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Davoodi A, Eslami S, Fakhar M, Aazadbakht M, Montazeri M, Khoshvishkaie E, Keighobadi M. Aurothiomalate-Based Drugs as Potentially Novel Agents Against Leishmania major: A Mini Review. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:640-647. [PMID: 35380401 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide in many parts of the world. Current anti-leishmanial drugs have only limited clinical efficacy. Aurothiomalate derivatives are useful for treating rheumatoid arthritis, but have emerged as a promising therapeutic candidate for leishmaniasis. This paper gives a review of the literature about the usefulness of aurothiomalate derivatives against leishmaniasis. METHODS In this study, we reviewed the proposed mechanisms of action of aurothiomalate and related compounds on the metabolism of L. major and collected data by searching relevant articles. RESULTS Aurothiomalate-based drugs could be effective against leishmaniasis through two direct and indirect mechanisms: first, cytotoxic effects on parasites via thiomalate's false substrate role in the citric acid cycle against malate; and second, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of aurothiomalate derivatives with prostaglandin production inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS The current study documented that aurothiomalate-based drugs could be effective against leishmaniasis through two direct and indirect mechanisms of action. Gold thiomalate as a promising hit should be evaluated against L. major in vitro and in vivo conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Davoodi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahram Eslami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Farah Abad, 48471-91971, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Farah Abad, 48471-91971, Sari, Iran.
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Hydatid Cyst, Mazandaran Branch, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Aazadbakht
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Farah Abad, 48471-91971, Sari, Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Hydatid Cyst, Mazandaran Branch, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elnaz Khoshvishkaie
- Pharmaceutical Cares Department, Ayatollah Khamenei Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Abbas Abad, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Farah Abad, 48471-91971, Sari, Iran.
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Hydatid Cyst, Mazandaran Branch, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Feliciano PR, Drennan CL, Nonato MC. Crystal Structures of Fumarate Hydratases from Leishmania major in a Complex with Inhibitor 2-Thiomalate. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:266-275. [PMID: 30645090 PMCID: PMC6380369 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Leishmaniases
affect the poorest people on earth and have no effective
drug therapy. Here, we present the crystal structure of the mitochondrial
isoform of class I fumarate hydratase (FH) from Leishmania
major and compare it to the previously determined cytosolic Leishmania major isoform. We further describe the mechanism
of action of the first class-specific FH inhibitor, 2-thiomalate,
through X-ray crystallography and inhibition assays. Our crystal structures
of both FH isoforms with inhibitor bound at 2.05 Å resolution
and 1.60 Å resolution show high structural similarity. These
structures further reveal that the selectivity of 2-thiomalate for
class I FHs is due to direct coordination of the inhibitor to the
unique Fe of the catalytic [4Fe-4S] cluster that is found in class
I parasitic FHs but is absent from class II human FH. These studies
provide the structural scaffold in order to exploit class I FHs as
potential drug targets against leishmaniases as well as Chagas diseases,
sleeping sickness, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R. Feliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Catherine L. Drennan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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3
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Crystal structure of an Fe-S cluster-containing fumarate hydratase enzyme from Leishmania major reveals a unique protein fold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9804-9. [PMID: 27528683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumarate hydratases (FHs) are essential metabolic enzymes grouped into two classes. Here, we present the crystal structure of a class I FH, the cytosolic FH from Leishmania major, which reveals a previously undiscovered protein fold that coordinates a catalytically essential [4Fe-4S] cluster. Our 2.05 Å resolution data further reveal a dimeric architecture for this FH that resembles a heart, with each lobe comprised of two domains that are arranged around the active site. Besides the active site, where the substrate S-malate is bound bidentate to the unique iron of the [4Fe-4S] cluster, other binding pockets are found near the dimeric enzyme interface, some of which are occupied by malonate, shown here to be a weak inhibitor of this enzyme. Taken together, these data provide a framework both for investigations of the class I FH catalytic mechanism and for drug design aimed at fighting neglected tropical diseases.
