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Altmann F, Kosma P, O’Callaghan A, Leahy S, Bottacini F, Molloy E, Plattner S, Schiavi E, Gleinser M, Groeger D, Grant R, Rodriguez Perez N, Healy S, Svehla E, Windwarder M, Hofinger A, O’Connell Motherway M, Akdis CA, Xu J, Roper J, van Sinderen D, O’Mahony L. Genome Analysis and Characterisation of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162983. [PMID: 27656878 PMCID: PMC5033381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bifibobacterium longum subsp. longum35624™ strain (formerly named Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis) is a well described probiotic with clinical efficacy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome clinical trials and induces immunoregulatory effects in mice and in humans. This paper presents (a) the genome sequence of the organism allowing the assignment to its correct subspeciation longum; (b) a comparative genome assessment with other B. longum strains and (c) the molecular structure of the 35624 exopolysaccharide (EPS624). Comparative genome analysis of the 35624 strain with other B. longum strains determined that the sub-speciation of the strain is longum and revealed the presence of a 35624-specific gene cluster, predicted to encode the biosynthetic machinery for EPS624. Following isolation and acid treatment of the EPS, its chemical structure was determined using gas and liquid chromatography for sugar constituent and linkage analysis, electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for sequencing and NMR. The EPS consists of a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit containing two galactose and two glucose moieties, galacturonic acid and the unusual sugar 6-deoxy-L-talose. These data demonstrate that the B. longum35624 strain has specific genetic features, one of which leads to the generation of a characteristic exopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Kosma
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy O’Callaghan
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sinead Leahy
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Molloy
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Schiavi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marita Gleinser
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Ray Grant
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Rodriguez Perez
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisabeth Svehla
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Hofinger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jun Xu
- Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Martikainen AL, Tammi M, Tammi R. Proteoglycans synthesized by adult human epidermis in whole skin organ culture. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:623-8. [PMID: 1431225 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12668025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult human epidermis was cultured in whole skin organ culture under serum-free conditions in the presence of 35SO4. Proteoglycans (PG) comprised about 25% of the total (35SO4)-labeled material produced by epidermis. The rest of the incorporated activity displayed solubility characteristics typical of lipids. The molecular mass and the composition of the 35SO4-labeled epidermal PG and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were studied using gel filtrations and agarose gel electrophoresis. The 35SO4-label of the epidermal PG was located in heparan sulfate (HS, approximately 75%) and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS, 25%), but not in keratan sulfate as determined by nitrous acid, chondroitinase AC II, chondroitinase ABC, and keratanase digestions, respectively. The molecular mass of the GAG chains was 10-40 kDa. The 35SO4-labeled PG were distributed between 60 and 600 kDa in agarose gel electrophoresis, with the highest activity at 350 kDa. Smaller activity peaks occurred at 150 and 60 kDa. Digestion of the PG with heparitinase removed most of the activity at 350 and 150 kDa, whereas chondroitinase ABC removed that at 60 kDa. A small amount of activity migrating between 600 and 1000 kDa was not affected by any of the GAG-degrading enzymes. Pulse chase experiments showed that the epidermal PG had an average half life of 24 h. The results thus demonstrate that human epidermis produces at least three different, rapidly metabolized PG. The PGs from 150 to 350 kDa contained heparan sulfate chains, whereas those at 60 kDa were chondroitin/dermatan sulfate PG.
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Staudacher E, Altmann F, März L, Hård K, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. ?1?6(?1?3)-Difucosylation of the asparagine-boundN-acetylglucosamine in honeybee venom phospholipase A2. Glycoconj J 1992; 9:82-5. [PMID: 1344712 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chymotryptic glycopeptides were prepared from a honeybee (Apis mellifica) venom phospholipase A2 (E.C. 3.1.1.4) fraction, with high affinity towards lentil (Lens culinaris) lectin. Treatment of the glycopeptide mixture with peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase A, followed by HPLC fractionation, yielded two oligosaccharides, which were analysed by 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy to give the following structures [formula: see text] This is the first report on a naturally occurring glycoprotein N-glycan with two fucose residues linked to the asparagine-bound N-acetylglucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Staudacher
- Institut für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
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Raatikainen O, Auriola S, Tuomisto J. Identification of aromatic moieties and mycosamine in antifungal heptaenes with high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1991; 585:247-54. [PMID: 1804842 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)85084-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of the aromaticity of heptaene polyene antibiotics has been developed. The released aromatic moiety of the heptaene polyenes aureofungin, candicidin, candimycin, hamycin and trichomycin was assayed after alkaline hydrolysis. The presence of p-aminoacetophenone (PAAP) and N-methyl-p-aminoacetophenone (N-methyl-PAAP) in the hydrolysates was determined by HPLC, HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS). Candicidin and hamycin contained only the PAAP residue; aureofungin contained both PAAP and N-methyl-PAAP. Trichomycin contained PAAP and also some unknown component of molecular weight 179. The aromatic nature of the individual components of the heptaene complex was demonstrated using radioactivity flow detection for the determination of the incorporation of [14C]-p-aminobenzoic acid to individual candicidin components. Ammonia chemical ionization MS was successfully used for the GC-MS identification of the acetylated mycosamine moiety of heptaenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Raatikainen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Tretter V, Altmann F, März L. Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F cannot release glycans with fucose attached alpha 1----3 to the asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 199:647-52. [PMID: 1868849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F (PNGase F) from Flavobacterium meningosepticum and PNGase A from sweet almonds to deglycosylate N-glycopeptides and N-glycoproteins from plants was compared. Bromelain glycopeptide and horseradish peroxidase-C glycoprotein, which contain xylose linked beta 1----2 to beta-mannose and fucose linked alpha 1----3 to the innermost N-acetylglucosamine, were used as substrates. In contrast to PNGase A, the enzyme from F. meningosepticum did not act upon these substrates even at concentrations 100-fold higher than required for complete deglycosylation of commonly used standard substrates. After removal of alpha 1----3-linked fucose from the plant glycopeptide and glycoprotein by mild acid hydrolysis, they were readily degraded by PNGase F at moderate enzyme concentrations. Hence we conclude that alpha 1----3 fucosylation of the inner N-acetylglucosamine impedes the enzymatic action of PNGase F. Knowledge of this limitation of the deglycosylation potential of PNGase F may turn it from a pitfall into a useful experimental tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tretter
- Institut für Chemie der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
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