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Shkundin A, Halaris A. IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions. J Pers Med 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38793070 PMCID: PMC11122344 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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2
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Yang Z, Wan X, Zhao X, Rong Y, Wu Y, Cao Z, Xie Q, Luo M, Liu Y. Brain neurometabolites differences in individuals with subjective cognitive decline plus: a quantitative single- and multi-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:4074-4096. [PMID: 34476190 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Subjective cognitive decline plus could be an extremely early phase of Alzheimer's disease; however, changes of N-acetylaspartate, myoinositol, and N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol is still unknown at this stage. This study aimed to explore brain neurometabolic alterations in patients with subjective cognitive decline plus using quantitative single-voxel and multi-voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Methods A total of 91 participants were enrolled and underwent a GE 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging, including 33 elderly controls, 27 patients with subjective cognitive decline plus, and 31 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Single-voxel and multi-voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to investigate the differences in neurometabolite levels among the three groups. Results Compared with elderly controls, patients with subjective cognitive decline plus showed significant decline in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol values in multiple regions, and amnestic MCI participants demonstrated more significant decreased N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol levels in multiple regions. The combined concentrations of N-acetylaspartate with myoinositol showed an excellent discrimination between those with subjective cognitive decline plus and elderly controls as compared to that obtained using N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol ratios with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.895 and 0.860, respectively. Likewise, the combined area under the curve for differentiating patients with subjective cognitive decline plus from amnestic MCI was obtained using the combined levels of N-acetylaspartate with myoinositol was 0.892. This was also higher than the combined area under the curve of 0.836 obtained using N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol ratios. Moreover, N-acetylaspartate levels in the left hippocampus and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was positively related to the Auditory Verbal Learning Test delayed recall scores in patients with subjective cognitive decline plus, whereas only the N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol ratio was positively related to this scale scores in the left hippocampus. Conclusions Quantitative single-voxel and multi-voxel 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide valuable information to detect alterative brain neurometabolites characteristics in patients with subjective cognitive decline plus. N-acetylaspartate concentrations may be used as one of the earliest neuroimaging markers at this stage, while N-acetylaspartate/myoinositol ratio could be more suitable for monitoring Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Imaging Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xing Wan
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhu Zhao
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Rong
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Gaozhou City, Maoming, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shantou Central Hospital and Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Medical Imaging Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Qiuxia Xie
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubao Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Multi-omics in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clues into the underlying mechanisms leading to disease. Seizure 2021; 90:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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4
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Liu X, Ruan Z, Shao XC, Feng HX, Wu L, Wang W, Wang HM, Mu HY, Zhang RJ, Zhao WM, Zhang HY, Zhang NX. Protective Effects of 28-O-Caffeoyl Betulin (B-CA) on the Cerebral Cortex of Ischemic Rats Revealed by a NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:686-698. [PMID: 33389470 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
28-O-caffeoyl betulin (B-CA) has been demonstrated to reduce the cerebral infarct volume caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury. B-CA is a novel derivative of naturally occurring caffeoyl triterpene with little information associated with its pharmacological target(s). To date no data is available regarding the effect of B-CA on brain metabolism. In the present study, a 1H-NMR-based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the therapeutic effects of B-CA on brain metabolism following MCAO in rats. Global metabolic profiles of the cortex in acute period (9 h after focal ischemia onset) after MCAO were compared between the groups (sham; MCAO + vehicle; MCAO + B-CA). MCAO induced several changes in the ipsilateral cortex of ischemic rats, which consequently led to the neuronal damage featured with the downregulation of NAA, including energy metabolism dysfunctions, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter metabolism. Treatment with B-CA showed statistically significant rescue effects on the ischemic cortex of MCAO rats. Specifically, treatment with B-CA ameliorated the energy metabolism dysfunctions (back-regulating the levels of succinate, lactate, BCAAs, and carnitine), oxidative stress (upregulating the level of glutathione), and neurotransmitter metabolism disturbances (back-regulating the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine) associated with the progression of ischemic stroke. With the administration of B-CA, the levels of three phospholipid related metabolites (O-phosphocholine, O-phosphoethanolamine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and NAA improved significantly. Overall, our findings suggest that treatment with B-CA may provide neuroprotection by augmenting the metabolic changes observed in the cortex following MCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Cheng Shao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Min Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yan Mu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jun Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Nai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Kwong SP, Wang C. Review: Usnic acid-induced hepatotoxicity and cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103493. [PMID: 32961280 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of herbal and dietary supplement-induced hepatotoxicity has been reported worldwide. Usnic acid (UA) is a well-known hepatotoxin derived from lichens. Since 2000, more than 20 incident reports have been received by the US Food and Drug Administration after intake of UA containing dietary supplement resulting in severe complications. Scientists and clinicians have been studying the cause, prevention and treatment of UA-induced hepatotoxicity. It is now known that UA decouples oxidative phosphorylation, induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, decreases glutathione (GSH), and induces oxidative stress markedly leading to lipid peroxidation and organelle stress. In addition, experimental rat liver tissues have shown massive vacuolization associated with cellular swellings. Additionally, various signaling pathways, such as c-JNK N-terminal kinase (JNK), store-operated calcium entry, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) pathways are stimulated by UA causing beneficial or harmful effects. Nevertheless, there are controversial issues, such as UA-induced inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses, cytochrome P450 detoxifying UA into non-toxic or transforming UA into reactive metabolites, and unknown mechanism of the formation of vacuolization and membrane pore. This article focused on the previous and latest comprehensive putative mechanistic findings of UA-induced hepatotoxicity and cell death. New insights on controversial issues and future perspectives are also discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukfan P Kwong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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6
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Shin SK, Cho HW, Song SE, Im SS, Bae JH, Song DK. Oxidative stress resulting from the removal of endogenous catalase induces obesity by promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipocytes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101749. [PMID: 33080438 PMCID: PMC7575809 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is regarded as an abnormal expansion and excessive accumulation of fat mass in white adipose tissue. The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of obesity is still unclear. Although mainly present in peroxisomes, catalase scavenges intracellular H2O2 at toxic levels. Therefore, we used catalase-knockout (CKO) mice to elucidate the involvement of excessive H2O2 in the development of obesity. CKO mice with C57BL/6J background gained more weight with higher body fat mass with age than age-matched wild-type (WT) mice fed with either chow or high-fat diets. This phenomenon was attenuated by concomitant treatment with the antioxidants, melatonin or N-acetyl cysteine. Moreover, CKO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) appeared to differentiate to adipocytes more easily than WT MEFs, showing increased H2O2 concentrations. Using 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes transfected with catalase-small interfering RNA, we confirmed that a more prominent lipogenesis occurred in catalase-deficient cells than in WT cells. Catalase-deficient adipocytes presented increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression but decreased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Treatment with a NOX4 inhibitor or AMPK activator rescued the propensity for obesity of CKO mice. These findings suggest that excessive H2O2 and related oxidative stress increase body fat mass via both adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Manipulating NOX4 and AMPK in white adipocytes may be a therapeutic tool against obesity augmented by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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7