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4
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Fumarate hydratase isoforms of Leishmania major: Subcellular localization, structural and kinetic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Lehtonen HJ. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: update on clinical and molecular characteristics. Fam Cancer 2011; 10:397-411. [PMID: 21404119 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heli J Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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6
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Woods SA, Miles JS, Guest JR. Sequence homologies between argininosuccinase, aspartase and fumarase: A family of structurally-related enzymes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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7
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Mueller JC, Andreoli C, Prokisch H, Meitinger T. Mechanisms for multiple intracellular localization of human mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrion 2004; 3:315-25. [PMID: 16120363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 09/13/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of reports that some single gene products function in more than one cellular compartment. This review lists and categorizes the targeting mechanisms of 31 human mitochondrial proteins that have multiple localizations. Further, genetic disorders based on mislocalization are described, and prediction algorithms for multi-localized proteins are proposed. A high diversity of experimentally verified targeting mechanisms ranging from single protein to multi-protein mechanisms exists, with a combination of multiple transcription starting points and alternative splicing being the most frequent. This observation stresses the individuality of the evolutionary histories of such mechanisms. We did not find specific localization strategies to cluster with certain protein functions. There was also no bias with respect to the evolutionary origin of the multi-compartmentalized mitochondrial proteins. Both, genes of bacterial and eukaryotic origin show multiple localization, which does not corroborate the hypothesis that the development of multiple targeting is coupled predominantly with the recruitment of nuclear eukaryotic genes for novel mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Christian Mueller
- Institute of Human Genetics, GSF--National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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8
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Tseng CP, Yu CC, Lin HH, Chang CY, Kuo JT. Oxygen- and growth rate-dependent regulation of Escherichia coli fumarase (FumA, FumB, and FumC) activity. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:461-7. [PMID: 11133938 PMCID: PMC94900 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.2.461-467.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli contains three biochemically distinct fumarases which catalyze the interconversion of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Batch culture studies indicated that fumarase activities varied according to carbon substrate and cell doubling time. Growth rate control of fumarase activities in the wild type and mutants was demonstrated in continuous culture; FumA and FumC activities were induced four- to fivefold when the cell growth rate (k) was lowered from 1.2/h to 0.24/h at 1 and 21% O(2), respectively. There was a twofold induction of FumA and FumC activities when acetate was utilized instead of glucose as the sole carbon source. However, these fumarase activities were still shown to be under growth rate control. Thus, the activity of the fumarases is regulated by the cell growth rate and carbon source utilization independently. Further examination of FumA and FumC activities in a cya mutant suggested that growth rate control of FumA and FumC activities is cyclic AMP dependent. Although the total fumarase activity increased under aerobic conditions, the individual fumarase activities varied under different oxygen levels. While FumB activity was maximal during anaerobic growth (k = 0.6/h), FumA was the major enzyme under anaerobic cell growth, and the maximum activity was achieved when oxygen was elevated to 1 to 2%. Further increase in the oxygen level caused inactivation of FumA and FumB activities by the high oxidized state, but FumC activity increased simultaneously when the oxygen level was higher than 4%. The same regulation of the activities of fumarases in response to different oxygen levels was also found in mutants. Therefore, synthesis of the three fumarase enzymes is controlled in a hierarchical fashion depending on the environmental oxygen that the cell encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Tseng
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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9
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Coughlin EM, Christensen E, Kunz PL, Krishnamoorthy KS, Walker V, Dennis NR, Chalmers RA, Elpeleg ON, Whelan D, Pollitt RJ, Ramesh V, Mandell R, Shih VE. Molecular analysis and prenatal diagnosis of human fumarase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 1998; 63:254-62. [PMID: 9635293 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1998.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fumarase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the citric acid cycle causing severe neurological impairment. The cDNA for both the rat and human enzymes has been cloned previously and shown to encode a coding region of 1.46 kb. To scan for mutations in fumarase-deficient patients we amplified the coding region of fumarase from fibroblast/lymphoblast cDNA employing the oligonucleotide primers designed from the published human and rat cDNA sequence. We then directly sequenced the polymerase chain reaction product. In seven unrelated patients, we detected four missense mutations (A265T, D383V, F269C, K187R), a nonsense mutation (W458X), a 3-bp AAA insertion that introduces an additional lysine residue at codon 435, and a spontaneous new mutation resulting in a 74-bp deletion (66del74). Seven at-risk pregnancies were monitored with one prenatal diagnosis of fumarase deficiency by molecular analysis and favorable outcome of the other pregnancies as predicted by enzyme assay of cultured fetal cells or molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Coughlin
