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Rinaldi G, Paz Meseguer C, Cantacessi C, Cortés A. Form and Function in the Digenea, with an Emphasis on Host-Parasite and Parasite-Bacteria Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:3-45. [PMID: 39008262 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This review covers the general aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the major body systems in digenetic trematodes, with an emphasis on new knowledge of the area acquired since the publication of the second edition of this book in 2019. In addition to reporting on key recent advances in the morphology and physiology of tegumentary, sensory, neuromuscular, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, and their roles in host-parasite interactions, this edition includes a section discussing the known and putative roles of bacteria in digenean biology and physiology. Furthermore, a brief discussion of current trends in the development of novel treatment and control strategies based on a better understanding of the trematode body systems and associated bacteria is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Carla Paz Meseguer
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Cortés
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Wheeler NJ, Hallem EA, Zamanian M. Making sense of sensory behaviors in vector-borne helminths. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:841-853. [PMID: 35931639 PMCID: PMC9481669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Migrations performed by helminths are impressive and diverse, and accumulating evidence shows that many are controlled by sophisticated sensory programs. The migrations of vector-borne helminths are particularly complex, requiring precise, stage-specific regulation. We review the contrasting states of knowledge on snail-borne schistosomes and mosquito-borne filarial nematodes. Rich observational data exist for the chemosensory behaviors of schistosomes, while the molecular sensory pathways in nematodes are well described. Recent investigations on the molecular mechanisms of sensation in schistosomes and filarial nematodes have revealed some features conserved within their respective phyla, but adaptations correlated with parasitism are pronounced. Technological developments are likely to extend these advances, and we forecast how these technologies may be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Schistosoma mansoni: Chemoreception through n-acetyl-d-galactosamine-containing receptors in females offers insight into increased severity of schistosomiasis in individuals with blood group A. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Schistosome parasites are muticellular eucaryotic organisms with a complex life cycle that involves mammalian and snail hosts. Unlike other trematode parasites, schistosomes (along with the Didymozoidae) have evolved separate sexes or dioecy. Sex is determined by a chromosomal mechanism. The dioecious state created an opportunity for the sexes to play a role in schistosome evolution that has resulted in an interesting interplay between the sexes. The classical observation, made more than 50 years ago, is that female schistosomes do not develop unless a male worm is present. Studies up through the 1990s focused on dissecting the role of the sexes in mate attraction, mate choice, mating behavior, female growth, female reproductive development, egg production, and other sex-evolved functions. In the mid-1980s, studies began to address the molecular events of male–female interactions. The classic morphological observation that female schistosomes do not complete reproductive development unless a male worm is present has been redefined in molecular terms. The male by an unknown mechanism transduces a signal that regulates female gene expression in a stage-, tissue-, and temporal-specific manner. A number of female-specific genes have been identified, along with signaling pathways and nuclear receptors, that play a role in female reproductive development. In addition, a number of host factors such as cytokines have also been demonstrated to affect adult male and female development and egg production. This review focuses on the biological interactions of the male and female schistosome and the role of parasite and host factors in these interactions as they contribute to the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni.
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Abstract
Schistosomes are unusual, together with some of the didymozoidae, in that they are dioecious instead of being hermaphrodite. This gonochorism is accompanied with morphological, ecological, behavioural and molecular differences between the male and the female parasites all through their life cycle. This review is an overview of the sexual biology of schistosomes and aims to provide the most recent information that may help to build future control strategies against these parasites. It proposes a new view of the life cycle of schistosomes, taking into account the sexual status of each developmental stage. It presents the relevant information available on the genetic and phenotypic sexual dimorphisms of these parasites; it proposes a comparison between the host-male parasite and the host-female parasite interactions in both the molluscan intermediate and the mammalian definitive hosts; it exposes the male-female parasite interactions that exist in both the mollusc and the mammalian hosts at the parasite individual and populational levels. This review highlights the domains of research that are still unexplored but that would be of great interest for a better knowledge of the sexual way of life of the parasites which are still responsible for one of the most important human parasitic diseases in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Moné
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5555 CNRS-UP, Centre de Biologie et d'Ecologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, Université, 566860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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de Mendonça RL, Escrivá H, Bouton D, Laudet V, Pierce RJ. Hormones and nuclear receptors in schistosome development. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 2000; 16:233-40. [PMID: 10827428 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A substantial but disparate body of evidence suggests that hormones affect the development of schistosomes within their definitive hosts. Here, Raymond Pierce and colleagues review such evidence for host steroid and thyroid hormones, and for ecdysteroids, and link this to the expanding knowledge of the nuclear receptors for these hormones. Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear receptor superfamily and the characterization of the first schistosome nuclear receptors suggest that steroids and thyroid hormone probably act indirectly, or by pathways not involving the control of gene transcription. However, the probability that schistosome nuclear receptors exist for a variety of unique ligands opens up exciting possibilities for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L de Mendonça
- INSERM U 167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur A. Calmette, 59019 - Lille cedex, France.