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Singh SS, Rai SN, Birla H, Zahra W, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Singh R, Singh SP. Neuroprotective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Mediated Apoptotic Death of DA Neurons in a Parkinsonian Mouse Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6571484. [PMID: 32566093 PMCID: PMC7273475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6571484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress characterize major factors involved in the activation of complex processes corresponding to apoptosis-mediated neuronal senescence of dopaminergic neurons (DA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms participating in the treatment of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydopyridine- (MPTP-) intoxicated PD mouse model in response to chlorogenic acid (CGA). The results indicate that CGA treatment significantly improved the motor coordination of the MPTP-intoxicated mice. CGA also alleviated the fall in activity of mitochondrial complexes I, IV, and V in accordance with ameliorating the level of superoxide dismutase and mitochondrial glutathione in the midbrain of MPTP-induced mice. CGA inhibited the activation of proapoptotic proteins including Bax and caspase-3, while elevating the expression of antiapoptotic protein like Bcl-2 consequently preventing the MPTP-mediated apoptotic cascade. The study also revealed the improved phosphorylation state of Akt, ERK1/2, and GSK3β which was downregulated as an effect of MPTP toxicity. Our findings signify that CGA may possess pharmacological properties and contribute to neuroprotection against MPTP induced toxicity in a PD mouse model associated with phosphorylation of GSK3β via activating Akt/ERK signalling in the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Thus, CGA treatment may arise as a potential therapeutic candidate for mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic senescence of DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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8
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He Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Lan T, Tian Y, Chen X, Li Y, Dang R, Bai M, Cheng K, Xie P. Metabolomic abnormalities of purine and lipids implicated olfactory bulb dysfunction of CUMS depressive rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:649-659. [PMID: 32152797 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mood disorder and leads to a high suicide rate as well as financial burden. The volume and function (the sensitivity and neurogenesis) of the olfactory bulb (OB) were reported to be altered among the MDD patients and rodent models of depression. In addition, the olfactory epithelium was newly reported to decrease its volume and function under chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) treatment. However, the underlying molecular mechanism still remains unclear. Herein, we conducted the non-targeted metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to characterize the differential metabolites in OB of CUMS rats. Our results showed that 19 metabolites were categorized into two perturbed pathways: purine metabolism and lipid metabolism, which were regarded as the vital pathways concerned with dysfunction of OB. These findings indicated that the turbulence of metabolic pathways may be partly responsible for the dysfunction of OB in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhonghao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tianlan Lan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ruozhi Dang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mengge Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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Yin Y, Zhang P, Yue X, Du X, Li W, Yin Y, Yi C, Li Y. Effect of sub-chronic exposure to lead (Pb) and Bacillus subtilis on Carassius auratus gibelio: Bioaccumulation, antioxidant responses and immune responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:755-762. [PMID: 29957583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning in humans and fish represents a significant global problem. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a widely used probiotic in aquaculture. Carassius auratus gibelio (C. gibelio) is one of the most important aquaculture species with great commercial value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of B. subtilis in ameliorating lead-induced toxicity in C. gibelio. The fish were exposed for 60 days to waterborne Pb at 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 1 mg/L and/or dietary B. subtilis at 109 cfu/g. After 30 and 60 days, the fish were sampled and bioaccumulation, antioxidant activity and immune responses were assessed. The results revealed that B. subtilis confers significant protective effects against lead toxicity by preventing alterations in the levels of bioaccumulation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. B. subtilis also assists in the recovery of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, lysozyme, and IgM levels while regulating the expression of immune-related genes including IL-10, lysozyme, TNF-α, IgM and Hsp70 after 60 days of lead exposure. Our results suggest that administration of B. subtilis (109 cfu/g) has the potential to combat lead toxicity in C. gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Health Monitoring and Inspection Center of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinyan Yue
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Wei Li
- China-Japan union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yulin Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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10
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Huun MU, Garberg H, Løberg EM, Escobar J, Martinez-Orgado J, Saugstad OD, Solberg R. DHA and therapeutic hypothermia in a short-term follow-up piglet model of hypoxia-ischemia: Effects on H+MRS biomarkers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201895. [PMID: 30086156 PMCID: PMC6080779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia has become the standard of care for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in high and middle income countries. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has neuroprotective properties of reducing excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in rodent models. We aim to study whether post hypoxic administration of i.v. DHA will reduce H+MRS biomarkers and gene expression of inflammation and apoptosis both with and without hypothermia in a large animal model. Methods Fifty-five piglets were randomized to severe global hypoxia (N = 48) or not (Sham, N = 7). Hypoxic piglets were further randomized by factorial design: Vehicle (VEH), DHA, VEH + Hypothermia (HT), or DHA + HT. 5 mg/kg DHA was given intravenously 210 min after end of hypoxia. Two-way ANOVA analyses were performed with DHA and hypothermia as main effects. Results Cortical lactate/N-acetylaspartate (Lac/NAA) was significantly reduced in DHA + HT compared to HT. DHA had significant main effects on increasing N-acetylaspartate and glutathione in hippocampus. Therapeutic hypothermia significantly reduced the Lac/NAA ratio and protein expression of IL-1β and TNFα in hippocampus and reduced Troponin T in serum. Neuropathology showed significant differences between sham and hypoxia, but no differences between intervention groups. Conclusion DHA and therapeutic hypothermia significantly improve specific H+MRS biomarkers in this short-term follow up model of hypoxia-ischemia. Longer recovery periods are needed to evaluate whether DHA can offer translational neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ullestad Huun
- Department of Pediatric Research, Women and Children's Division and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Håvard Garberg
- Department of Pediatric Research, Women and Children's Division and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Løberg
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier Escobar
- Department of Pediatric Research, Women and Children's Division and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ola Didrik Saugstad
- Department of Pediatric Research, Women and Children's Division and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rønnaug Solberg
- Department of Pediatric Research, Women and Children's Division and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
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Silaidos C, Pilatus U, Grewal R, Matura S, Lienerth B, Pantel J, Eckert GP. Sex-associated differences in mitochondrial function in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and brain. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:34. [PMID: 30045765 PMCID: PMC6060503 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and it affects more women than men. Mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) plays a key role in AD, and it is detectable at an early stage of the degenerative process in peripheral tissues, such as peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs). However, whether these changes are also reflected in cerebral energy metabolism and whether sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function occur are not clear. Therefore, we estimated the correlation between mitochondrial function in PBMCs and brain energy metabolites and examined sex-specific differences in healthy participants to elucidate these issues. METHODS The current pilot study included 9 male and 15 female healthy adults (mean age 30.8 ± 7.1 years). Respiration and activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes were measured using a Clarke-electrode (Oxygraph-2k system), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined using a bioluminescence-based assay in isolated PBMCs. Citrate synthase activity as a mitochondrial marker was measured using a photometric assay. Concentrations of brain energy metabolites were quantified in the same individuals using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS We detected sex-associated differences in mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial complexes I, I+II, and IV and uncoupled respiration and electron transport system (ETS) capacity in PBMCs isolated from blood samples of females were significantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) higher compared to males. ATP levels in the PBMCs of female participants were approximately 10% higher compared to males. Citrate synthase (CS) activity, a marker of mitochondrial content, was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in females compared to males. Sex-associated differences were also found for brain metabolites. The N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration was significantly higher in female participants compared to males in targeted regions. This difference was observed in white matter (WM) and an area with a high percentage (> 50%) of gray matter (GM) (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). The effect sizes indicated a strong influence of sex on these parameters. Sex-associated differences were found in PBMCs and brain, but the determined parameters were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed sex-associated differences in mitochondrial function in healthy participants. The underlying mechanisms must be elucidated in more detail, but our study suggests that mitochondrial function in PBMCs is a feasible surrogate marker to detect differences in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in humans and it underscores the necessity of sex-specific approaches in therapies that target mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Silaidos
- Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - U. Pilatus
- Institute for Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R. Grewal
- Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S. Matura
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - B. Lienerth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - J. Pantel
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - G. P. Eckert
- Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Bazzigaluppi P, Ebrahim Amini A, Weisspapir I, Stefanovic B, Carlen PL. Hungry Neurons: Metabolic Insights on Seizure Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112269. [PMID: 29143800 PMCID: PMC5713239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy afflicts up to 1.6% of the population and the mechanisms underlying the appearance of seizures are still not understood. In past years, many efforts have been spent trying to understand the mechanisms underlying the excessive and synchronous firing of neurons. Traditionally, attention was pointed towards synaptic (dys)function and extracellular ionic species (dys)regulation. Recently, novel clinical and preclinical studies explored the role of brain metabolism (i.e., glucose utilization) of seizures pathophysiology revealing (in most cases) reduced metabolism in the inter-ictal period and increased metabolism in the seconds preceding and during the appearance of seizures. In the present review, we summarize the clinical and preclinical observations showing metabolic dysregulation during epileptogenesis, seizure initiation, and termination, and in the inter-ictal period. Recent preclinical studies have shown that 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG, a glycolysis blocker) is a novel therapeutic approach to reduce seizures. Furthermore, we present initial evidence for the effectiveness of 2-DG in arresting 4-Aminopyridine induced neocortical seizures in vivo in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Azin Ebrahim Amini
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Iliya Weisspapir
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Peter L Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Medicine & Physiology, and Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Oxidative Stress: Mechanistic Insights into Inherited Mitochondrial Disorders and Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6110100. [PMID: 29077060 PMCID: PMC5704117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises when cellular antioxidant defences become overwhelmed by a surplus generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Once this occurs, many cellular biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins become susceptible to free radical-induced oxidative damage, and this may consequently lead to cellular and ultimately tissue and organ dysfunction. Mitochondria, as well as being a source of ROS, are vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced damage with a number of key biomolecules being the target of oxidative damage by free radicals, including membrane phospholipids, respiratory chain complexes, proteins, and mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA). As a result, a deficit in cellular energy status may occur along with increased electron leakage and partial reduction of oxygen. This in turn may lead to a further increase in ROS production. Oxidative damage to certain mitochondrial biomolecules has been associated with, and implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the impact of such oxidative stress and subsequent damage by reviewing our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of several inherited mitochondrial disorders together with our understanding of perturbations observed in the more commonly acquired neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Furthermore, the potential use and feasibility of antioxidant therapies as an adjunct to lower the accumulation of damaging oxidative species and hence slow disease progression will also be discussed.
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Glutathione in the human brain: Review of its roles and measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:127-143. [PMID: 28034792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We review the transport, synthesis and catabolism of glutathione in the brain as well as its compartmentation and biochemistry in different brain cells. The major reactions involving glutathione are reviewed and the factors limiting its availability in brain cells are discussed. We also describe and critique current methods for measuring glutathione in the human brain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and review the literature on glutathione measurements in healthy brains and in neurological, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions In summary: Healthy human brain glutathione concentration is ∼1-2 mM, but it varies by brain region, with evidence of gender differences and age effects; in neurological disease glutathione appears reduced in multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease and epilepsy, while being increased in meningiomas; in psychiatric disease the picture is complex and confounded by methodological differences, regional effects, length of disease and drug-treatment. Both increases and decreases in glutathione have been reported in depression and schizophrenia. In Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment there is evidence for a decrease in glutathione compared to age-matched healthy controls. Improved methods to measure glutathione in vivo will provide better precision in glutathione determination and help resolve the complex biochemistry of this molecule in health and disease.
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de Oliveira MR, Peres A, Gama CS, Bosco SMD. Pinocembrin Provides Mitochondrial Protection by the Activation of the Erk1/2-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Paraquat. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6018-6031. [PMID: 27696114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pinocembrin (PB; 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone; C15H12O4) is a flavonoid found in propolis and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, PB has been studied as a neuroprotective agent. However, it remains to be understood whether and how PB would induce mitochondrial protection in mammalian cells. Therefore, we investigated here the mechanism involved in the protective effects elicited by PB in paraquat (PQ; 100 μM)-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PB (25 μM) pretreatment (for 4 h) downregulated the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), blocked the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and inhibited the PQ-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Besides, PB prevented mitochondrial dysfunction by suppressing the PQ-elicited inhibition of complexes I and V. Moreover, PB abrogated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the decline in ATP levels in the cells exposed to PQ. PB exerted antioxidant effects on mitochondria by decreasing the levels of redox impairment markers in mitochondrial membranes. Importantly, PB enhanced the levels of mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH). Upregulation of enzymes involved in the synthesis of GSH was seen in the cells exposed to PB. PB afforded mitochondrial protection by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Erk1/2-Nrf2) axis, since inhibition of Erk1/2 or silencing of Nrf2 abrogated these effects. Therefore, PB exerted mitochondrial and cellular protection by an Erk1/2-Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Cuiaba, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Health Basic Sciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa da Pós-Graduação, Centro Universitário Metodista IPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Severino Gama
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Medicina Translacional (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Muller DPR. Vitamin E and neurological function: lessons from patients with abetalipoproteinaemia. Redox Rep 2016; 1:239-45. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1995.11746993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Carnosic Acid Affords Mitochondrial Protection in Chlorpyrifos-Treated Sh-Sy5y Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:367-79. [PMID: 27083155 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA; C20H28O4) is a phenolic diterpene found in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and exhibits protective properties, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. In this context, CA has been viewed as a neuroprotective agent due to its ability in rescuing neuronal cells from pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic challenges. In the present work, we found that CA pretreatment at 1 µM for 12 h suppressed the mitochondria-related pro-oxidant and mitochondria-dependent pro-apoptotic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. CA prevented mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and decreased the levels of oxidative stress markers in mitochondrial membranes obtained from cells exposed to CPF. CA also inhibited cytochrome c release and activation of the caspases-9 and -3, as well as decreased DNA fragmentation, in CPF-treated cells. CA upregulated the content of glutathione (GSH) in mitochondria by a mechanism involving the activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, since inhibition of PI3K/Akt or silencing of Nrf2 using siRNA strategy abolished the protection exerted by CA in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, CA protected mitochondria of SH-SY5Y cells through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 axis, causing upregulation of the mitochondrial GSH content and consequent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Zhou Y, Li Z, Tang F, Ge R. Proteomics annotate therapeutic properties of a traditonal Tibetan medicine - Tsantan Sumtang targeting and regulating multiple perturbed pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 181:108-117. [PMID: 26707570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tsantan Sumtang is a traditional Tibetan medicine, which has been traditionally used as medicine for the treatment of cardiopyretic disease which is similar to angina. However, the precise and comprehensive mechanism of it pretreatment remain elusive, so in this study, we used proteomics to systematically analyse the therapeutic mechanism of it. MATERAL AND METHODS Rats were divided into three groups (n=6): Tsantan Sumtang group (2g/kg), the model group, the control group (distilled water, 10ml/kg). Drugs were treated once a day for 20 days. After the last administration of drug, left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in vivo was performed. 5 days latter, the hearts were harvested and we applied HPLC- MS/MS using an isobaric TMTs proteomics technology to analyse the differentially expressed proteins among groups. RESULTS We comfirmed from the data that 752 proteins were differentially expressed in model group when compared with the control group, 314 proteins showed the recovery of the values by Tsantan Sumtang treatment. The differential proteins were analysed by gene ontology, cellular pathways and clustering analyses, most of them were metabolic enzymes. These included glycolytic enzymes, enzymes implicated in fatty acids oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, various subunits of different mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes, as well as enzymes involved in antioxidation system. CONCLUSION Tsantan Sumtang can target and regulate multiple metabolic perturbed pathways, especially it can partially inhibite fatty acid β-oxidation, stimulate glucose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP utilization to protect the injured heart. This helped us to understand the molecular therapeutic mechanisms of Tsantan Sumtang on mycardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Department of Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Rili Ge
- Department of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China.
