1
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Kumar V, Turnbull WB. Targeted delivery of oligonucleotides using multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1273-1287. [PMID: 36723021 PMCID: PMC9940626 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00788f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface protein-carbohydrate interactions are essential for tissue-specific recognition and endocytosis of viruses, some bacteria and their toxins, and many glycoproteins. Often protein-carbohydrate interactions are multivalent - multiple copies of glycans bind simultaneously to multimeric receptors. Multivalency enhances both affinity and binding specificity, and is of interest for targeted delivery of drugs to specific cell types. The first such example of carbohydrate-mediated drug delivery to reach the clinic is Givosiran, a small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that is conjugated to a trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand. This ligand enables efficient uptake of the nucleic acid by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on hepatocytes. Synthetic multivalent ligands for ASGP-R were among the first 'cluster glycosides' developed at the birth of multivalent glycoscience around 40 years ago. In this review we trace the history of 'GalNAc targeting' from early academic studies to current pharmaceuticals and consider what other opportunities could follow the success of this delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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2
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Therapeutic RNA-silencing oligonucleotides in metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:417-439. [PMID: 35210608 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen unprecedented activity in the development of RNA-silencing oligonucleotide therapeutics for metabolic diseases. Improved oligonucleotide design and optimization of synthetic nucleic acid chemistry, in combination with the development of highly selective and efficient conjugate delivery technology platforms, have established and validated oligonucleotides as a new class of drugs. To date, there are five marketed oligonucleotide therapies, with many more in clinical studies, for both rare and common liver-driven metabolic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of oligonucleotide therapeutics in metabolism, review past and current clinical trials, and discuss ongoing challenges and possible future developments.
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3
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Das R, Mukhopadhyay B. A brief insight to the role of glyconanotechnology in modern day diagnostics and therapeutics. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108394. [PMID: 34265516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions are very important for various biological processes. Although the magnitude of these interactions is low compared to that of protein-protein interaction, the magnitude can be boosted by multivalent approach known as glycocluster effect. Nanoparticle platform is one of the best ways to present diverse glycoforms in multivalent manner and thus, the field of glyconanotechnology has emerged as an important field of research considering their potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Considerable advances in the field have been achieved through development of novel techniques, use of diverse metallic and non-metallic cores for better efficacy and application of ever-increasing number of carbohydrate ligands for site-specific interaction. The present review encompasses the recent developments in the area of glyconanotechnology and their future promise as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India.
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India.
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4
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Bachem G, Wamhoff E, Silberreis K, Kim D, Baukmann H, Fuchsberger F, Dernedde J, Rademacher C, Seitz O. Rational Design of a DNA‐Scaffolded High‐Affinity Binder for Langerin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Bachem
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Eike‐Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Kim Silberreis
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Hannes Baukmann
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Felix Fuchsberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany
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5
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Bachem G, Wamhoff E, Silberreis K, Kim D, Baukmann H, Fuchsberger F, Dernedde J, Rademacher C, Seitz O. Rational Design of a DNA-Scaffolded High-Affinity Binder for Langerin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21016-21022. [PMID: 32749019 PMCID: PMC7693190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Binders of langerin could target vaccines to Langerhans cells for improved therapeutic effect. Since langerin has low affinity for monovalent glycan ligands, highly multivalent presentation has previously been key for targeting. Aiming to reduce the amount of ligand required, we rationally designed molecularly defined high-affinity binders based on the precise display of glycomimetic ligands (Glc2NTs) on DNA-PNA scaffolds. Rather than mimicking langerin's homotrimeric structure with a C3-symmetric scaffold, we developed readily accessible, easy-to-design bivalent binders. The method considers the requirements for bridging sugar binding sites and statistical rebinding as a means to both strengthen the interactions at single binding sites and amplify the avidity enhancement provided by chelation. This gave a 1150-fold net improvement over the affinity of the free ligand and provided a nanomolar binder (IC50 =300 nM) for specific internalization by langerin-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Bachem
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | - Eike‐Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Kim Silberreis
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité-Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health13353BerlinGermany
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Hannes Baukmann
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Felix Fuchsberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité-Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health13353BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
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6
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Weingärtner A, Bethge L, Weiss L, Sternberger M, Lindholm MW. Less Is More: Novel Hepatocyte-Targeted siRNA Conjugates for Treatment of Liver-Related Disorders. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:242-250. [PMID: 32590173 PMCID: PMC7321783 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation enhances liver specificity for therapeutic oligonucleotides. Here we report on a novel design with improved activity and stability compared with a triantennary design. We applied a versatile monovalent serinol-GalNAc conjugation strategy. First, 1-4 serial serinol-linked GalNAc units were conjugated to terminal positions of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules. In primary hepatocytes, 5' antisense GalNAc conjugates were inactive, whereas 3' antisense and 3' or 5' sense conjugates displayed low activity for single GalNAc units, while 2-4 serial GalNAc conjugates were all equally potent. In mice, 5' sense conjugates with 2-4 serial GalNAc units were all as potent as a triantennary GalNAc control (1 mg/kg). Second, increased spacing between two serial 5' sense-conjugated GalNAc units did not affect in vitro activity. Finally, two single GalNAc units were positioned at opposite ends of the sense strand. A single dose (0.3 mg/kg) of this novel conjugate in mice showed a 3-fold reduction of serum target protein level at day 7 and 4-fold lower serum level at day 27, relative to an equimolar dose of a triantennary GalNAc conjugate of the same siRNA. Improved tritosome stability (by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS] analysis) can at least partially explain the increased activity and duration of action for the novel GalNAc conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Weingärtner
