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Fehr T, Mehrens S, Haag MC, Amelung A, Gloy K. Changes in Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Default Network Oscillations between 19 and 29 Years of Age. Brain Sci 2024; 14:671. [PMID: 39061412 PMCID: PMC11274777 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The exploration of functional resting-state brain developmental parameters and measures can help to improve scientific, psychological, and medical applications. The present work focussed on both traditional approaches, such as topographical power analyses at the signal space level, and advanced approaches, such as the exploration of age-related dynamics of source space data. The results confirmed the expectation that the third life decade would show a kind of stability in oscillatory signal and source-space-related parameters. However, from a source dynamics perspective, different frequency ranges appear to develop quite differently, as reflected in age-related sequential network communication profiles. Among other discoveries, the left anterior cingulate source location could be shown to reduce bi-directional network communication in the lower alpha band, whereas it differentiated its uni- and bidirectional communication dynamics to sub-cortical and posterior brain locations. Higher alpha oscillations enhanced communication dynamics between the thalamus and particularly frontal areas. In conclusion, resting-state data appear to be, at least in part, functionally reorganized in the default mode network, while quantitative measures, such as topographical power and regional source activity, did not correlate with age in the third life decade. In line with other authors, we suggest the further development of a multi-perspective approach in biosignal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fehr
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
- Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sophia Mehrens
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
| | | | - Anneke Amelung
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
| | - Kilian Gloy
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
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Karittevlis C, Papadopoulos M, Lima V, Orphanides GA, Tiwari S, Antonakakis M, Papadopoulou Lesta V, Ioannides AA. First activity and interactions in thalamus and cortex using raw single-trial EEG and MEG elicited by somatosensory stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 17:1305022. [PMID: 38250330 PMCID: PMC10797085 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1305022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the primary motivations for studying the human brain is to comprehend how external sensory input is processed and ultimately perceived by the brain. A good understanding of these processes can promote the identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis of various neurological disorders; it can also provide ways of evaluating therapeutic techniques. In this work, we seek the minimal requirements for identifying key stages of activity in the brain elicited by median nerve stimulation. Methods We have used a priori knowledge and applied a simple, linear, spatial filter on the electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography signals to identify the early responses in the thalamus and cortex evoked by short electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. The spatial filter is defined first from the average EEG and MEG signals and then refined using consistency selection rules across ST. The refined spatial filter is then applied to extract the timecourses of each ST in each targeted generator. These ST timecourses are studied through clustering to quantify the ST variability. The nature of ST connectivity between thalamic and cortical generators is then studied within each identified cluster using linear and non-linear algorithms with time delays to extract linked and directional activities. A novel combination of linear and non-linear methods provides in addition discrimination of influences as excitatory or inhibitory. Results Our method identifies two key aspects of the evoked response. Firstly, the early onset of activity in the thalamus and the somatosensory cortex, known as the P14 and P20 in EEG and the second M20 for MEG. Secondly, good estimates are obtained for the early timecourse of activity from these two areas. The results confirm the existence of variability in ST brain activations and reveal distinct and novel patterns of connectivity in different clusters. Discussion It has been demonstrated that we can extract new insights into stimulus processing without the use of computationally costly source reconstruction techniques which require assumptions and detailed modeling of the brain. Our methodology, thanks to its simplicity and minimal computational requirements, has the potential for real-time applications such as in neurofeedback systems and brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Karittevlis
- AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Computer Science, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Vinicius Lima
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Gregoris A. Orphanides
- AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shubham Tiwari
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Antonakakis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, Medicine Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Gomes BA, Plaska CR, Ortega J, Ellmore TM. A simultaneous EEG-fMRI study of thalamic load-dependent working memory delay period activity. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1132061. [PMID: 36910125 PMCID: PMC9997713 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1132061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Working memory (WM) is an essential component of executive functions which depend on maintaining task-related information online for brief periods in both the presence and absence of interfering stimuli. Active maintenance occurs during the WM delay period, the time between stimulus encoding and subsequent retrieval. Previous studies have extensively documented prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex activity during the WM delay period, but the role of subcortical structures including the thalamus remains to be fully elucidated, especially in humans. Methods Using a simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach, we investigated the role of the thalamus during the WM delay period in a modified Sternberg paradigm following low and high memory load encoding of naturalistic scenes. During the