⅱ surgery, Z plasty was performed to treat the incision scar contracture in 2 patients. For the 5 patients of overweight or bloating appearance in the 1/3 proximal flap underwent debulking procedures in 6-9 months after stage Ⅱsurgery. Before the stage Ⅰ surgery and six months after the last procedure (stage Ⅱ or stage Ⅲ), mental cervical angle (MCA) and cervical mandibular angle (CMA) were measured and the improvement of neck scar was evaluated by the angle values. The cervical motor function, skin color and texture in recipient areas, and scar in the donor sites assessed by Vancouver scar scale (VSS) were observed during follow-up. Data were statistically analyzed with paired sample t test. Results: After stage Ⅱ surgery, 15 patients' flaps survived well; venous crisis occurred in 2 flaps within 24 h after operation, and the flaps survived well after emergency exploration and thrombus removal+vascular re-anastomosis. Compared with the angle values of MCA of (126±12)° and CMA of (148±13)° of patients before the stage Ⅰ surgery, the angle values of MCA of (107±12)° and CMA of (123±11)° of patients in six months after the last procedure were significantly decreased (with t values of 10.68 and 6.54, respectively, P<0.05). After 2 years of follow-up, the patient's neck dorsiflexion, lateral bending, or other motor functions were not restricted; the color and texture of the flap in recipient site were close to those of the normal neck skin; the patient cases with VSS scores of scarring of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 1, 3, 7, 5, and 1 case, respectively. Conclusions: The free transplantation of the pre-expanded scapular flaps can provide sufficient tissue for wound coverage after the release of cervical scar contracture deformity; the expanded skin tissue is featured by thin soft tissue and good pliability, which is conducive to restore the neck appearance; the donor sites are relatively covert with less tension, therefore, the treatment is an effective method for correcting the contracture in the neck.

Label-free "signal-off" PEC aptasensor for determination of kanamycin based on 3D nanoflower-like FeIn2S4/CdS Z-scheme heterostructures

Highly photoactive 3D nanoflower-like FeIn2S4/CdS heterostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and low-temperature cation exchange. The FeIn2S4/CdS displayed 14.5 times signal amplification in contrast to FeIn2S4 alone. It was applied as a photoactive substrate to construct a label-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for ultrasensitive determination of kanamycin (KAN). Under the optimal conditions, the constructed PEC aptasensor displayed a wide linear range (5.0 × 10-4 ~ 5.0 × 101 ng mL-1) and a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 40.01 fg mL-1. This study provides some constructive insights for preparation of advanced photoactive materials and exhibits great potential for quantitative determination of antibiotics in foods and environmental samples.

Engineered Lipidic Nanomaterials Inspired by Sphingomyelin Metabolism for Cancer Therapy

Sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites are crucial regulators of tumor cell growth, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death. With the rise in lipid-based nanomaterials, engineered lipidic nanomaterials inspired by SM metabolism, corresponding lipid targeting, and signaling activation have made fascinating advances in cancer therapeutic processes. In this review, we first described the specific pathways of SM metabolism and the roles of their associated bioactive molecules in mediating cell survival or death. We next summarized the advantages and specific applications of SM metabolism-based lipidic nanomaterials in specific cancer therapies. Finally, we discussed the challenges and perspectives of this emerging and promising SM metabolism-based nanomaterials research area.

[Effects of electroacupuncture pretreatment on long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuron-inflammation in aged rats]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effects of electroacupuncture pretreatment on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), neuronal apoptosis and neuron-inflammation in aged rats.

METHODS

Thirty-six male SD rats aged 20 months were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group and electroacupuncture (EA) group, with 12 rats in each group. The POCD rats model was prepared by internal fixation of left tibial fracture. Five days before modeling, EA stimulation (2 Hz/15 Hz, 1 mA, 30 min) was applied to "Zusanli" (ST36), "Hegu" (LI4) and "Neiguan" (PC6) on the unaffected side of rats in the EA group, once a day for consecutive 5 d. The learning and memory abilities of rats were evaluated by water maze test 31-35 days after operation. The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was observed by Tunel/NeuN double staining. The expressions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and phosphorylated (p)-nuclear factor (NF)-κB in microglia cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Compared with the sham operation group, the escape latency was prolonged (P<0.05); the frequency of crossing the original platform, ratio of the swimming distance and the time in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons was significantly increased (P<0.05); the expressions of HMGB1 and p-NF-κB in microglia cells in the dentate gyrus and the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in hippocampus were increased (P<0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the results of the above indexes were all opposite (P<0.05) in the EA group.