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lucas Bethge
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Weiss
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Sternberger
- Silence Therapeutics GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Yu HM, Chan CH, Yang CH, Hsia HT, Wang MH. Hexavalent lactoside labeled with [ 18F]AlF for PET imaging of asialoglycoprotein receptor. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 162:109199. [PMID: 32501233 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several methods have been developed to label compounds with 18F. However, in general these are laborious and require a multistep synthesis. A method based on the chelation of 18F-aluminum fluoride ([18F]AlF) by 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) was developed recently. The present work was aimed to radiolabel hexavalent lactoside (NOTA-HL) by [18F]AlF method for PET imaging of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). METHODS hexavalent lactoside was conjugated with the NOTA chelate and labeled with 18F in a one-pot method. The labeling procedure was investigated with different amounts of NOTA-HL and aluminum concentration. Radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity were determined by radio-TLC and radio-HPLC respectively. In vitro stability study of [18F]AlF-HL were carried out. PET/CT imaging of normal mice injected with [18F]AlF-NOTA-HL was performed. RESULTS The Radiochemical yield of [18F]AlF-NOTA-HL was higher with more precursor and optimal Al+ concentration. The radiochemical purity of labeled product was >95% after purified by Sep-Pak cartridge to remove unbound [18F]AlF. The radiolabeling, including purification, was performed in 30 min [18F]AlF-NOTA-HL exhibited good in vitro stability. PET studies in normal mice revealed high specific accumulation of activity in the liver. CONCLUSION NOTA-HL could be labeled rapidly and efficiently with aqueous 18F using AlF method. [18F]AlF-NOTA-HL would provide another efficient approach for PET imaging of ASGPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Man Yu
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Hsin Chan
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Yang
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ting Hsia
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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8
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Neuhaus K, Wamhoff EC, Freichel T, Grafmüller A, Rademacher C, Hartmann L. Asymmetrically Branched Precision Glycooligomers Targeting Langerin. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4088-4095. [PMID: 31600054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetrically branched precision glycooligomers are synthesized by solid-phase polymer synthesis for studying multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions. Through the stepwise assembly of Fmoc-protected oligo(amidoamine) building blocks and Fmoc/Dde-protected lysine, straightforward variation of structural parameters such as the number and length of arms, as well as the number and position of carbohydrate ligands, is achieved. Binding of 1-arm and 3-arm glycooligomers toward lectin receptors langerin and concanavalin A (ConA) was evaluated where the smallest 3-arm glycooligomer shows the highest binding toward langerin, and stepwise elongation of one, two, or all three arms leads to decreased binding. When directly comparing binding toward langerin and ConA, we find that structural variation of the scaffold affects glycomimetic ligand binding differently for the different targets, indicating the potential to tune such ligands not only for their avidity but also for their selectivity toward different lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Neuhaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise-Straße 28-30 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Tanja Freichel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise-Straße 28-30 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1 , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
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9
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Yu HM, Chan CH, Chen JH, Chien CY, Wang PY, Juan WC, Yang CH, Hsia HT, Wang MH, Lin WJ. Development of single vial kits for preparation of68Ga-labelled hexavalent lactoside for PET imaging of asialoglycoprotein receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:885-894. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Man Yu
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chen-Hsin Chan
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jyun-Hong Chen
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chuan-Yi Chien
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Ping-Yen Wang
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wei-Cheng Juan
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chun-Hung Yang
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Hao-Ting Hsia
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wuu-Jyh Lin
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan City Taiwan (ROC)
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10
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Sharma VK, Osborn MF, Hassler MR, Echeverria D, Ly S, Ulashchik EA, Martynenko-Makaev YV, Shmanai VV, Zatsepin TS, Khvorova A, Watts JK. Novel Cluster and Monomer-Based GalNAc Structures Induce Effective Uptake of siRNAs in Vitro and in Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2478-2488. [PMID: 29898368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GalNAc conjugation is emerging as a dominant strategy for delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides to hepatocytes. The structure and valency of the GalNAc ligand contributes to the potency of the conjugates. Here we present a panel of multivalent GalNAc variants using two different synthetic strategies. Specifically, we present a novel conjugate based on a support-bound trivalent GalNAc cluster, and four others using a GalNAc phosphoramidite monomer that was readily assembled into tri- or tetravalent designs during solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis. We compared these compounds to a clinically used trivalent GalNAc cluster both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cluster-based and phosphoramidite-based scaffolds show a similar rate of internalization in primary hepatocytes, with membrane binding observed as early as 5 min. All tested compounds provided potent, dose-dependent silencing, with 2-4% of injected dose recoverable from liver after 1 week. The two preassembled trivalent GalNAc clusters showed higher tissue accumulation and gene silencing relative to di-, tri-, or tetravalent GalNAc conjugates assembled via phosphoramidite chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Egor A Ulashchik
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry , National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , Surganova 13 , 220072 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Yury V Martynenko-Makaev
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry , National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , Surganova 13 , 220072 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Vadim V Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry , National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , Surganova 13 , 220072 Minsk , Belarus
| | - Timofei S Zatsepin
- Center for Translational Biomedicine , Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Skolkovo , 143026 Moscow , Russia.,Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie gory 1-3 , 119992 Moscow , Russia