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Park EJ, Otaduy MCG, Lyra KPD, Andrade CS, Castro LHM, Passarelli V, Valerio RMF, Jorge CL, Tsunemi MH, Leite CDC. Extratemporal abnormalities in phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2016; 74:93-8. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective We evaluated extratemporal metabolic changes with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Method 31P-MRS of 33 patients with unilateral MTS was compared with 31 controls. The voxels were selected in the anterior, posterior insula-basal ganglia (AIBG, PIBG) and frontal lobes (FL). Relative values of phosphodiesters- PDE, phosphomonoesters-PME, inorganic phosphate - Pi, phosphocreatine- PCr, total adenosine triphosphate [ATPt = γ- + a- + b-ATP] and the ratios PCr/ATPt, PCr/γ-ATP, PCr/Pi and PME/PDE were obtained. Results We found energetic abnormalities in the MTS patients compared to the controls with Pi reduction bilaterally in the AIBG and ipsilaterally in the PIBG and the contralateral FL; there was also decreased PCr/γ-ATP in the ipsilateral AIBG and PIBG. Increased ATPT in the contralateral AIBG and increased γ-ATP in the ipsilateral PIBG were detected. Conclusion Widespread energy dysfunction was detected in patients with unilateral MTS.
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Meenakshi S, Umayaparvathi S, Saravanan R, Manivasagam T, Balasubramanian T. Neuroprotective effect of fucoidan from Turbinaria decurrens in MPTP intoxicated Parkinsonic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:425-33. [PMID: 26828289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is one of the dominant sulfated polysaccharide which was extracted from the brown seaweed Turbinaria decurrens. In the behavioral study mice treated with fucoidan showed better response than the MPTP treated mice. Antioxidants and dopamine level has been increased in the fucoidan treated mice when compared to MPTP induced mice. In Immunohistochemistry, the increase of TH positive cells in the fucoidan treated group is correlated with the TH protein levels in substantia nigra and corpus striatum. The increase is greater than the content of dopamine and DOPAC, which may be explained that the dopaminergic terminals are more sensitive to MPTP toxicity and therefore are more severely damaged than the dopaminergic cell bodies. In immunoblotting TH and DAT was used, both the antibodies expression in MPTP was reduced and reversed in other groups. From the results it was conformed that the fucoidan has a neuroprotective effect without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Meenakshi
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Science, Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Shanmugam Umayaparvathi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Vels University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Saravanan
- Department of Zoology, Sri K.G.S Arts College, Srivaikuntam, Thoothukudi (dt), Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Thangavel Balasubramanian
- Former Dean & Director, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamilnadu, India
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Chauhan A, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Gupta YK. Rapamycin ameliorates brain metabolites alterations after transient focal ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 757:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pan JW, Kuzniecky RI. Utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for human epilepsy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:313-22. [PMID: 25853088 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the potential utility of broad based use of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging for human epilepsy and seizure localization. The clinical challenges are well known to the epilepsy community, intrinsic in the variability of location, volumetric size and network extent of epileptogenic tissue in individual patients. The technical challenges are also evident, with high performance requirements in multiple steps, including magnet homogeneity, detector performance, sequence design, speed of acquisition in addition to large territory spectral processing. We consider how MR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging has been informative for epilepsy thus far, with specific attention to what is measured, the interpretation of such measurements and technical performance challenges. Examples are shown from medial temporal lobe and neocortical epilepsies are considered from 4T, 7T and most recently 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jullie W Pan
- 1 Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; 2 Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ruben I Kuzniecky
- 1 Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; 2 Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Neuroprotective effects of idebenone against pilocarpine-induced seizures: modulation of antioxidant status, DNA damage and Na(+), K (+)-ATPase activity in rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:394-402. [PMID: 24414170 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the neuroprotective activity of idebenone against pilocarpine-induced seizures and hippocampal injury in rats. Idebenone is a ubiquinone analog with antioxidant, and ATP replenishment effects. It is well tolerated and has low toxicity. Previous studies reported the protective effects of idebenone against neurodegenerative diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia and Alzheimer's disease. So far, the efficacy of idebenone in experimental models of seizures has not been tested. To achieve this aim, rats were randomly distributed into six groups. Two groups were treated with either normal saline (0.9 %, i.p., control group) or idebenone (200 mg/kg, i.p., Ideb200 group) for three successive days. Rats of the other four groups (P400, Ideb50 + P400, Ideb100 + P400, and Ideb200 + P400) received either saline or idebenone (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days, respectively followed by a single dose of pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.). All rats were observed for 6 h post pilocarpine injection. Latency to the first seizure, and percentages of seizures and survival were recorded. Surviving animals were sacrificed, and the hippocampal tissues were separated and used for the measurement of lipid peroxides, total nitrate/nitrite, glutathione and DNA fragmentation levels, in addition to catalase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities. Results revealed that in a dose-dependent manner, idebenone (100, 200 mg/kg) prolonged the latency to the first seizure, elevated the percentage of survival and diminished the percentage of pilocapine-induced seizures in rats. Significant increases in lipid peroxides, total nitrate/nitrite, DNA fragmentation levels and catalase activity, in addition to a significant reduction in glutathione level and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity were observed in pilocarpine group. Pre-administration of idebenone (100, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) to pilocarpine-treated rats, significantly reduced lipid peroxides, total nitrate/nitrite, DNA fragmentation levels, and normalized catalase activity. Moreover, idebenone prevented pilocarpine-induced detrimental effects on brain hippocampal glutathione level, and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase enzyme activity in rats. Data obtained from the current investigation emphasized the critical role of oxidative stress in induction of seizures by pilocarpine and elucidated the prominent neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of idebenone in this model.
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Abstract
AbstractOxidative stress is known to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuronal redox status is maintained by glucose metabolism via the pentose-phosphate pathway and it is known that disruption of glucose metabolism is damaging to neurons. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that glucose metabolism is altered in PD and dysregulation of the pentose-phosphate pathway in this disease has recently been shown. In this review, we present an overview of the literature regarding neuronal glucose metabolism and PD, and discuss the implications of these findings for PD pathogenesis and possible future therapeutic avenues.