CONCLUSION

EA preconditioning can regulate hippocampal inflammatory response, alleviate neuronal apoptosis rate and long-term cognitive dysfunction in aged rats with POCD, the mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of microglia HMGB1/NF-κB pathway in hippocampal dentate gyrus.

In Situ Self-Assembly of Fluorogenic RNA Nanozipper Enables Real-Time Imaging of Single Viral mRNA Translation

Real-time visualization of individual viral mRNA translation activities in live cells is essential to obtain critical details of viral mRNA dynamics and to detect its transient responses to environmental stress. Fluorogenic RNA aptamers are powerful tools for real-time imaging of mRNA in live cells, but monitoring the translation activity of individual mRNAs remains a challenge due to their intrinsic photophysical properties. Here, we develop a genetically encoded turn-on 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone (DFHBI)-binding RNA nanozipper with superior brightness and high photostability by in situ self-assembly of multiple nanozippers along single mRNAs. The nanozipper enables real-time imaging of the mobility and dynamic translation of individual viral mRNAs in live cells, providing information on the spatial dynamics and translational elongation rate of viral mRNAs.

[Factors affecting BK polyomavirus infection after kidney transplantation in post-school children and a predictive infection model]

Objective: To analyze high-risk factors affecting BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection and to construct a prediction model for BKPyV infection in children after renal transplantation. Methods: The clinical data of 332 children who received allogeneic kidney transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to March 2022 were retrospectively collected. According to the BKPyV load level, the dynamic change process of lymphocytes at different time points were analyzed. The factors that have potential influence on BKPyV infection were screened by Cox regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the predictive model of infection. Results: Among the 332 children, there were 215 males and 117 females; the age of transplantation was (12.2±3.9) years old; 37 cases were preschool (1-5 years old), and 295 cases were post-school age (6-18 years old). BKPyV load in 224 urine samples and 30 blood samples of children were detected. There were 9 cases of BKPyV-associated viruria and 3 cases of BKPyV associated viremia in pre-school children, 76 cases BKPyV associated viruria and 14 cases of BKPyV associated viremia in post-school children. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that higher body mass index (BMI) (HR=1.105, 95%CI: 1.020-1.197), antithyroglobulin (ATG) application (HR=2.196, 95%CI: 1.335-3.613), and higher tacrolimus concentration (HR=2.484, 95%CI: 1.298-4.753), higher natural killer (NK) lymphocyte count (HR=1.193, 95%CI: 1.009-1.411), higher CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell count (HR=1.096, 95%CI: 1.024-1.173) were independent risk factors for BKPyV associated viruria in post-school children. Delayed graft function (DGF) (HR=4.993, 95%CI: 1.555-16.038), Acute rejection (AR) (HR=6.021, 95%CI: 1.930-18.787), higher CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell count (HR=1.227, 95%CI: 1.081-1.392) were independent risk factors for BKPyV associated viremia in post-school children. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that combined BMI, immune induction drugs, tacrolimus concentration, NK cell count, and CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell count predicted the occurrence of BKPyV associated viruria in post-school children after kidney transplantation at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 years with area under curve (AUC) of 0.712 (95%CI: 0.626-0.798), 0.708 (95%CI: 0.612-0.804), 0.754 (95%CI: 0.668-0.840) and 0.767 (95%CI: 0.685-0.849). The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 64.9%, 61.4%, 61.6%, 55.8% and 70.9%, 72.4%, 76.0%, 84.0%, respectively. Combined with DGF, AR, and CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell counts predicted the occurrence of BKPyV-associated viremia at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 years after renal transplantation in post-school children with AUC of 0.791 (95%CI: 0.631-0.951), 0.744 (95%CI: 0.547-0.936), 0.786 (95%CI: 0.629-0.946) and 0.812 (95%CI: 0.672-0.948). The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 76.1%, 67.1%, 75.0%, 77.9% and 88.9%, 89.0%, 89.9%, 88.0%, respectively. Conclusions: The postoperative CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell level can be used as an independent predictor of BKPyV infection in post-school children after renal transplantation. Combined BMI, immune induction drugs, tacrolimus concentration, NK cell count, CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell count and combined DGF, AR, CD14⁺⁺CD16^-cell count show good fitting effect in predicting the occurrence of BKPyV-associated viruria and viremia after transplantation in post-school children respectively.