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11
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Huang X, Leroux JC, Castagner B. Well-Defined Multivalent Ligands for Hepatocytes Targeting via Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:283-295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Huang
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Prom. Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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12
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Kinberger GA, Prakash TP, Yu J, Vasquez G, Low A, Chappell A, Schmidt K, Murray HM, Gaus H, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Conjugation of mono and di-GalNAc sugars enhances the potency of antisense oligonucleotides via ASGR mediated delivery to hepatocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3690-3. [PMID: 27268307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) conjugated to trivalent GalNAc ligands show 10-fold enhanced potency for suppressing gene targets expressed in hepatocytes. Trivalent GalNAc is a high affinity ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR)-a C-type lectin expressed almost exclusively on hepatocytes in the liver. In this communication, we show that conjugation of two and even one GalNAc sugar to single stranded chemically modified ASOs can enhance potency 5-10 fold in mice. Evaluation of the mono- and di-GalNAc ASO conjugates in an ASGR binding assay suggested that chemical features of the ASO enhance binding to the receptor and provide a rationale for the enhanced potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth A Kinberger
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Guillermo Vasquez
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Audrey Low
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Alfred Chappell
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Heather M Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Hans Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States.
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13
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Prakash TP, Yu J, Migawa MT, Kinberger GA, Wan WB, Østergaard ME, Carty RL, Vasquez G, Low A, Chappell A, Schmidt K, Aghajan M, Crosby J, Murray HM, Booten SL, Hsiao J, Soriano A, Machemer T, Cauntay P, Burel SA, Murray SF, Gaus H, Graham MJ, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Comprehensive Structure-Activity Relationship of Triantennary N-Acetylgalactosamine Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotides for Targeted Delivery to Hepatocytes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2718-33. [PMID: 26914862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive structure-activity relationships of triantennary GalNAc conjugated ASOs for enhancing potency via ASGR mediated delivery to hepatocytes is reported. Seventeen GalNAc clusters were assembled from six distinct scaffolds and attached to ASOs. The resulting ASO conjugates were evaluated in ASGR binding assays, in primary hepatocytes, and in mice. Five structurally distinct GalNAc clusters were chosen for more extensive evaluation using ASOs targeting SRB-1, A1AT, FXI, TTR, and ApoC III mRNAs. GalNAc-ASO conjugates exhibited excellent potencies (ED50 0.5-2 mg/kg) for reducing the targeted mRNAs and proteins. This work culminated in the identification of a simplified tris-based GalNAc cluster (THA-GN3), which can be efficiently assembled using readily available starting materials and conjugated to ASOs using a solution phase conjugation strategy. GalNAc-ASO conjugates thus represent a viable approach for enhancing potency of ASO drugs in the clinic without adding significant complexity or cost to existing protocols for manufacturing oligonucleotide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Michael T Migawa
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Garth A Kinberger
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - W Brad Wan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Michael E Østergaard
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Recaldo L Carty
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Guillermo Vasquez
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Audrey Low
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Alfred Chappell
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Mariam Aghajan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jeff Crosby
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Heather M Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Sheri L Booten
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jill Hsiao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Armand Soriano
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Todd Machemer
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Patrick Cauntay
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Sebastien A Burel
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Susan F Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Hans Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Mark J Graham
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
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14
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Müller C, Despras G, Lindhorst TK. Organizing multivalency in carbohydrate recognition. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3275-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Various enzyme-conjugated probes have been widely used for detection of specific interactions between biomolecules. In the case of glycan-protein interaction, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated glycoproteins (HRP-GPs) are useful for the detection of carbohydrate-binding activity of plant and animal lectins. In this chapter, a typical solid-phase assay of the carbohydrate-binding activity of Sophora japonica agglutinin I, a Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin, using HRP-conjugated asialofetuin is described. HRP-GPs are versatile tools for probing lectin activities in crude extracts, screening many samples at one time, and applicable not only for solid-phase binding assays but also samples which are dot- or Western-blotted onto the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan,
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16
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The third dimension of reading the sugar code by lectins: design of glycoclusters with cyclic scaffolds as tools with the aim to define correlations between spatial presentation and activity. Molecules 2013; 18:4026-53. [PMID: 23558543 PMCID: PMC6269965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coding of biological information is not confined to nucleic acids and proteins. Endowed with the highest level of structural versatility among biomolecules, the glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates are well-suited to generate molecular messages/signals in a minimum of space. The sequence and shape of oligosaccharides as well as spatial aspects of multivalent presentation are assumed to underlie the natural specificity/selectivity that cellular glycans have for endogenous lectins. In order to eventually unravel structure-activity profiles cyclic scaffolds have been used as platforms to produce glycoclusters and afford valuable tools. Using adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins and the pan-galectin ligand lactose as a model, emerging insights into the potential of cyclodextrins, cyclic peptides, calixarenes and glycophanes for this purpose are presented herein. The systematic testing of lectin panels with spatially defined ligand presentations can be considered as a biomimetic means to help clarify the mechanisms, which lead to the exquisite accuracy at which endogenous lectins select their physiological counterreceptors from the complexity of the cellular glycome.