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Rae CD. A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1-36. [PMID: 24258018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dunn L, Allen GF, Mamais A, Ling H, Li A, Duberley KE, Hargreaves IP, Pope S, Holton JL, Lees A, Heales SJ, Bandopadhyay R. Dysregulation of glucose metabolism is an early event in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1111-5. [PMID: 24300239 PMCID: PMC3969149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Unlike most other cell types, neurons preferentially metabolize glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to maintain their antioxidant status. Inhibiting the PPP in neuronal cell models causes cell death. In rodents, inhibition of this pathway causes selective dopaminergic cell death leading to motor deficits resembling parkinsonism. Using postmortem human brain tissue, we characterized glucose metabolism via the PPP in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and controls. AD brains showed increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production in areas affected by disease. In PD however, increased NADPH production was only seen in the affected areas of late-stage cases. Quantifying PPP NADPH-producing enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, showed a reduction in the putamen of early-stage PD and interestingly in the cerebellum of early and late-stage PD. Importantly, there was no decrease in enzyme levels in the cortex, putamen, or cerebellum of AD. Our results suggest that down-regulation of PPP enzymes and a failure to increase antioxidant reserve is an early event in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dunn
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - George Fg Allen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit. University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Helen Ling
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Abi Li
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kate E Duberley
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon J Heales
- Chemical Pathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Persistent overexpression of phosphoglycerate mutase, a glycolytic enzyme, modifies energy metabolism and reduces stress resistance of heart in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72173. [PMID: 23951293 PMCID: PMC3741204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is associated with changes in cardiac energy metabolism. Glucose metabolism in particular is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of heart failure. We examined the effects of persistent overexpression of phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (Pgam2), a glycolytic enzyme, on cardiac energy metabolism and function. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice constitutively overexpressing Pgam2 in a heart-specific manner were generated, and cardiac energy metabolism and function were analyzed. Cardiac function at rest was normal. The uptake of analogs of glucose or fatty acids and the phosphocreatine/βATP ratio at rest were normal. A comprehensive metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in the levels of a few metabolites immediately upstream and downstream of Pgam2 in the glycolytic pathway, whereas the levels of metabolites in the initial few steps of glycolysis and lactate remained unchanged. The levels of metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were altered. The capacity for respiration by isolated mitochondria in vitro was decreased, and that for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro was increased. Impaired cardiac function was observed in response to dobutamine. Mice developed systolic dysfunction upon pressure overload. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive overexpression of Pgam2 modified energy metabolism and reduced stress resistance of heart in mice.
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Liang LP, Kavanagh TJ, Patel M. Glutathione deficiency in Gclm null mice results in complex I inhibition and dopamine depletion following paraquat administration. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:366-73. [PMID: 23704229 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of glutathione has been shown to occur in autopsied brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models of PD. The goal of this study was to determine whether chronic glutathione (GSH) deficiency per se resulted in complex I inhibition and/or dopamine depletion and whether these indices were further potentiated by aging or administration of paraquat, a redox-cycling herbicide that produces a PD-like neurodegeneration model in rodents (Brooks, A. I., Chadwick, C. A., Gelbard, H. A., Cory-Slechta, D. A., and Federoff, H. J. [1999]. Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Res. 823, 1-10; McCormack, A. L., Thiruchelvam, M., Manning-Bog, A. B., Thiffault, C., Langston, J. W., Cory-Slechta, D. A., and Di Monte, D. A. [2002]. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: Selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol. Dis. 10, 119-127.) Deletion of the rate-limiting GSH synthesis gene, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm), leads to significantly lower GSH concentrations in all tissues including brain. Gclm null (Gclm (-/-)) mice provide a model of prolonged GSH depletion to explore the relationship between GSH, complex I inhibition, and dopamine loss in vivo. Despite ~60% depletion of brain GSH in Gclm (-/-) mice of ages 3-5 or 14-16 months, striatal complex I activity, dopamine levels, 3-nitrotyroine/tyrosine ratios, aconitase activity, and CoASH remained unchanged. Administration of paraquat (10mg/kg, twice/week, 3 weeks) to 3- to 5-month-old Gclm (-/-) mice resulted in significantly decreased aconitase activity, complex I activity, and dopamine levels but not in 3- to 5-month-old Gclm (+/+) mice. Furthermore, paraquat-induced inhibition of complex I and aconitase activities in Gclm (-/-) mice was observed in the striatum but not in the cortex. The results suggest that chronic deficiency of GSH in Gclm (-/-) mice was not sufficient to result in complex I inhibition or dopamine depletion perhaps due to homeostatic mechanisms but required an additional oxidative stress insult as shown with paraquat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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El-Ghazaly MA, Sadik NAH, Rashed ER, Abd-El-Fattah AA. Neuroprotective effect of EGb761® and low-dose whole-body γ-irradiation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:1128-43. [PMID: 23696346 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713487251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate the pretreatment effects of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761(®)) and low-dose whole-body γ-irradiation on the neurological dysfunction in the reserpine model of PD. Male Wistar rats were pretreated orally with EGb761 or fractionated low-dose whole-body γ-irradiation or their combination, then subjected to intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (5 mg/kg body weight) 24 h after the final dose of EGb761 or radiation. Reserpine injection resulted in the depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) level, increased catalepsy score, increased oxidative stress indicated via depletion of glutathione (GSH), increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron levels, decreased DA metabolites metabolizing enzymes; indicated by inhibition by glutathione-S-transferase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) activities, mitochondrial dysfunction; indicated by declined complex I activity, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and increased apoptosis; indicated by decreased mitochondrial B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein level and by transmission electron microscope. EGb761 and low-dose γ-radiation ameliorated the reserpine-induced state of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in brain. It can be concluded that EGb761, a widely used herbal medicine and low dose of γ-irradiation have protective effects for combating Parkinsonism possibly via replenishment of GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin A H Sadik
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy R Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Allen GF, Ullah Y, Hargreaves IP, Land JM, Heales SJ. Dopamine but not l-dopa stimulates neural glutathione metabolism. Potential implications for Parkinson’s and other dopamine deficiency states. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:684-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zahr NM, Mayer D, Rohlfing T, Chanraud S, Gu M, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. In vivo glutamate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: behavioral correlates in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1265-76. [PMID: 23116877 PMCID: PMC3545108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered availability of the brain biochemical glutamate might contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions. To investigate the contribution of regional glutamate levels to behavior in the aging brain, we used an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for glutamate detection in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical glutamatergic efferents-striatum, cerebellum, and pons. Data from 61 healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 86 years were used. Older age was associated with lower glutamate levels in the striatum, but not cerebellum or pons. Older age was also predictive of poorer performance on tests of visuomotor skills and balance. Low striatal glutamate levels were associated with high systolic blood pressure and worse performance on a complex visuomotor task, the Grooved Pegboard. These findings suggest that low brain glutamate levels are related to high blood pressure and that changes in brain glutamate levels might mediate the behavioral changes noted in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford, CA, United States, Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