Artificial Cells for Cellular Behavior Mimicry Induced by Sphingomyelin Degradation

Sphingomyelinase (SMase), a hydrolase of sphingomyelin (SM) enriched in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, is closely associated with the onset and development of many diseases, but the specific mechanisms of SMase on the cell structure, function, and behavior are not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the cell structure. Artificial cells are minimal biological systems constructed from various molecular components designed to mimic cellular processes, behaviors, and structures, which are excellent models for studying biochemical reactions and dynamic changes in cell membranes. In this work, we presented an artificial cell model that mimics the lipid composition and content of the outer leaflet of mammalian plasma membranes for studying the effect of SMase on cell behavior. The results confirmed that the artificial cells can respond to SM degradation by producing ceramides that enrich and alter the membrane charge and permeability, thus inducing the budding and fission of the artificial cells. Thus, the artificial cells developed here provide a powerful tool to study the mechanism of action of cell membrane lipids on cell biological behavior, paving the way for further molecular mechanism studies.

Purified fluorescent nanohybrids based on quantum dot-HER2-antibody for breast tumor target imaging

Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely used for bioimaging in vivo because of their excellent optical properties. As part of the preparation process of QD-based nanohybrids, purification is an important step for minimizing contaminants and improving the quality of the product. In this work, we describe high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) used to purify nanohybrids of CdSe/ZnS QDs and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibodies (QD-HER2-Ab). The unbound antibody and suspended agglomerates were removed from freshly prepared QD-HER2-Ab via HPSEC. Pure and homogeneous QD-HER2-Ab were then used as immunofluorescence target imaging bioprobes in vivo. The QD-HER2-Ab did not cause any obvious acute toxicity in mice one week after a single intravenous injection of 15 nmol/kg. The purified QD-HER2-Ab bioprobes showed high tumor targeting ability in a human breast tumor xenograft nude mouse model (24 h after injected) with the possibility of in vivo immunofluorescence tumor imaging. The immunofluorescence imaging background signal and acute toxicity in vivo were minimized because of the reduction of residual QDs. HPSEC-purified QD-HER2-Ab is an accurate and convenient tool for in vivo tumor target imaging and HER2 detection, thus providing a basis for the purification of other QD-based bioprobes.

Nanocrystalline Alumina-Zirconia-Based Eutectic Ceramics Fabricated with High-Energy Beams: Principle, Solidification Techniques, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Nanocrystalline alumina-zirconia-based eutectic ceramics fabricated with high-energy beams and composed of ultrafine, three-dimensionally entangled, single-crystal domains are a special category of eutectic oxides that exhibit exceptionally high-temperature mechanical properties, such as strength and toughness as well as creep resistance. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the basic principles, advanced solidification processes, microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina-zirconia-based eutectic ceramics, with particular attention to the status of the art on a nanocrystalline scale. Some basic principles of coupled eutectic growth are first introduced based on previously reported models, followed by concise introduction of solidification techniques and the control strategy of solidification behavior from the processing variables. Then, the microstructural formation of nanoeutectic structure is elucidated with regard to different hierarchical scales, and mechanical properties such as hardness, flexural and tensile strength, fracture toughness and wear resistance are discussed in detail for a comparative study. Nanocrystalline alumina-zirconia-based eutectic ceramics with unique microstructural and compositional characteristics have been produced with high-energy beam-based processes, and in many cases, promising improvements in mechanical performance have been reported as contrasting with conventional eutectic ceramics.