delay, participants passively viewed scrambled scenes containing similar color and spatial frequency to serve as a perceptual baseline. Individual source estimation was weighted by the location of the thalamic fMRI signal relative to the WM delay period onset. Results The effects memory load on maintenance were observed bilaterally in thalamus with higher EEG source amplitudes in the low compared to high load condition occurring 160-390 ms after the onset of the delay period. Conclusion The main finding that thalamic activation was elevated during the low compared to high condition despite similar duration of perceptual input and upcoming motor requirements suggests a capacity-limited role for sensory filtering of the thalamus during consolidation of stimuli into WM, where the highest activity occurs when fewer stimuli need to be maintained in the presence of interfering perceptual stimuli during the delay. The results are discussed in the context of theories regarding the role of the thalamus in sensory gating during working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Gomes
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- Doctoral Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jefferson Ortega
- Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy M Ellmore
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Doctoral Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Plaska CR, Ortega J, Gomes BA, Ellmore TM. Interhemispheric Connectivity Supports Load-Dependent Working Memory Maintenance for Complex Visual Stimuli. Brain Connect 2022; 12:892-904. [PMID: 35473394 PMCID: PMC9807256 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: One manipulation used to study the neural basis of working memory (WM) is to vary the information load at encoding, then measure activity and connectivity during maintenance in the delay period. A hallmark finding is increased delay activity and connectivity between frontoparietal brain regions with increased load. Most WM studies, however, employ simple stimuli during encoding and unfilled intervals during the delay. In this study, we asked how delay period activity and connectivity change during low and high load maintenance of complex stimuli. Methods: Twenty-two participants completed a modified Sternberg WM task with two or five naturalistic scenes as stimuli during scalp electroencephalography (EEG). On each trial, the delay was filled with phase-scrambled scenes to provide a visual perceptual control with similar color and spatial frequency as presented during encoding. Functional connectivity during the delay was assessed by the phase-locking value (PLV). Results: Results showed reduced theta/alpha delay activity amplitude during high compared with low WM load across frontal, central, and parietal sources. A network with higher connectivity during low load consisted of increased PLV between (1) left frontal and right posterior temporal sources in the theta/alpha bands, (2) right anterior temporal and left central sources in the alpha and lower beta bands, and (3) left anterior temporal and posterior temporal sources in the theta, alpha, and lower beta bands. Discussion: The findings suggest a role for interhemispheric connectivity during WM maintenance of complex stimuli with load modulation when limited attentional resources are essential for filtering. Impact statement The patterns of brain connectivity subserving working memory (WM) have largely been investigated to date using simple stimuli, including letters, digits, and shapes and during unfilled WM delay intervals. Fewer studies describe functional connectivity changes during the maintenance of more naturalistic stimuli in the presence of distractors. In the present study, we employed a scene-based WM task during electroencephalography in healthy humans and found that during low-load WM maintenance with distractors increased interhemispheric connectivity in frontotemporal networks. These findings suggest a role for increased interhemispheric connectivity during maintenance of complex stimuli when attentional resources are essential for filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jefferson Ortega
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy M. Ellmore
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Address correspondence to: Timothy M. Ellmore, Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, North Academic Center, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
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Hewitt D, Newton-Fenner A, Henderson J, Fallon NB, Brown C, Stancak A. Intensity-dependent modulation of cortical somatosensory processing during external, low-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation in humans. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1629-1641. [PMID: 35611988 PMCID: PMC9190739 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00511.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
External low-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation (LFS) has been proposed as a novel method for neuropathic pain relief. Previous studies have reported that LFS elicits long-term depression-like effects on human pain perception when delivered at noxious intensities, whereas lower intensities are ineffective. To shed light on cortical regions mediating the effects of LFS, we investigated changes in somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) during four LFS intensities. LFS was applied to the radial nerve (600 pulses, 1 Hz) of 24 healthy participants at perception (1 times), low (5 times), medium (10 times), and high intensities (15 times detection threshold). SEPs were recorded during LFS, and averaged SEPs in 10 consecutive 1-min epochs of LFS were analyzed using source dipole modeling. Changes in resting electroencephalography (EEG) were investigated after each LFS block. Source activity in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) decreased linearly during LFS, with greater attenuation at stronger LFS intensities, and in the ipsilateral operculo-insular cortex during the two lowest LFS stimulus intensities. Increased LFS intensities resulted in greater augmentation of contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI) activity. Stronger LFS intensities were followed by increased α (alpha, 9-11 Hz) band power in SI/MI and decreased θ (theta, 3-5 Hz) band power in MCC. Intensity-dependent attenuation of MCC activity with LFS is consistent with a state of long-term depression. Sustained increases in contralateral SI/MI activity suggests that effects of LFS on somatosensory processing may also be dependent on satiation of SI/MI. Further research could clarify if the activation of SI/MI during LFS competes with nociceptive processing in neuropathic pain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Somatosensory-evoked potentials during low-frequency stimulation of peripheral nerves were examined at graded stimulus intensities. Low-frequency stimulation was associated with decreased responsiveness in the midcingulate cortex and increased responsiveness in primary sensorimotor cortex. Greater intensities were associated with increased midcingulate cortex θ band power and decreased sensorimotor cortex α band power. Results further previous evidence of an inhibition of somatosensory processing during and after low-frequency stimulation and point toward a potential augmentation of activity in somatosensory processing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hewitt