- Radiology Department, Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P-273, Stanford, CA, 94305-5488, United States
| | - Torsten Rohlfing
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford, CA, United States, Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
| | - Sandra Chanraud
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford, CA, United States, Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
| | - Meng Gu
- Radiology Department, Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P-273, Stanford, CA, 94305-5488, United States
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford, CA, United States, Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Stanford, CA, United States, Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
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Das P, Tanious M, Fritz K, Dodd S, Dean OM, Berk M, Malhi GS. Metabolite profiles in the anterior cingulate cortex of depressed patients differentiate those taking N-acetyl-cysteine versus placebo. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:347-54. [PMID: 23341476 DOI: 10.1177/0004867412474074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), which is in part due to diminished levels of glutathione, the primary anti-oxidant of the brain. Oral administration of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) replenishes glutathione and has therefore been shown to reduce depressive symptoms. Proton magnetic spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) that allows quantification of brain metabolites pertinent to both MDD and oxidative biology may provide some novel insights into the neurobiological effects of NAC, and in particular metabolite concentrations within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are likely to be important given the key role of this region in the regulation of affect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the metabolite profile of the ACC in MDD patients predicts treatment with adjunctive NAC versus placebo. METHODS This study was nested within a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of MDD participants treated with adjunctive NAC. Participants (n = 76) from one site completed the spectroscopy component at the end of treatment (12 weeks). Spectra from a single-voxel in the ACC were acquired and absolute concentrations of glutamate (Glu), glutamate-glutamine (Glx), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (mI) were obtained. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether metabolite profiles could predict NAC versus placebo group membership. RESULTS When predicting group outcome (NAC or placebo), Glx, NAA and mI were a significant model, and had 75% accuracy, while controlling for depression severity and sex. However, the Glu, NAA and mI profile was only predictive at a trend level, with 68.3% accuracy. For both models, the log of the odds of a participant being in the NAC group was positively related to NAA, Glx and Glu levels and negatively related to mI levels. CONCLUSION The finding of higher Glx and NAA levels being predictive of the NAC group provides preliminary support for the putative anti-oxidative role of NAC in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Das
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Ljubisavljevic S, Stojanovic I, Vojinovic S, Stojanov D, Stojanovic S, Cvetkovic T, Savic D, Pavlovic D. The patients with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis show different levels of advanced protein oxidation products and total thiol content in plasma and CSF. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:988-97. [PMID: 23500606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and total thiol (SH) groups levels in plasma and CSF were studied in a cohort of 50 clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 57 relapsing remittent multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients related to 20 control group (CG) patients' values. The obtained results were compared regarding patients demographic, biochemical, clinical (EDSS) and MRI features (total T2 weighted lesions number and Gd enhancement lesion volume). Plasma and CSF AOPP levels in CIS and RRMS patients were higher than those in CG, while SH groups showed lower values compared to CG (p<0.05). Both parameters were higher in CIS than in RRMS patients (p<0.05). Related to EDSS median range, all patients were divided into those with slight or mild and those with severe clinical presentation. AOPP and SH group changes were more pronounced in both, CIS and RRMS patients with higher, compared to those with lower EDSS (p<0.05). AOPP, SH group levels and EDSS positive correlations were observed in both study groups (p<0.01). Both parameters showed the same approach regarding the median range of total T2 weighted lesions and Gd enhancement lesion volume mean values (p<0.05), but no correlation was found between AOPP and SH levels and these patients radiological characteristics (p>0.01). The data support the fact that oxidative stress is always involved in CIS and RRMS pathophysiology, but not always as a disease determinant dependent on its intensity, which might be important for new therapeutic strategies based on antioxidant approach in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Ljubisavljevic
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center Nis, Bul. Dr Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia.
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Khadrawy YA, AboulEzz HS, Ahmed NA, Mohammed HS. The Anticonvulant Effect of Cooling in Comparison to α-Lipoic Acid: A Neurochemical Study. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:906-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duberley KEC, Abramov AY, Chalasani A, Heales SJ, Rahman S, Hargreaves IP. Human neuronal coenzyme Q10 deficiency results in global loss of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and reversal of ATP synthase activity: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:63-73. [PMID: 22767283 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) biosynthesis represent the most treatable subgroup of mitochondrial diseases. Neurological involvement is frequently observed in CoQ(10) deficiency, typically presenting as cerebellar ataxia and/or seizures. The aetiology of the neurological presentation of CoQ(10) deficiency has yet to be fully elucidated and therefore in order to investigate these phenomena we have established a neuronal cell model of CoQ(10) deficiency by treatment of neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA is a competitive inhibitor of the CoQ(10) biosynthetic pathway enzyme, COQ2. PABA treatment (1 mM) resulted in a 54 % decrease (46 % residual CoQ(10)) decrease in neuronal CoQ(10) status (p < 0.01). Reduction of neuronal CoQ(10) status was accompanied by a progressive decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, with a 67.5 % decrease in cellular ATP production at 46 % residual CoQ(10). Mitochondrial oxidative stress increased four-fold at 77 % and 46 % residual CoQ(10). A 40 % increase in mitochondrial membrane potential was detected at 46 % residual CoQ(10) with depolarisation following oligomycin treatment suggesting a reversal of complex V activity. This neuronal cell model provides insights into the effects of CoQ(10) deficiency on neuronal mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, and will be an important tool to evaluate candidate therapies for neurological conditions associated with CoQ(10) deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E C Duberley
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Tian F, Zhai Q, Zhao J, Liu X, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 alleviates lead toxicity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:264-71. [PMID: 22684513 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead causes a broad range of adverse effects in humans and animals. The objective was to evaluate the potency of lactobacilli to bind lead in vitro and the protective effects of a selected Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 against lead-induced toxicity in mice. Nine strains of bacteria were used to investigate their binding abilities of lead in vitro, and L. plantarum CCFM8661 was selected for animal experiments because of its excellent lead binding capacity. Both living and dead L. plantarum CCFM8661 were used to treat 90 male Kunming mice during or after the exposure to 1 g/L lead acetate in drinking water. The results showed oral administration of both living and dead L. plantarum CCFM8661 offered a significant protective effect against lead toxicity by recovering blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, decreasing the lead levels in blood and tissues, and preventing alterations in the levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reactive oxygen species caused by lead exposure. Moreover, L. plantarum CCFM8661 was more effective when administered consistently during the entire lead exposure, not after the exposure. Our results suggest that L. plantarum CCFM8661 has the potency to provide a dietary strategy against lead toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Guerra RB, Funchal C, Wannmacher CMD. Kinetic studies on the inhibition of creatine kinase activity by 3-butyl-1-phenyl-2-(phenyltelluro)oct-en-1-one in the cerebral cortex of rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3468-74. [PMID: 22884765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tellurium has been used as an industrial component of many alloys and in the electronic industry. Organotellurium compounds can cause poisoning which leads to neurotoxic symptoms such as significant impairment of learning, spatial memory and are potentially neurotoxic to human beings. However, the molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity of organotellurium compounds are not well understood. Considering that creatine kinase plays a key role in energy metabolism of tissues with intermittently high and fluctuating energy requirements, such as nervous tissue, the main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which 3-butyl-1-phenyl-2-(phenyltelluro)oct-en-1-one inhibit creatine kinase activity, a key enzyme of energy homeostasis, in the cerebral cortex of 30-day-old Wistar rats. For the kinetic studies, the Lineweaver-Burk plot was used to characterize the mechanisms of enzyme inhibition by 3-butyl-1-phenyl-2-(phenyltelluro)oct-en-1-one. The results suggested that this compound inhibits creatine kinase activity by two different mechanisms: competition with ADP and oxidation of critical sulfhydryl groups for the functioning of the enzyme. The potential for inhibition of creatine kinase to occur in vivo may contribute to the neurotoxicity observed by this organochaocogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Binkowski de Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Can mesenchymal stem cells reduce vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in thesubstantia nigrato oxidative insult in individuals at risk to Parkinson's disease? Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:617-24. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shinomol GK, Bharath MMS, Muralidhara. Pretreatment with Bacopa monnieri extract offsets 3-nitropropionic acid induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunctions in the striatum of prepubertal mouse brain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:595-606. [PMID: 22472017 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to determine the efficacy of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi; BM) to offset 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (N27) cells and prepubertal mouse brain. Pretreatment of N27 cells with BM ethanolic extract (BME) significantly attenuated 3-NPA-induced cytotoxicity. Further, we determined the degree of oxidative stress induction, redox status, enzymic antioxidants, and protein oxidation in the striatal mitochondria of mice given BME prophylaxis followed by 3-NPA challenge. While 3-NPA-induced marked oxidative stress in the mitochondria of the striatum, BME prophylaxis markedly prevented 3-NPA-induced oxidative dysfunctions and depletion of reduced glutathione and thiol levels. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase), Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and citric acid cycle enzymes in the striatum discernible among 3-NPA mice were significantly restored with BME prophylaxis. Interestingly, BME offered protection against 3-NPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions as evidenced by the restoration of the activities of ETC enzymes (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH:cytochrome c reductase, succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase) and mitochondrial viability. We hypothesize that the neuroprotective effects of BME may be wholly or in part related to its propensity to scavenge free radicals, maintain redox status, and upregulate antioxidant machinery in striatal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Shinomol
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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40
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Disrupted pro- and antioxidative balance as a mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by perinatal exposure to lead. Brain Res 2012; 1435:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Enns GM, Kinsman SL, Perlman SL, Spicer KM, Abdenur JE, Cohen BH, Amagata A, Barnes A, Kheifets V, Shrader WD, Thoolen M, Blankenberg F, Miller G. Initial experience in the treatment of inherited mitochondrial disease with EPI-743. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:91-102. [PMID: 22115768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders are progressive, life-threatening conditions for which there are limited supportive treatment options and no approved drugs. Because of this unmet medical need, as well as the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction as a contributor to more common age-related and neurodegenerative disorders, mitochondrial diseases represent an important therapeutic target. Thirteen children and one adult with genetically-confirmed mitochondrial disease (polymerase γ deficiency, n=4; Leigh syndrome, n=4; MELAS, n=3; mtDNA deletion syndrome, n=2; Friedreich ataxia, n=1) at risk for progressing to end-of-life care within 90 days were treated with EPI-743, a novel para-benzoquinone therapeutic, in a subject controlled, open-label study. Serial measures of safety and efficacy were obtained that included biochemical, neurological, quality-of-life, and brain redox assessments using technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radionuclide imaging. Twelve patients treated with EPI-743 have survived; one polymerase γ deficiency patient died after developing pneumonia and one patient with Surf-1 deficiency died after completion of the protocol. Of the 12 survivors, 11 demonstrated clinical improvement, with 3 showing partial relapse, and 10 of the survivors also had an improvement in quality-of-life scores at the end of the 13-week emergency treatment protocol. HMPAO SPECT scans correlated with clinical response; increased regional and whole brain HMPAO uptake was noted in the clinical responders and the one subject who did not respond clinically had decreased regional and whole brain HMPAO uptake. EPI-743 has modified disease progression in >90% of patients in this open-label study as assessed by clinical, quality-of-life, and non-invasive brain imaging parameters. Data obtained herein suggest that EPI-743 may represent a new drug for the treatment of inherited mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. Prospective controlled trials will be undertaken to substantiate these initial promising observations. Furthermore, HMPAO SPECT imaging may be a valuable tool for the detection of central nervous system redox defects and for monitoring response to treatments directed at modulating abnormal redox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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Lee DW, Kim SY, Lee T, Nam YK, Ju A, Woo DC, You SJ, Han JS, Lee SH, Choi CB, Kim SS, Shin HC, Kim HY, Kim DJ, Rhim HS, Choe BY. Ex vivo detection for chronic ethanol consumption-induced neurochemical changes in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1429:134-44. [PMID: 22079322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the chronic ethanol-induced cerebral metabolic changes in various regions of the rat brain, using the proton high resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy technique. The rats were divided into two groups (control group: N=11, ethanol-treated group: N=11) and fed with the liquid diets for 10 weeks. In each week, the mean intake volumes of liquid diet were measured. The brain tissues, including cerebellum (Cere), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (Hip), occipital cortex (OC) and thalamus (Thal), were harvested immediately after the end of experiments. The ex vivo proton spectra for the five brain regions were acquired with the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence at 500-MHz NMR spectrometer. All of the spectra were processed using the LCModel software, with simulated basis-set file, and the metabolite levels were referenced to total creatine. In the ethanol liquid diet group, there were significant increases in the metabolites ratio levels, as compared to control (Cere: alanine, glutathione, and N-acetlyaspartate; FC: phosphocholine and taurine; Hip: alanine, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate; OC: glutamine; Thal: alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, taurine, and free choline). However, in the ethanol liquid diet group, the myo-inositol levels of the OC were significantly lower. The present study demonstrates how chronic ethanol consumption affects cerebral metabolites in the chronic ethanol-treated rat. Therefore, this result could be useful to pursue clinical applications for quantitative diagnosis in human alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Prigol M, Brüning CA, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. The role of the glutathione system in seizures induced by diphenyl diselenide in rat pups. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The neuroprotective effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil against oxidative stress in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy: a comparison with valproate. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2195-204. [PMID: 21751034 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role in epileptogenesis and pilocarpine-induced seizures. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effects of curcumin, Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and valproate on the levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and the activities of catalase, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated rats. The animal model of epilepsy was induced by pilocarpine and left for 22 days to establish the chronic phase of epilepsy. These animals were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 days. The data revealed evidence of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of pilocarpinized rats as indicated by the increased nitric oxide levels and the decreased glutathione levels and catalase activity. Moreover, a decrease in Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity occurred in the hippocampus after pilocarpine. Treatment with curcumin, NSO or valproate ameliorated most of the changes induced by pilocarpine and restored Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus to control levels. This study reflects the promising anticonvulsant and potent antioxidant effects of curcumin and NSO in reducing oxidative stress, excitability and the induction of seizures in epileptic animals and improving some of the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.