Characterization of a New Laccase from Vibrio sp. with pH-stability, Salt-tolerance, and Decolorization Ability

Laccases have been widely used for fruit juice clarification, food modification, and paper pulp delignification. In addition, laccases exhibit remarkable performance in the degradation of toxic substances, including pesticides, organic synthetic dyes, antibiotics, and organic pollutants. Thus, the screening and development of robust laccases has attracted significant attention. In this study, Vibrio sp. LA is a strain capable of producing cold-adapted laccases. The laccase coding gene L01 was cloned from this strain and expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica, a host with good secretion ability. The secreted L01 (approximate MW of 56,000 Da) had the activity and specific activity of 18.6 U/mL and 98.6 U/mg toward ABTS, respectively. The highest activity occurred at 35 °C. At 20 °C, L01 activity was over 70% of the maximum activity in pH conditions ranging from 4.5–10.0. Several synthetic dyes were efficiently degraded by L01. Owing to its robustness, salt tolerance, and pH stability, L01 is a promising catalytic tool for potential industrial applications.

[Clinical study of using basement membrane biological products in pelvic floor reconstruction during pelvic exenteration]

Objective: To investigate the value of reconstruction of pelvic floor with biological products to prevent and treat empty pelvic syndrome after pelvic exenteration (PE) for locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer. Methods: This was a descriptive study of data of 56 patients with locally advanced or locally recurrent rectal cancer without or with limited extra-pelvic metastases who had undergone PE and pelvic floor reconstruction using basement membrane biologic products to separate the abdominal and pelvic cavities in the Department of Anorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University from November 2021 to May 2022. The extent of surgery was divided into two categories: mainly inside the pelvis (41 patients) and including pelvic wall resection (15 patients). In all procedures, basement membrane biologic products were used to reconstruct the pelvic floor and separate the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The procedures included a transperitoneal approach, in which biologic products were used to cover the retroperitoneal defect and the pelvic entrance from the Treitz ligament to the sacral promontory and sutured to the lateral peritoneum, the peritoneal margin of the retained organs in the anterior pelvis, or the pubic arch and pubic symphysis; and a sacrococcygeal approach in which biologic products were used to reconstruct the defect in the pelvic muscle-sacral plane. Variables assessed included patients' baseline information (including sex, age, history of preoperative radiotherapy, recurrence or primary, and extra-pelvic metastases), surgery-related variables (including extent of organ resection, operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and tissue restoration), post-operative recovery (time to recovery of bowel function and time to recovery from empty pelvic syndrome), complications, and findings on follow-up. Postoperative complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: The median age of the 41 patients whose surgery was mainly inside the pelvis was 57 (31-82) years. The patients comprised 25 men and 16 women. Of these 41 patients, 23 had locally advanced disease and 18 had locally recurrent disease; 32 had a history of chemotherapy/immunotherapy/targeted therapy and 24 of radiation therapy. Among these patients, the median operative time, median intraoperative bleeding, median time to recovery of bowel function, and median time to resolution of empty pelvic syndrome were 440 (240-1020) minutes, 650 (200-4000) ml, 3 (1-9) days, and 14 (5-105) days, respectively. As for postoperative complications, 37 patients had Clavien-Dindo < grade III and four had ≥ grade III complications. One patient died of multiple organ failure 7 days after surgery, two underwent second surgeries because of massive bleeding from their pelvic floor wounds, and one was successfully resuscitated from respiratory failure. In contrast, the median age of the 15 patients whose procedure included combined pelvic and pelvic wall resection was 61 (43-76) years, they comprised eight men and seven women, four had locally advanced disease and 11 had locally recurrent disease. All had a history of chemotherapy/ immunotherapy and 13 had a history of radiation therapy. The median operative time, median intraoperative bleeding, median time to recovery of bowel function, and median time to relief of empty pelvic syndrome were 600 (360-960) minutes, 1600 (400-4000) ml, 3 (2-7) days, and 68 (7-120) days, respectively, in this subgroup of patients. Twelve of these patients had Clavien-Dindo < grade III and three had ≥ grade III postoperative complications. Follow-up was until 31 October 2022 or death; the median follow-up time was 9 (5-12) months. One patient in this group died 3 months after surgery because of rapid tumor progression. The remaining 54 patients have survived to date and no local recurrences have been detected at the surgical site. Conclusion: The use of basement membrane biologic products for pelvic floor reconstruction and separation of the abdominal and pelvic cavities during PE for locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer is safe, effective, and feasible. It improves the perioperative safety of PE and warrants more implementation.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repress renal transplant immune rejection by facilitating the APRIL phosphorylation to induce regulation B cell production