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Ribeiro-Paes JT, Rodrigues V. Sex determination and female reproductive development in the genus Schistosoma: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1997; 39:337-44. [PMID: 9674285 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651997000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Schistosoma were among the first metazoans to develop separate sexes, which is chromosomally determined in the fertilized egg. Despite the occurrence of specific sex chromosomes, the females of most Schistosomatidae species do not complete their somatic development and reach no sexual maturity without the presence of males. Indeed, the most controversial and at the same time most fascinating aspect about the sexual development of Schistosoma females lies on discover the nature of the stimulus produced by males that triggers and controls this process. Although the nature of the stimulus (physical or chemical) is a source of controversy, there is agreement that mating is a necessary requirement for maturation to occur and for migration of the female to a definitive final site of residence in the vascular system of the vertebrate host. It has also been proposed that the stimulus is not species-specific and, in some cases, not even genus-specific. Despite a vast literature on the subject, the process or processes underlying the meeting of males and females in the circulatory system have not been determined and as yet no consensus exists about the nature of the stimulus that triggers and maintains female development. In the studies about their role, Schistosoma males have been considered, at times pejoratively, the brother, the muscles or even the liver of females. Indeed, it still remains to be determined whether the stimulus responsible for female maturation involves the transfer of hormones, nutrients, neuromediators, mere tactile stimulation or a combination of chemotactic and thigmotactic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ribeiro-Paes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, UNESP (Campus de Assis), Brasil.
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Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Southgate VR, Combes C, Jourdane J. Mating behaviour in Schistosomes: Are paired worms always faithful? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 12:231-6. [PMID: 15275203 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(96)10020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously assumed to be monogamous, the mating system of schistosomes has been the subject of some debate since recent findings have shown that change of mate can occur among these parasites. Here, Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté, Vaughan R. Southgate, Claude Combes and Joseph Jourdane review progress made in the understanding of the mating behaviour of schistosomes, and highlight the importance of mating systems in the dynamics of natural transmission of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Tchuem Tchuenté
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
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Haseeb MA, Eveland LK. Schistosoma mansoni: a chemoattractive factor released by males and its receptor in females. EXPERIENTIA 1991; 47:970-4. [PMID: 1915782 DOI: 10.1007/bf01929895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattraction between developing (23- to 28-day-old) and adult (10- to 12-week-old) Schistosoma mansoni males and females has been described previously. We report here on in vitro attraction of mature worms to released products of worms of the opposite sex. In the absence of a stimulus worms migrated randomly and did not show any preference in their orientation. Males were not significantly attracted to released products of females. Females exhibited greatest attraction to released products of males, and some attraction to the lipid fraction of released products of males. The aqueous fraction of male-released products slightly repelled females. Prior exposure to released products of males rendered females unresponsive to subsequent exposure, suggesting receptor saturation. These findings have important potential implications for the control of schistosomiasis by intercepting attraction and mating between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haseeb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haseeb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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Gloer JB, Meinwald J, Shirazian D, Childs JE, Schiller EL. Extraction of intersexual chemoattractants fromSchistosoma mansoni. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:1725-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1985] [Accepted: 04/15/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schiller EL, Shirazian D, Childs JE. Time-lapse video tape documentation of chemical orientation bySchistosoma mansoni in vitro. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:1739-43. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1985] [Accepted: 03/17/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Strategies to determine the molecular basis of chemical communication by trematodes. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:1843-62. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1985] [Accepted: 12/23/1985] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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