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45
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Sood PK, Nahar U, Nehru B. Curcumin attenuates aluminum-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain. Neurotox Res 2011; 20:351-61. [PMID: 21656326 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is neurotoxic both in animals and human beings primarily because of its interference with biological enzymes in key mechanisms of metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one such mechanism that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum toxicity is very closely related to Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated the potentials of curcumin, a known cytoprotectant, against neurotoxic consequences of aluminum that acts through a wide range of mechanisms. Curcumin has been reported to be an antioxidant, and it is this property that is widely held to be responsible for its protective effects in tissue. Aluminum was administered by oral gavage at a dose level of 100 mg/kg body wt/day for a period of 8 weeks. Curcumin was administered in conjunction with aluminum at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body wt i.p. for a period of 8 weeks on alternate days. The effects of different treatments were studied on oxidative phosphorylation and reduced glutathione of different regions of rat brain. The study indicates reduced activity of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), succinic dehydrogenase (complex II), and cytochrome oxidize (Complex IV) in all the three regions of rat brain, i.e., cerebral cortex, mid brain, and cerebellum. Curcumin supplementation to aluminum-treated rats was able to normalize significantly the activities of all the three mitochondrial complexes as well as reduced glutathione content in all the three regions of brain which were altered following aluminum treatment. We conclude that curcumin, by attenuating oxidative stress, as evident by hypoxia in histological observations and mitochondrial dysfunction holds a promise as an agent that can potentially reduce aluminum-induced adverse effects in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khanna Sood
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
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46
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Heales SJR, Menzes A, Davey GP. Depletion of glutathione does not affect electron transport chain complex activity in brain mitochondria: Implications for Parkinson disease and postmortem studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:899-902. [PMID: 21145387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the brain that appears to be decreased, in conjunction with mitochondrial complex I activity, in Parkinson disease patients. In postmortem analysis, measurement of glutathione levels and complex I activity can be delayed up to 20h. We investigated whether depletion of glutathione in the preweanling rat induces a reduction in complex I activity in brain mitochondria and the effects that postmortem delay has on glutathione levels and electron transport chain activity. After injection with the glutamate-cysteine ligase inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO), glutathione levels were decreased by 53% compared to the control values in whole-brain homogenates. During postmortem delay of 24h, in which animals were kept at 4°C, the levels of glutathione decreased in the control group by 58% and in the L-BSO-treated group by 79%. However, during this period, there were no changes in mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I, II-III, or IV activity in either group. These results suggest that a preexisting deficiency of glutathione or a loss of glutathione during postmortem delay does not influence mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J R Heales
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Gardaneh M, Gholami M, Maghsoudi N. Synergy between glutathione peroxidase-1 and astrocytic growth factors suppresses free radical generation and protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:195-204. [PMID: 21222532 PMCID: PMC3093024 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the course of Parkinson disease is largely blamed on oxidative damage in the brain. This study examined the potency of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) to protect dopaminergic neurons against toxicity induced by the parkinsonian neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We generated pLV-GPX1, a recombinant lentivirus vector carrying the coding sequence for human GPX-1, into the SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cell line. The pLV-GPX1-infected neurons showed an over 3-fold increase in enzyme expression and a 2.6-fold increase in enzyme activity compared to the pLV-EGFP-infected control cells. In the pLV-GPX1-infected cells, we also detected significantly increased neuronal survival and resistance to 6-OHDA-mediated toxicity compared to our controls (75 ± 4% versus 51 ± 7%, p < 0.001). To maximize this protection, the neurons were treated with conditioned medium taken from growing primary astrocytes (astro-CM). We found the treated pLV-GPX1-infected neurons even more significantly resistant to 6-OHDA toxicity compared to their untreated counterparts (86 ± 5% versus 75 ± 4%, p < 0.001). Concomitant with increased neuroprotection, co-presence of overexpressed GPX-1 and astro-CM significantly increased glutathione (GSH) levels compared to when either of the two was present (p < 0.001). Further analysis showed nearly 2.7-fold reduction, in the presence of astro-CM, of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels released from the pLV-GPX1-infected neurons compared to control groups (p < 0.001). Finally, regression analysis between H(2)O(2) levels and cell viability showed that co-presence of GPX-1 and astro-CM reduced 33% of cell death rate (p < 0.05). These data highlight the antioxidant properties of GPX-1 in protecting dopaminergic neurons and further emphasize the capacity of astrocytes in pumping growth-inducing factors that may synergize with GPX-1 to accelerate neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mossa Gardaneh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Gholami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Penugonda S, Ercal N. Comparative evaluation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) on glutamate and lead-induced toxicity in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Lett 2010; 201:1-7. [PMID: 21145953 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that there is interaction between the glutamatergic neurotransmitters system and lead neurotoxicity. Previously, we have demonstrated the potential effects of glutamate in lead-induced cell death in PC12 cells and the protective role of the novel thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA). The current study (1) investigated the potential effects of glutamate on lead exposed CD-1 mice, (2) evaluated the protective effects of NACA against glutamate and lead toxicity in CD-1 mice, and (3) compared the results with N-aceytylcysteine (a well-known thiol antioxidant). Oxidative stress parameters, including glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were evaluated. Blood and tissue lead levels, glutamate/glutamine (Glu/Gln) ratios, GS activity, and phospholipase-A(2) (PLA(2)) were also analyzed. Results indicated that lead and glutamate decreased GSH levels in the red blood cells, brains, livers, and kidneys. Exposure to glutamate and lead elevated the MDA levels and PLA(2) activity. NACA and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) provided protection against the detrimental effects of lead by decreasing the blood and tissue lead levels, restoring intracellular GSH levels, and decreasing the MDA levels. NACA and NAC also increased the GS activity thereby decreasing Glu/Gln levels. However, NACA appeared to have better chelating and antioxidant properties than NAC, due to its higher liphophilicity and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Penugonda
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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49
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The effects of antidepressants on mitochondrial function in a model cell system and isolated mitochondria. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:327-38. [PMID: 21120605 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of antidepressant drugs on mitochondrial function were investigated in a CHOβ(2)SPAP cell line used previously to determine the effects of antidepressants on gene transcription (Abdel-Razaq et al., Biochem Pharmacol 73:1995-2003, 2007) and in rat heart isolated mitochondria. Apoptotic effects of clomipramine (CLOM), desipramine (DMI) and of norfluoxetine (NORF, the active metabolite of fluoxetine), on cellular viability were indicated by morphological changes and concentration-dependent increases in caspase-3 activity in CHO cells after 18 h exposure to CLOM, DMI and NORF. However, tianeptine (TIAN) was without effect. CLOM and NORF both reduced integrated mitochondrial function as shown by marked reductions in membrane potential (MMP) in mitochondria isolated from rat hearts. DMI also showed a similar but smaller effect, whereas, TIAN did not elicit any significant change in MMP. Moreover, micromolar concentrations of CLOM, DMI and NORF caused significant inhibitions of the activities of mitochondrial complexes (I, II/III and IV). The inhibitory effects on complex IV activity were most marked. TIAN inhibited only complex I activity at concentrations in excess of 20 μM. The observed inhibitory effects of antidepressants on the mitochondrial complexes were accompanied by a significant decrease in the mitochondrial state-3 respiration at concentrations above 10 μM. The results demonstrate that the apoptotic cell death observed in antidepressant-treated cells could be due to disruption of mitochondrial function resulting from multiple inhibition of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. The possibility that antimitochondrial actions of antidepressants could provide a potentially protective pre-conditioning effect is discussed.
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50
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Zahr NM, Mayer D, Rohlfing T, Hasak MP, Hsu O, Vinco S, Orduna J, Luong R, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Brain injury and recovery following binge ethanol: evidence from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:846-54. [PMID: 20044076 PMCID: PMC2854208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binge-drinking model in rodents using intragastric injections of ethanol (EtOH) for 4 days results in argyrophilic corticolimbic tissue classically interpreted as indicating irreversible neuronal degeneration. However, recent findings suggest that acquired argyrophilia can also identify injured neurons that have the potential to recover. The current in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy study was conducted to test the hypothesis that binge EtOH exposure would injure but not cause the death of neurons as previously ascertained postmortem. METHODS After baseline MR scanning, 11 of 19 rats received a loading dose of 5 g/kg EtOH via oral gavage, then a maximum of 3 g/kg every 8 hours for 4 days, for a total average cumulative EtOH dose of 43 +/- 1.2 g/kg and average blood alcohol levels of 258 +/- 12 mg/dL. All animals were scanned after 4 days of gavage (post-gavage scan) with EtOH (EtOH group) or dextrose (control [Con] group) and again after 7 days of abstinence from EtOH (recovery scan). RESULTS Tissue shrinkage at the post-gavage scan was reflected by significantly increased lateral ventricular volume in the EtOH group compared with the Con group. At the post-gavage scan, the EtOH group had lower dorsal hippocampal N-acetylaspartate and total creatine and higher choline-containing compounds than the Con group. At the recovery scan, neither ventricular volume nor metabolite levels differentiated the groups. CONCLUSIONS Rapid recovery of ventricular volume and metabolite levels with removal of the causative agent argues for transient rather than permanent effects of a single EtOH binge episode in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Radiology Department, Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael P Hasak
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hsu
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Shara Vinco
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Juan Orduna
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,corresponding author, , Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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