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exert pivotal roles in suppressing immune rejection in organ transplantation. However, the function of BMSCs on immune rejection in renal transplantation remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and underlying mechanism of BMSCs on immune rejection in renal transplantation. Following the establishment of the renal allograft mouse model, the isolated primary BMSCs were injected intravenously into the recipient mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Western blot assays were conducted to investigate BMSCs' function in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the underlying mechanism of BMSCs on immune rejection in renal transplantation was investigated in in vivo and in vitro models. Functionally, BMSCs alleviated the immune rejection in renal transplantation mice and facilitated B cell activation and the production of IL-10⁺ regulatory B cells (Bregs). Furthermore, the results of mechanism studies revealed that BMSCs induced the production of IL-10⁺ Bregs by facilitating a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) phosphorylation to enhance immunosuppression and repressed renal transplant rejection by promoting APRIL phosphorylation to induce IL-10⁺ Bregs. BMSCs prevent renal transplant rejection by facilitating APRIL phosphorylation to induce IL-10⁺ Bregs.

[The prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral artery disease in Chinese communities]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) managed in primary health care in China. Methods: A total of 2 528 T2DM patients were selected using a two-stage cluster random sampling method based on the baseline survey of the "China Diabetic Foot Prevention Model Project." The study was conducted in 2015 among T2DM patients in 8 primary healthcare centers in Changshu county and Jiang'an district of Wuhan, China. Data collection methods included a questionnaire, body measurement, and blood glucose detection. The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is the most widely used noninvasive vascular test. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence factors. Results: The prevalence of PAD was 11.2% among the diabetic patients managed in primary health care in the two cities. The prevalence of PAD under 55 years old, 55- years old, 65- years old, and ≥75 years old were 7.8%, 6.0%, 12.9% and 22.5%, respectively. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression identified influence factors included older age, higher education level, smoking, drinking, postprandial glucose uncontrol, and prior myocardial infarction or angina. Compared to age <55 years, the odds ratio for PAD were 0.74 for 55- years (95%CI: 0.43-1.28), 1.72 for 65- years (95%CI: 1.05-2.81), 3.56 for 75 years and above (95%CI: 2.07-6.11), respectively. Compared to patients with education in primary school and below, the odds ratio was 1.37 (95%CI: 0.97-1.94), 2.48 (95%CI: 1.73-3.55), 1.99 (95%CI: 1.26-3.13) for those with education levels of junior high school, senior high school, and college, respectively. Current smoking (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 1.02-2.17), current drinking (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.28-0.71), postprandial glucose uncontrol (2 h postprandial plasma glucose >10.0 mmol/L: OR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.22-2.43), and prior myocardial infarction or angina (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.50-3.61) were influencing factors of PAD. Conclusions: Despite the high prevalence of PAD in diabetes managed in primary health care; multiple risk factors are not effectively aware of and under control. It is urgent to promote ABI screening and standardized management for diabetes, especially in primary health care.

[Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among inactivated COVID-19 vaccine recipients, SARS-CoV-2 natural infection cases, and breakthrough cases]

Between August and September, 2021, this study included 605 SARS-CoV-2 natural infection cases and 589 SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough cases from Nanjing and Yangzhou, as well as 690 inactivated COVID-19 vaccine recipients from Changzhou, China. In SARS-CoV-2 natural infection cases, the age range was 19-91 years (median age: 66 year), and the medians(Q₁,Q₃) of IgG titers were 0.19 (0.06-1.31), 3.70 (0.76-69.48), 15.31 (2.59-82.16), 4.41 (0.99-31.74), 2.31 (0.75-13.83), 2.28 (0.68-9.94) and 2.80 (1.00-9.53) at one to seven weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. In SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough cases, the age range was 18-76 years (median age: 45 year), and the medians(Q₁,Q₃)of IgG titers were 1.93 (0.34-26.67), 38.87 (7.90-121.0), 75.09 (11.85-123.70), 21.97 (5.20-95.58), 13.97 (3.47-46.82), 9.56 (2.48-33.38) and 4.38 (1.87-11.00) at one to seven weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. In inactivated COVID-19 vaccine recipients, the age range was 18-87 years (median age: 47 years), and the medians(Q₁,Q₃)of IgG titers were 16.22 (15.84-33.42), 5.35 (2.96-13.23), 3.30 (2.18-6.18), 3.14 (1.16-5.70), 2.77 (1.50-4.52), 2.72 (1.76-4.36), 2.01 (1.27-3.51) and 1.94 (1.35-3.09) at one to eight months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. The results suggested that IgG antibodies increased gradually within two weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, then declined gradually at three to seven weeks in SARS-CoV-2 natural infection cases. In SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough cases, IgG antibodies increased rapidly within two weeks, then declined gradually at three to seven weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, IgG antibodies decreased rapidly within three months, then decreased gradually and remained at a low level within three months after immunization.