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17
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Wang GN, André S, Gabius HJ, Murphy PV. Bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters: synthesis, structure-activity profiles as lectin inhibitors and impact of combining both valency and headgroup tailoring on selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6893-907. [PMID: 22842468 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The emerging functional versatility of cellular glycans makes research on the design of synthetic inhibitors a timely topic. In detail, the combination of ligand (or headgroup or contact site) structure with spatial parameters that depend on topological and geometrical factors underlies the physiological selectivity of glycan-protein (lectin) recognition. We herein tested a panel of bi-, tri- and tetravalent compounds against two plant agglutinins and adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins (galectins). In addition, we examined the impact of headgroup tailoring (converting lactose to 2'-fucosyllactose) in combination with valency increase in two assay types of increasing biorelevance (from solid-phase binding to cell binding). Compounds were prepared using copper-catalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition from peracetylated lactosyl or 2'-fucosyllactosyl azides. Significant inhibition was achieved for the plant toxin with a tetravalent compound. Different levels of sensitivity were noted for the three groups of the galectin family. The headgroup extension to 2'-fucosyllactose led to a selectivity gain, especially for the chimera-type galectin-3. Valency increase established discrimination against the homodimeric proteins, whereas the combination of valency with the headgroup extension led to discrimination against the tandem-repeat-type galectin-8 for chicken galectins but not human galectins-3 and -4. Thus, detailed structure-activity profiling of glycoclusters combined with suitably modifying the contact site for the targeted lectin will help minimize cross-reactivity among this class of closely related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Development of a fluorescence polarization binding assay for asialoglycoprotein receptor. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:43-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Lee RT, Wang MH, Lin WJ, Lee YC. New and more efficient multivalent glyco-ligands for asialoglycoprotein receptor of mammalian hepatocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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21
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22
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Lee YC. Binding modes of mammalian hepatic Gal/GalNAc receptors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 145:80-93, discussion 93-5. [PMID: 2551610 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513828.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Gal/GalNAc receptors show dramatic preference for three-branched oligosaccharide structures over two- or one-branched counterparts. The spatial arrangement of the Gal residues is extremely important for optimal binding. The three terminal Gal residues in the best triantennary ligand are about 15-30 A apart, and therefore the sugar-combining sites on the receptor may also have the same geometry. The results obtained with synthetic ligands containing Gal or GalNAc are in agreement with this concept. Photoaffinity labelling and GalNAc-lactoperoxidase catalysed iodolabelling of the receptors revealed that the minor subunits (52 and 60 kDa) were more readily labelled than the major subunit (43 kDa). The stoichiometry of binding was determined with synthetic ligands containing GalNAc. The results indicated that each subunit may have two sugar-combining sites. A model for subunit assembly is proposed on the basis of these results and the finding that coexpression of all subunits is necessary for the binding and processing of asialo-orosomucoid in transfected cells, whereas Gal-polylysine can be bound and processed by the cells expressing only the major subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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23
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Niikura K, Nishio T, Akita H, Matsuo Y, Kamitani R, Kogure K, Harashima H, Ijiro K. Accumulation of O-GlcNAc-displaying CdTe quantum dots in cells in the presence of ATP. Chembiochem 2007; 8:379-84. [PMID: 17243188 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Niikura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Sapporo, Japan.