- Amino Acid Disorder Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02129, USA
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10
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Cloning and sequence analysis of fumarase and superoxide dismutase genes from an extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus HB27. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Behal RH, Oliver DJ. Biochemical and molecular characterization of fumarase from plants: purification and characterization of the enzyme--cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 348:65-74. [PMID: 9390175 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA EST clone encoding the C-terminal portion of Arabidopsis thaliana fumarase was identified by homology analysis. A fragment of cDNA encoding the N-terminal region of fumarase was amplified from a cDNA library using PCR and cloned. Genomic DNA corresponding to the coding region of fumarase was amplified and cloned. Arabidopsis fumarase was expressed as a chimeric fusion protein and polyclonal antibodies were generated. Fumarase was purified to near-homogeneity (over 600-fold) from etiolated Pisum sativum mitochondria. The identification of fumarase was confirmed by a combination of immunoblot and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Kinetic analysis of highly purified fumarase yielded a KM(malate) of 0.45 mM and a Vmax(malate) of 650 mumol of fumarate/min/ mg. The pea fumarase was inhibited by the alpha-keto acids pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate at low millimolar concentrations. Adenylates were highly inhibitory; the degree of this inhibition was reduced in the presence of Mg2+, suggesting that uncomplexed adenylates are the inhibitory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Behal
- Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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12
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Park SJ, Gunsalus RP. Oxygen, iron, carbon, and superoxide control of the fumarase fumA and fumC genes of Escherichia coli: role of the arcA, fnr, and soxR gene products. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6255-62. [PMID: 7592392 PMCID: PMC177467 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.21.6255-6262.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarase catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate to L-malate. Escherichia coli contains three biochemically distinct fumarases. While the fumA and fumB genes encode heat-labile, iron-containing fumarases, the fumC gene product is a heat-stable fumarase which does not require iron for activity. To study how the fumA and fumC genes are regulated, we constructed lacZ operon fusions to the fumA and/or fumC upstream regions. Expression of the fumA and fumC genes was lowest during anaerobic cell growth, in support of the proposed roles of FumA and FumC as aerobic fumarases. Transcription of the fumC gene was shown to be complex: it was dependent on both the fumA and fumC promoters. Anaerobic expression from the fumA promoter was derepressed in both an arcA and a fnr mutant, while expression from the fumC promoter was derepressed in only the arcA strain. The fumA promoter was also shown to be catabolite controlled, whereas the fumC promoter was relatively unaffected by the type of carbon used for cell growth. Cellular iron limitation stimulated fumC but not fumA expression. Superoxide radicals also caused increased fumC gene expression; fumA expression was unaffected. Both the superoxide control and the iron control of fumC expression required the SoxR regulatory protein. These studies suggest different physiological roles for the FumA and FumC fumarases. The iron-containing FumA fumarase is the more abundant enzyme under most conditions of aerobic cell growth except when iron is limiting; FumC, which lacks iron, appears to be a backup enzyme that is synthesized optimally only when iron is low or when superoxide radicals accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA
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13
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Friedberg D, Peleg Y, Monsonego A, Maissi S, Battat E, Rokem JS, Goldberg I. The fumR gene encoding fumarase in the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae: cloning, structure and expression. Gene 1995; 163:139-44. [PMID: 7557464 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00367-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae (Ro) is known for its ability to overproduce and accumulate high levels of fumaric acid (FA) under stress conditions. In order to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the increased biosynthesis of FA, the gene (designated fumR) encoding Ro fumarase was cloned and analysed for its structure and expression. Nucleotide (nt) sequence and comparison of the fumR product with fumarases from various sources established that fumR contains nine introns and encodes a deduced product of 494 amino acids (aa), related to class-II fumarases. A fumarase protein of 50 kDa was immuno-detected in crude Ro extracts. Primer extension experiments mapped the 5' end of the fumR RNA 159 nt upstream from the putative translation start codon. Both primer extension and Northern analysis showed the existence of one transcript of fumR. The level of fumR RNA increased in cells producing FA under stress conditions (high carbon and low nitrogen levels in the medium), suggesting that transcriptional regulation of fumR might be involved in the overproduction and accumulation of FA by Ro cells under stress conditions. The possibility that additional mechanisms are responsible for this phenomenon is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Friedberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Bourgeron T, Chretien D, Poggi-Bach J, Doonan S, Rabier D, Letouzé P, Munnich A, Rötig A, Landrieu P, Rustin P. Mutation of the fumarase gene in two siblings with progressive encephalopathy and fumarase deficiency. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:2514-8. [PMID: 8200987 PMCID: PMC294471 DOI: 10.1172/jci117261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an inborn error of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fumarase deficiency, in two siblings born to first cousin parents. They presented with progressive encephalopathy, dystonia, leucopenia, and neutropenia. Elevation of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid and high fumarate excretion in the urine led us to investigate the activities of the respiratory chain and of the Krebs cycle, and to finally identify fumarase deficiency in these two children. The deficiency was profound and present in all tissues investigated, affecting the cytosolic and the mitochondrial fumarase isoenzymes to the same degree. Analysis of fumarase cDNA demonstrated that both patients were homozygous for a missense mutation, a G-955-->C transversion, predicting a Glu-319-->Gln substitution. This substitution occurred in a highly conserved region of the fumarase cDNA. Both parents exhibited half the expected fumarase activity in their lymphocytes and were found to be heterozygous for this substitution. The present study is to our knowledge the first molecular characterization of tricarboxylic acid deficiency, a rare inherited inborn error of metabolism in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bourgeron
- INSERM U393, Département de Pédiatrie, Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
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15
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Hani EK, Chan VL. Cloning, characterization, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the argH gene from Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 encoding argininosuccinate lyase. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1865-71. [PMID: 8144452 PMCID: PMC205288 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.7.1865-1871.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete structural gene for argininosuccinate lyase (argH) from Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 has been cloned into Escherichia coli by complementation of an E. coli argH auxotrophic mutant. The gene has been subcloned for sequencing on a 4.1-kb DNA segment and localized by the complementing activity of deletion mutants. The complete DNA sequence of the C. jejuni argH gene was determined. The transcription start point for argH mRNA was determined by primer extension analysis and found to be within the coding sequence of the upstream gene, identified as the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene (ppc). The argininosuccinate lyase and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reading frames overlap by one base, the second example of this phenomenon in C. jejuni chromosomal genes. The enzyme has a deduced subunit molecular weight of 51,831. Recombinant plasmids containing the argH gene generate a 56-kDa protein and a 43-kDa protein in E. coli maxicells. An alternate translation initiation producing a polypeptide with a deduced molecular mass of 42 kDa may account for the smaller protein observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The C. jejuni argH gene shows nucleotide homology to both yeast and human argininosuccinate lyase genes, and conserved amino acid domains are evident between the corresponding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Hani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Colombo S, Grisa M, Tortora P, Vanoni M. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a Sulfolobus solfataricus gene encoding a class II fumarase. FEBS Lett 1994; 337:93-8. [PMID: 8276121 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fumarase catalyzes the interconversion of L-malate and fumarate. A Sulfolobus solfataricus fumarase gene (fumC) was cloned and sequenced. Typical archaebacterial regulatory sites were identified in the region flanking the fumC open reading frame. The fumC gene encodes a protein of 438 amino acids (47,899 Da) which shows several significant similarities with class II fumarases from both eubacterial and eukariotic sources as well as with aspartases. S. solfataricus fumarase expressed in Escherichia coli retains enzymatic activity and its thermostability is comparable to that of S. solfataricus purified enzyme despite a 11 amino acid C-terminal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colombo
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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17
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Tuboi S, Suzuki T, Sato M, Yoshida T. Rat liver mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases with identical amino acid sequences are encoded from a single mRNA with two alternative in-phase AUG initiation sites. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1990; 30:289-304. [PMID: 2403035 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(90)90023-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By use of anticytosolic fumarase antibody, a cDNA clone was isolated from a rat liver cDNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11 and in the pBR 322 vector. A clone with an insert of about 1.7 kbp was isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the insert revealed that the cDNA contained a noncoding region composed of 25 nucleotides in the 5' terminus, the coding region composed of 1,521 nucleotides, and the 3' nontranslated region composed of 43 nucleotides followed by a poly(A)+ tail. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 507 amino acid residues (predicted Mr = 54,462), which contained an additional sequence composed of 41 amino acid residues on the N-terminus of the mitochondrial mature fumarase (the presequence). Thus, this reading frame was concluded to encode the precursor of mitochondrial fumarase. The amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence contained all the amino acid sequences of 12 proteolytic polypeptides obtained by digestion of purified mitochondrial fumarase with V8 protease. The total amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial fumarase also contained all the sequences of 14 proteolytic peptides prepared from the cytosolic fumarase, indicating that the amino acid sequences of these two isozymes are identical. Furthermore, the results obtained by hybrid-selected translation, Northern blot and primer-extension analyses using appropriate cDNA segments prepared from fumarase cDNA (1.7 kbp) as the probe or primer suggested a possibility that both precursors of the mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases were synthesized with one species of mRNA having base sequence coding presequence of the mitochondrial fumarase by unknown post-transcriptional mechanism(s). Rat liver cells may contain a specific RNA(18S) modulating the translational activity of mRNA for fumarase. This RNA(s), which was contained in poly(A)- fraction, was partially purified by high-performance gel filtration. The partially purified RNA(s) suppressed the translational activity of the cytosolic fumarase, whereas the translational activity of the mitochondrial one was accelerated by this RNA(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Rat liver mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases with identical amino acid sequences are encoded from a single gene. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yumoto N, Tokushige M. Characterization of multiple fumarase proteins in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153:1236-43. [PMID: 3291870 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two different types of fumarase were found in sonic extracts of Escherichia coli; one required Fe-S for the enzyme activity, and the other did not. When the cells were grown without aeration, the Fe-S-independent enzyme occupied over 80% of the overall fumarase activity. Highly purified Fe-S-independent enzyme was suggested to be composed of four subunits (Mr = 48 kDa) by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Amino acid and N-terminal sequence analyses supported the possibility that the enzyme is a product of fumC gene (FUMC). In aerobically grown cells, however, the content of FUMC was low and the Fe-S-dependent fumarase occupied over 80% of the overall activity. The Fe-S-dependent enzyme appeared to be labile and the activity was rapidly lost during purification. Although the spontaneous inactivation was previously ascribed to thermal lability (S.A. Woods & J.R. Guest (1987) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 48, 219), the activity could be restored by anaerobic incubation with ferrous ions and SH-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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21
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Sacchettini JC, Frazier MW, Chiara DC, Banaszak LJ, Grant GA. Amino acid sequence of porcine heart fumarase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153:435-40. [PMID: 3377794 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of porcine heart fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) has been determined from peptides produced by cyanogen bromide, endoproteinase Arg-C, S. aureus V8 protease, and trypsin. The enzyme is a tetramer of identical subunits with Mr = 50,015 and composed of 466 amino acid residues. Porcine heart fumarase displays 96% identity to human liver fumarase. Prediction of the secondary structural elements of porcine fumarase indicate that the enzyme contains a large amount of alpha helix with very little beta structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sacchettini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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22
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Woods SA, Schwartzbach SD, Guest JR. Two biochemically distinct classes of fumarase in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 954:14-26. [PMID: 3282546 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(88)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical studies with strains of Escherichia coli that are amplified for the products of the three fumarase genes, fumA (FUMA), fumB (FUMB) and fumC (FUMC), have shown that there are two distinct classes of fumarase. The Class I enzymes include FUMA, FUMB, and the immunologically related fumarase of Euglena gracilis. These are characteristically thermolabile dimeric enzymes containing identical subunits of Mr 60,000. FUMA and FUMB are differentially regulated enzymes that function in the citric acid cycle (FUMA) or to provide fumarate as an anaerobic electron acceptor (FUMB), and their affinities for fumarate and L-malate are consistent with these roles. The Class II enzymes include FUMC, and the fumarases of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian sources. They are thermostable tetrameric enzymes containing identical subunits Mr 48,000-50,000. The Class II fumarases share a high degree of sequence identity with each other (approx. 60%) and with aspartase (approx. 38%) and argininosuccinase (approx. 15%), and it would appear that these are all members of a family of structurally related enzymes. It is also suggested that the Class I enzymes may belong to a wider family of iron-dependent carboxylic acid hydro-lyases that includes maleate dehydratase and aconitase. Apart from one region containing a Gly-Ser-X-X-Met-X-X-Lys-X-Asn consensus sequence, no significant homology was detected between the Class I and Class II fumarases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Woods
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sheffield, U.K
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23
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Boonyarat D, Doonan S. Purification and structural comparisons of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases from baker's yeast. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:1125-32. [PMID: 3073979 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. The cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases (EC 4.2.1.2) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) have been purified to homogeneity. 2. Subunit molecular weights for the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes were 53,000 and 48,000 respectively. 3. Peptide maps obtained after digestion of the two isoenzymes with trypsin were almost identical but showed significant small differences. The same was true of peptide maps obtained after digestion with the glutamic acid-specific proteinase from S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boonyarat
- Department of Biochemistry, University College, Cork, Ireland
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24
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Woods SA, Guest JR. Differential roles of theEscherichia colifumarases andfnr-dependent expression of fumarase B and aspartase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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