Inducing Autophagy and Blocking Autophagic Flux via a Virus-Mimicking Nanodrug for Cancer Therapy

Maximizing the therapeutic capacity of drugs by allowing them to escape lysosomal degradation is a long-term challenge for nanodrug delivery. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has evolved the ability to escape the endosomal region to avoid degradation of internal genetic material by lysosomes and further induce upregulation of cellular autophagy for the purpose of their mass reproduction. In this work, to exploit the lysosome escape and autophagy-inducing properties of JEV for cancer therapy, we constructed a virus-mimicking nanodrug consisting of anti-PDL1 antibody-decorated JEV-mimicking virosome encapsulated with a clinically available autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Our study indicated that the nanodrug can upregulate the autophagy level and inhibit the autophagic flux, thereby inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells, and further activating the immune response, which can greatly improve the antitumor and tumor metastasis suppression effects and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment.

Three new sesquiterpenes from Ixeris sonchifolia

Two new guaiacene-type sesquiterpenes 13α-dihydroixerin acid, ixerin acid and one new secoguaiacene-type sesquiterpene secoixerin Z, along with four known compounds, were separated from ethanol extract of Ixeris sonchifolia. The structures were determined based on the detailed spectroscopic and physicochemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the isolates was tested against A549 cells. Among them, compound 3 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A549 cells with the IC₅₀ of 5.6 ± 0.9 µM.

[Analysis of prognostic factors of pediatric kidney transplantation]

Objective: To evaluate the short-and mid-term efficacy of pediatric kidney transplantation and the risk factors for kidney graft and recipient. Methods: The baseline data and postoperative complications of pediatric donors and recipients of 284 kidney transplants were retrospectively analyzed in the Department of Kidney Transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2010 to May 2021 and all subjects were followed up until December 31, 2021. According to the survival status of donors and recipients, they were divided into the graft-loss group and the graft-survival group, and the recipient death group and survival group, respectively. Univariate comparison between groups was performed by Log-rank test, and Cox proportional risk model was used to explore the independent risk factors for the graft and recipient survival. Results: Among the 284 children recipients, 184 cases (64.8%) were male and 100 cases(35.2%) were female, and 19 cases (6.7%) were living relative donor renal transplantation, 19 cases (6.7%) were preemptive transplantation, and 8 cases were secondary transplantation. The age of 284 recipients at the time of transplantation was 13.0 (9.0, 15.0) years, among whom 29 cases aged 0-6 years, 96 cases aged 7-11 years old, and 159 cases aged 12-18 years. The 1, 3, and 5 year survival rates were 92.3%, 88.9% and 84.8% for the kidney grafts, and were 97.1%, 95.6% and 94.4% for the recipients, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed postoperative acute rejection (HR=3.14, 95%CI 1.38-7.15, P=0.006) and perioperative vascular complications (HR=4.73, 95%CI 2.03-11.06, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for the survival of kidney graft. Postoperative infection (HR=14.23, 95%CI 3.45-58.72, P<0.001) was an independent risk factor for the postoperative mortality of recipients. Conclusions: Pediatric kidney transplantation shows a good short-and mid-term prognosis. Postoperative acute rejection and perioperative vascular complications are the risk factors for the survival of kidney graft, and postoperative infection is the risk factor affecting the survival of recipient.

Epidemiological characteristics and pathological changes of primary glomerular diseases

Objective

By analyzing the pathological characteristics and clinical data of renal biopsy in our hospital in the past 20 years, to further understand the epidemic characteristics and pathological changes of primary glomerular disease, and to provide regional data for the big data of kidney disease in my country.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 9448 patients with primary glomerular disease who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019, aged 18 years or older, and undergoing renal biopsy. Divided every 5 years into a group, a total of 4 groups (first group 2000.1.1–2004.12.31, second groups 2005.1.1–2009.12.31; third groups 2010.1.1–2014.12.31, fourth groups 2015.1.1–2019.12.31).