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24
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Zatsepin TS, Oretskaya TS. Synthesis and applications of oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates. Chem Biodivers 2007; 1:1401-17. [PMID: 17191787 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates are used in antisense biotechnology and in the study of glycosylated DNA functioning in vitro. The application of mono- and disaccharide phosphoramidites, solid-phase supports with immobilized carbohydrates, glycosylated nucleoside phosphoramidites, and postsynthetic conjugation of reactive sugar derivatives with oligonucleotides for preparation of oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates have been systematically studied. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are considered. Possible strategies for synthesis of glycoclusters with different topologies conjugated to DNA are discussed. Applications of oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates are highlighted. Studies of interactions of glycosylated oligonucleotides with proteins and effective cell-specific delivery of oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei S Zatsepin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119992
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25
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26
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Rice KG, Lee YC. Oligosaccharide valency and conformation in determining binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor of rat hepatocytes. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 66:41-83. [PMID: 8430516 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123126.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus
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27
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Takeya A, Hosomi O, Nishijima H, Ohe Y, Sugahara K, Sagi M, Yamazaki K, Hayakawa H, Takeshita H, Sasaki C, Kogure T, Mukai T. Presence of beta-linked GalNAc residues on N-glycans of human thyroglobulin. Life Sci 2006; 80:538-45. [PMID: 17097689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, which may mediate the clearance of circulating thyroglobulin, is known to have a high affinity for GalNAc. Recently, the receptor has been reported to be present also in the thyroid, implicating interaction with thyroglobulin. Here, mammalian thyroglobulins were analyzed for GalNAc termini by Western blotting with GalNAc-recognizing lectins labeled with peroxidase or (125)I. Wistaria floribunda lectin was found to bind human thyroglobulin and, to some extent, bovine, but not porcine thyroglobulin. After desialylation, the lectin bound all of the thyroglobulins tested. The binding was inhibited by competitive inhibitor GalNAc. Peptide N-glycanase treatment of human desialylated thyroglobulin resulted in the complete loss of reactivity with W. floribunda lectin, indicating that the binding sites are exclusively on N-glycans. The binding sites on human desialylated thyroglobulin were partly sensitive to beta-galactosidase, and the remainder was essentially sensitive to beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase. On the other hand, the binding sites of bovine and porcine desialylated thyroglobulins were totally sensitive to beta-galactosidase. Thus the lectin binds beta-Gal termini, as well as beta-GalNAc. GalNAc-specific Dolichos biflorus lectin also bound human thyroglobulin weakly. In contrast to W. floribunda lectin, desialylation diminished binding, suggesting that these two lectins recognize different GalNAc-terminated structures. Again, the binding was inhibited by GalNAc and by treatment with peptide N-glycanase. These results strongly indicate the presence of distinct GalNAc termini of N-glycans on human thyroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeya
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 1-16-2 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
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28
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Lindhorst TK, Ludewig M, Thiem J. The Syntheses of δ-NCS-Butyl α-l-Fucosides and Fucobiosides and Their Clustering to Traintennary Glycomimetics. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309808001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 , Hamburg
| | - Michael Ludewig
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 , Hamburg
| | - Joachim Thiem
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 , Hamburg
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29
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Lee RT, Lee YC. Synthesis of peptide-based trivalent scaffold for preparation of cluster glycosides. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:38-43. [PMID: 12968355 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko T Lee
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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30
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Dam TK, Brewer CF. Carbohydrate-lectin cross-linking interactions: structural, thermodynamic, and biological studies. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:455-86. [PMID: 12968382 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K Dam
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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31
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Smith EA, Thomas WD, Kiessling LL, Corn RM. Surface plasmon resonance imaging studies of protein-carbohydrate interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6140-8. [PMID: 12785845 DOI: 10.1021/ja034165u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate arrays fabricated on gold films were used to study carbohydrate-protein interactions with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. An immobilization scheme consisting of the formation of a surface disulfide bond was used to attach thiol-modified carbohydrates onto gold films and to fabricate carbohydrate arrays. The carbohydrate attachment steps were characterized using polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy; and poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels were used to immobilize probe compounds at discrete locations on a gold film. The binding of the carbohydrate-binding proteins concanavalin A (ConA) and jacalin to arrays composed of the monosaccharides mannose and galactose was monitored with SPR imaging. SPR imaging measurements were employed to accomplish the following: (i) construct adsorption isotherms for the interactions of ConA and jacalin to the carbohydrate surfaces, (ii) monitor protein binding to surfaces presenting different compositions of the immobilized carbohydrates, and (iii) measure the solution equilibrium dissociation constants for ConA and jacalin toward mannose and galactose, respectively. Adsorption coefficients (K(ADS)) of 2.2 +/- 0.8 x 10(7) M(-)(1) and 5.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(6) M(-)(1) were obtained for jacalin adsorbing to a galactose surface and ConA adsorbing to a mannose surface, respectively. The solution equilibrium dissociation (K(D)) constant for the interaction of jacalin and galactose was found to be 16 +/- 5 microM, and for ConA and mannose was found to be 200 +/- 50 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave., Madison 53706, USA
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32
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Artificial Multivalent Sugar Ligands to Understand and Manipulate Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions. HOST-GUEST CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45010-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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33
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Abstract
Cell-specific DNA delivery offers a great potential for targeted gene therapy. Toward this end, we have synthesized a series of compounds carrying galactose residues as a targeting ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptors of hepatocytes and primary amine groups as a functional domain for DNA binding. Biological activity of these galactosyl compounds in DNA delivery was evaluated in HepG2 and BL-6 cells and compared with respect to the number of galactose residues as well as primary amine groups in each molecule. Transfection experiments using a firefly luciferase gene as a reporter revealed that compounds with multivalent binding properties were more active in DNA delivery. An optimal transfection activity in HepG2 cells requires seven primary amine groups and a minimum of two galactose residues in each molecule. The transfection activity of compounds carrying multi-galactose residues can be inhibited by asialofetuin, a natural substrate for asialoglycoprotein receptors of hepatocytes, suggesting that gene transfer by these galactosyl compounds is asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated. These results provide direct evidence in support of our new strategy for the use of small and synthetic compounds for cell specific and targeted gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lee
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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35
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Rensen PC, Sliedregt LA, Ferns M, Kieviet E, van Rossenberg SM, van Leeuwen SH, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA. Determination of the upper size limit for uptake and processing of ligands by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37577-84. [PMID: 11479285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101786200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) on hepatocytes plays a role in the clearance of desialylated proteins from the serum. Although its sugar preference (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) >> galactose) and the effects of ligand valency (tetraantennary > triantennary >> diantennary >> monoantennary) and sugar spacing (20 A 10 A 4 A) are well documented, the effect of particle size on recognition and uptake of ligands by the receptor is poorly defined. In the present study, we assessed the maximum ligand size that still allows effective processing by the ASGPr of mouse hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Here too, we synthesized a novel glycolipid, which possesses a highly hydrophobic steroid moiety for stable incorporation into liposomes, and a triantennary GalNAc(3)-terminated cluster glycoside with a high nanomolar affinity (2 nm) for the ASGPr. Incorporation of the glycolipid into small (30 nm) [(3)H]cholesteryl oleate-labeled long circulating liposomes (1-50%, w/w) caused a concentration-dependent increase in particle clearance that was liver-specific (reaching 85 +/- 7% of the injected dose at 30 min after injection) and mediated by the ASGPr on hepatocytes, as shown by competition studies with asialoorosomucoid in vivo. By using glycolipid-laden liposomes of various sizes between 30 and 90 nm, it was demonstrated that particles with a diameter of >70 nm could no longer be recognized and processed by the ASGPr in vivo. This threshold size for effective uptake was not related to the physical barrier raised by the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelium, which shields hepatocytes from the circulation, because similar results were obtained by studying the uptake of liposomes on isolated mouse hepatocytes in vitro. From these data we conclude that in addition to the species, valency, and orientation of sugar residues, size is also an important determinant for effective recognition and processing of substrates by the ASGPr. Therefore, these data have important implications for the design of ASGPr-specific carriers that are aimed at hepatocyte-directed delivery of drugs and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rensen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Herzner H, Reipen T, Schultz M, Kunz H. Synthesis of glycopeptides containing carbohydrate and Peptide recognition motifs. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4495-538. [PMID: 11749356 DOI: 10.1021/cr990308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Herzner
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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37
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Joziasse DH, Lee RT, Lee YC, Biessen EA, Schiphorst WE, Koeleman CA, van den Eijnden DH. alpha3-galactosylated glycoproteins can bind to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6501-8. [PMID: 11029595 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, clearance of desialylated serum glycoproteins to the liver is mediated by a galactose-specific hepatic lectin, the 'asialoglycoprotein receptor'. In humans, serum glycoprotein glycans are usually capped with sialic acid, which protects these proteins against hepatic uptake. However, in most other species, an additional noncharged terminal element with the structure Galalpha1-->3Galbeta1-->4R is present on glycoprotein glycans. To investigate if alpha3-galactosylated glycoproteins, just like desialylated glycoproteins, could be cleared by the hepatic lectin, the affinities of alpha3-galactosylated compounds towards this lectin were determined using an in vitro inhibition assay, and were compared with those of the parent compounds terminating in Galbeta1-->4R. Diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary oligosaccharides that form part of N-glycans were alpha3-galactosylated to completion by use of recombinant bovine alpha3-galactosyltransferase. Similarly, desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) was alpha3-galactosylated in vitro. The alpha3-galactosylation of a branched, Galbeta1-->4-terminated oligosaccharide lowered its affinity for the membrane-bound lectin on whole rat hepatocytes 50-250-fold, and for the detergent-solubilized hepatic lectin 7-50-fold. In contrast, alpha3-galactosylation of asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein caused only a minor decrease in affinity, increasing the IC50 from 5 to 15 nM. Fully alpha3-galactosylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein, intravenously injected into the mouse, was rapidly cleared from the circulation, with a clearance rate close to that of asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein (t1/2 of 0.42 min vs. 0.95 min). Its uptake was efficiently inhibited by pre-injection of an excess asialo-fetuin. Organ distribution analysis showed that the injected alpha1-acid glycoprotein accumulated predominantly in the liver. Taken together, these observations suggest that serum glycoproteins that are heavily alpha3-galactosylated will be rapidly cleared from the bloodstream via the hepatic lectin. It is suggested that glycosyltransferase expression in murine hepatocytes is tightly regulated in order to prevent undesired uptake of hepatocyte-derived, circulating glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Joziasse