Results

① There were more males than females, and male: female vs 1.53:1. The proportion of men in the past five years has increased compared with the previous 15 years. ② Mostly middle-aged, with a median age of 41.39 years old. The age is increasing over time. There are differences between the four groups, P <0.001; ③ The most common clinical manifestations are nephrotic syndrome, followed by chronic glomerulonephritis. Occult glomerulonephritis, the proportion of patients with nephrotic syndrome increases over time, first to fourth group (40.08%< 42.64% < 47.08%< 53.69%); ④ The most common pathology type from 2000 to 2009 was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. IgA nephropathy was the most common type from 2010 to 2014, but the proportion of membranous nephropathy increased year by year, and it became the most common pathological type from 2015 to 2019; ⑤ The clinical and pathological manifestations of different genders are different, but there is no statistical difference.

Conclusion

In the past 20 years, the primary glomerular disease is mainly middle-aged. There are more men than women. The most common type of clinical manifestation is nephrotic syndrome. The pathological type is mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Over time, the average age is increasing, and the proportion of patients with renal syndrome is increasing. IgA nephropathy is the most common pathological type from 2010 to 2014, and membranous nephropathy has become the main pathological type in the past 5 years.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with prominent skin lesions and arthritis: A case report

BACKGROUND

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis of unknown etiology characterized by papulonodular skin lesions and progressive, erosive arthritis. To date, there have been approximately 300 cases of MRH reported worldwide. The majority of patients are Caucasian from western countries, and Asian patients are rare. Here, we report a case of MRH in a Chinese patient.

CASE SUMMARY

A 38-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a rash that had persisted for over 2 years and bilateral knee pain for over 1 year. The patient’s symptoms had previously been misdiagnosed as eczema when there were only skin symptoms and was finally diagnosed as MRH after a skin biopsy of the left upper back. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids combined with an immunosuppressive regimen. While the skin lesions on both arms, abdomen, and back subsided, the skin lesions on the rest of the body did not increase. The interphalangeal joints of both thumbs and bilateral knee joints remained swollen and painful.

CONCLUSION

The case will help clinicians better identify and treat this disease in the absence of epidemiological studies or randomized controlled data.

Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis WB, an isolate from the watermelon rhizosphere: Genomic insights into its antifungal effects

OBJECTIVES

Here, we report the complete genome of strain WB, isolated from the rhizosphere of a healthy watermelon from a Fusarium wilt diseased field, which possesses antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) and reduces the incidence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon.

METHODS

Genome sequences were determined using the Illumina HiSeq and PacBio platforms. Genome assembly was performed by Unicycler software. Gene clusters responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis were predicted using antiSMASH.

RESULTS

The size of the genome was 3 896 799 base pairs, and there were 3 977 coding DNA sequences (CDSs). The G+C content of the circular genome was 46.65%, and there were 27 rRNAs and 86 tRNAs. Strain WB was finally designated Bacillus velezensis based on phylogenomic analyses. In addition, 13 gene clusters were related to the synthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including surfactin, fengycin, iturin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, bacillaene, and butirosin.

CONCLUSIONS

The complete genome sequence of strain WB reported here will be a valuable reference for studying the biocontrol mechanisms of Fusarium wilt in watermelon.

Quantum Dots Tracking Endocytosis and Transport of Proteins Displayed by Mammalian Cells

Mammalian cell display technology uses eukaryotic protein expression system to display proteins on cell surfaces and has become an important method in biological research. Although mammalian cell display technology has many advantages and development potential, certain attributes of the displayed protein remain uncharacterized, such as whether the displayed proteins re-enter the cell and how displayed proteins move into the cell. Here, we present the endocytosis mechanism, motility behavior, and transport kinetics of displayed proteins determined using HaloTag as the displayed protein and quantum dot-based single-particle tracking. The displayed protein enters the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is transported through the cell in three stages, which is dependent on microfilaments and microtubules. The dynamic information obtained in this study provides answers to questions about endocytosis and postendocytosis transport of displayed proteins and, therefore, is expected to facilitate the development of surface display technology.