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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38
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Duff RJ, Deamond SF, Roby C, Zhou Y, Ts'o PO. Intrabody tissue-specific delivery of antisense conjugates in animals: ligand-linker-antisense oligomer conjugates. Methods Enzymol 1999; 313:297-321. [PMID: 10595363 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)13019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Duff
- Department of Biochemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA
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39
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Biessen EA, Vietsch H, Rump ET, Fluiter K, Bijsterbosch MK, van Berkel TJ. Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to parenchymal liver cells in vivo. Methods Enzymol 1999; 314:324-42. [PMID: 10565023 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)14113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Biessen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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40
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Iida S, Yamamoto K, Irimura T. Interaction of human macrophage C-type lectin with O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues on mucin glycopeptides. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10697-705. [PMID: 10196140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescein-labeled synthetic peptide, PTTTPITTTTK, was converted into O-glycosylated glycopeptides with various numbers of attached N-acetyl-D-galactosamines (GalNAcs) by in vitro glycosylation with UDP-GalNAc and a microsomal fraction of LS174T human colon carcinoma cells. Glycopeptides with 1, 3, 5, and 6 GalNAc residues (G1, G3, G5, and G6) were obtained, and their sizes were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Their sequences were determined by a peptide sequencer to be PTTTGalNAcPITTTTK for G1, PTGalNAcTTPITGalNAcTGalNAcTTK for G3, PTTGalNAcTGalNAcPITGalNAcTGalNAcTGalNAcTK for G5, and PTGalNAcTGalNAcTGalNAcPITGalNAcTGalNAcTGalNAcTK for G6. A calcium-type human macrophage lectin (HML) was prepared in a recombinant form, and its interaction with these glycopeptides was investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and fluorescence polarization. The affinity of recombinant HML (rHML) for immobilized glycopeptides increased, as revealed by SPR, in parallel with the number of GalNAc. The highest affinity was obtained when the G6-peptide was immobilized at high density. Fluorescence polarization equilibrium-binding assays also revealed that the affinity of rHML for soluble gly-copeptides increased, depending on the number of attached GalNAcs. Carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) fragments of HML were prepared, and their affinity for these four glycopeptides was also determined, this affinity was apparently lower than that of rHML. Affinity constants of rHML for the G3- and G5-peptides were 11- and 38-fold higher, respectively, than for the G1-peptide, whereas those of CRD fragments were only 2- and 6-fold higher, respectively. A chemical cross-linking study revealed that rHML but not recombinant CRD forms trimers in an aqueous solution. Thus, preferential binding of densely glycosylated O-linked glycopeptides should be due to the trimer formation of rHML.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iida
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Yi D, Lee RT, Longo P, Boger ET, Lee YC, Petri WA, Schnaar RL. Substructural specificity and polyvalent carbohydrate recognition by the Entamoeba histolytica and rat hepatic N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose lectins. Glycobiology 1998; 8:1037-43. [PMID: 9719685 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.10.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the Entamoeba histolytica lectin, a virulence factor for the causative agent of amebiasis, and the mammalian hepatic lectin bind to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose (Gal) nonreducing termini on oligosaccharides, with preference for GalNAc. Polyvalent GalNAc-derivatized neoglycoproteins have >1000-fold enhanced binding affinity for both lectins (Adler,P., Wood,S.J., Lee,Y.C., Lee,R.T., Petri,W.A.,Jr. and Schnaar,R.L.,1995, J. Biol. Chem ., 270, 5164-5171). Substructural specificity studies revealed that the 3-OH and 4-OH groups of GalNAc were required for binding to both lectins, whereas only the E.histolytica lectin required the 6-OH group. Whereas GalNAc binds with 4-fold lower affinity to the E.histolytica lectin than to the mammalian hepatic lectin, galactosamine and N-benzoyl galactosamine bind with higher affinity to the E. histolytica lectin. Therefore, a synthetic scheme for converting polyamine carriers to poly-N-acyl galactosamine derivatives (linked through the galactosamine primary amino group) was developed to test whether such ligands would bind the E.histolytica lectin with high specificity and high affinity. Contrary to expectations, polyvalent derivatives including GalN6lys5, GalN4desmosine, GalN4StarburstTMdendrimer, and GalN8StarburstTMdendrimer demonstrated highly enhanced binding to the mammalian hepatic lectin but little or no enhancement of binding to the E.histolytica lectin. We propose that the mammalian hepatic lectin binds with greatest affinity to GalNAc "miniclusters," which mimic branched termini of N-linked oligosaccharides, whereas the E.histolytica lectin binds most effectively to "maxiclusters," which may mimic more widely spaced GalNAc residues on intestinal mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Seebach D, Beat Rheiner P, Greiveldinger G, Butz T, Sellner H. Chiral Dendrimers. DENDRIMERS 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69779-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawasaki
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Hangeland JJ, Flesher JE, Deamond SF, Lee YC, Ts'O PO, Frost JJ. Tissue distribution and metabolism of the [32P]-labeled oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonate-neoglycopeptide conjugate, [YEE(ah-GalNAc)3]-SMCC-AET-pUmpT7, in the mouse. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1997; 7:141-9. [PMID: 9212904 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1997.7.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of oligodeoxynucleotides (oligo-dNs) and their analogs as therapeutic agents is complicated by their low rate of transport across cellular membranes, which is required for interaction with the intracellular complementary nucleic acid sequences, and the lack of tissue-specific delivery. To overcome these obstacles, bioconjugates between cell surface receptor ligands and oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates (oligo-MPs) have been constructed containing homogeneous, chemically defined covalent linkages. We have previously established that a model conjugate, [32P]-labeled [YEE(ah-GalNAc)3]-SMCC-AET-pUmpT7 (1), is delivered to Hep G2 cells in a ligand-specific manner, reaching a peak value of 26 pmol per 10(6) cells after 24 hours incubation at 37 degrees C (Hangeland et al., 1995). In this work, the in vivo behavior of this conjugate is explored. Administration of this conjugate to mice via tail vein injection demonstrates rapid uptake in liver to the extent of 69.9 +/- 9.9% of the injected dose after 15 minutes. Thereafter, the conjugate and its metabolites are rapidly cleared via the kidney and urine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of extracts of Hep G2 cells and mouse liver reveal the conjugate 1 to be extensively metabolized. In contrast, the conjugate found in mouse urine is largely intact. These data show that this novel, biodegradable delivery vehicle represents a viable approach for the delivery of antisense oligo-MPs and other oligo-dN analogs to the liver for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hangeland
- Department of Biochemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Fu Q, Satyaswaroop PG, Gowda DC. Tissue targeting and plasma clearance of cobra venom factor in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 231:316-20. [PMID: 9070270 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tissue targeting and rate of clearance of cobra venom factor (CVF) from the circulation was studied in mice by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of radioiodinated CVF. In both modes of administrations, CVF was targeted mainly to liver. CVF injected directly into the blood was cleared from the circulation with a plasma half life of about 10 h, whereas CVF injected into the peritoneal cavity was slowly absorbed into the blood stream reaching a maximum level at approximately 6 h, and it was then cleared from the circulation with a plasma half life of about 18 h. The rate of plasma clearance of CVF was markedly decreased upon removal of the terminal alpha-galactosyl residues of the oligosaccharide chains; the plasma half lives for intravenously and intraperitoneally administered de-alpha-galactosylated CVF were approximately 5 and approximately 10 h, respectively. However, the clearance rate was not affected by complete deglycosylation using N-glycanase or by chemical modification of the terminal galactosyl residues. Together, these data demonstrate that the terminal alpha-galactosyl residues of CVF mask the Lewis X-dependent uptake of CVF by liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Roy R. Recent developments in the rational design of multivalent glycoconjugates. GLYCOSCIENCE SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTRATE ANALOGS AND MIMETICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0119259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Valentijn AP, van der Marel GA, Sliedregt LA, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA, van Boom JH. Solid-phase synthesis of lysine-based cluster galactosides with high affinity for the asialoglycoprotein Receptor. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(96)01018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pagé D, Zanini D, Roy R. Macromolecular recognition: effect of multivalency in the inhibition of binding of yeast mannan to concanavalin A and pea lectins by mannosylated dendrimers. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:1949-61. [PMID: 9007279 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and binding properties of a new family of high affinity alpha-D-mannopyranoside ligands are described. The synthesis of the new multivalent ligands is based on the scaffolding of multiantennary branches of L-lysine residues having electrophilic N-chloroacetylated end groups as core structures. An alpha-D-mannopyranoside with p-substituted aryl aglycon ending with a thiol group was prepared and covalently attached to each of the branches of the dendritic structures. The resulting glycodendrimers with 2 (12), 4 (14), 8 (16), and 16 (18) mannoside residues were tested for their relative inhibitory potency by solid-phase enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA) using methyl and p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranosides as standards. Concentrations necessary for 50% inhibition (IC50s) of binding of yeast mannan to Jack bean phytohemagglutinin (Canavalia ensiformis, concanavalin A) and to pea lectin (Pisum sativum) were determined. Analogous mannosylated copolyacrylamides were also prepared for comparison. The IC50 values were also plotted as a function of dendrimer valencies. The inhibitions showed 16-mer 18 to be approximately 600- and 2000-fold more potent than methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and 66- and 1383-fold more potent than p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranosides with Con A and pea lectins, respectively. Even when these numbers are expressed relative to single mannopyranoside residues per dendrimers, the relative potencies against the aromatic mannoside are still 4- and 86-fold better against Con A and pea lectins. These results unequivocally indicate that the optimum inhibitory binding properties of the new mannosylated dendrimers vary with both dendrimers and lectin valencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pagé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Glycoconjugates play important roles in biological reactions (for example sialyl Lewis(x) in 'homing' of leukocytes and mannose-6-phosphate in targeting of lysosomal enzymes) and thus aberration in carbohydrate structures in glycoconjugates can lead to abnormal biological behaviors. In fact, glycoconjugates expressed on the surfaces of tumor and cancer cells are considerably different from those of the normal cells, at least quantitatively. There are many known carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes. As recognition of carbohydrate groups is mostly performed by carbohydrate-binding proteins, aberration in these proteins also results in disease status (for example I-cell disease). Many pathogens use carbohydrates as recognition markers for invasion (examples are influenza virus and cholera toxin). The carbohydrate receptors in various organs can be used for targeting drugs, antibodies and even DNAs. Conjugation of polysaccharides derived from pathogenic micro-organisms with appropriate proteins provides effective vaccines against the micro-organisms. Copyright 1996 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.C. Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA
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