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Newton-Fenner
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,2Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Henderson
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas B. Fallon
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Brown
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrej Stancak
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, grid.10025.36University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,2Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Amey RC, Leitner JB, Liu M, Forbes CE. Neural mechanisms associated with semantic and basic self-oriented memory processes interact moderating self-esteem. iScience 2022; 25:103783. [PMID: 35169686 PMCID: PMC8829795 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals constantly encounter feedback from others and process this feedback in various ways to maintain positive situational state self-esteem in relation to semantic-based or trait self-esteem. Individuals may utilize episodic or semantic-driven processes that modulate feedback in two different ways to maintain general self-esteem levels. To date, it is unclear how these processes work while individuals receive social feedback to modulate state self-esteem. Utilizing neural regions associated with semantic self-oriented and basic encoding processes (medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), respectively), in addition to time-frequency and Granger causality analyses to assess mPFC and PCC interactions, this study examined how the encoding of social feedback modulated individuals' (N = 45) post-task state self-esteem in relation to their trait self-esteem. Findings highlight the dynamic interplay between mPFC and PCC that modulate state self-esteem in relation to trait self-esteem, to maintain high self-esteem in general in the moment and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Amey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jordan B Leitner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mengting Liu
- Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chad E Forbes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Franz M, Schmidt B, Hecht H, Naumann E, Miltner WHR. Suggested visual blockade during hypnosis: Top-down modulation of stimulus processing in a visual oddball task. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257380. [PMID: 34525129 PMCID: PMC8443036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theories of hypnosis assume that responses to hypnotic suggestions are implemented through top-down modulations via a frontoparietal network that is involved in monitoring and cognitive control. The current study addressed this issue re-analyzing previously published event-related-potentials (ERP) (N1, P2, and P3b amplitudes) and combined it with source reconstruction and connectivity analysis methods. ERP data were obtained from participants engaged in a visual oddball paradigm composed of target, standard, and distractor stimuli during a hypnosis (HYP) and a control (CON) condition. In both conditions, participants were asked to count the rare targets presented on a video screen. During HYP participants received suggestions that a wooden board in front of their eyes would obstruct their view of the screen. The results showed that participants’ counting accuracy was significantly impaired during HYP compared to CON. ERP components in the N1 and P2 window revealed no amplitude differences between CON and HYP at sensor-level. In contrast, P3b amplitudes in response to target stimuli were significantly reduced during HYP compared to CON. Source analysis of the P3b amplitudes in response to targets indicated that HYP was associated with reduced source activities in occipital and parietal brain areas related to stimulus categorization and attention. We further explored how these brain sources interacted by computing time-frequency effective connectivity between electrodes that best represented frontal, parietal, and occipital sources. This analysis revealed reduced directed information flow from parietal attentional to frontal executive sources during processing of target stimuli. These results provide preliminary evidence that hypnotic suggestions of a visual blockade are associated with a disruption of the coupling within the frontoparietal network implicated in top-down control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Franz
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Hecht
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ewald Naumann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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8
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Hewitt D, Byrne A, Henderson J, Newton-Fenner A, Tyson-Carr J, Fallon N, Brown C, Stancak A. Inhibition of cortical somatosensory processing during and after low frequency peripheral nerve stimulation in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1481-1495. [PMID: 34023628 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcutaneous low-frequency stimulation (LFS) elicits long-term depression-like effects on human pain perception. However, the neural mechanisms underlying LFS are poorly understood. We investigated cortical activation changes occurring during LFS and if changes were associated with reduced nociceptive processing and increased amplitude of spontaneous cortical oscillations post-treatment. METHODS LFS was applied to the radial nerve of 25 healthy volunteers over two sessions using active (1 Hz) or sham (0.02 Hz) frequencies. Changes in resting electroencephalography (EEG) and laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) were investigated before and after LFS. Somatosensory-evoked potentials were recorded during LFS and source analysis was carried out. RESULTS Ipsilateral midcingulate and operculo-insular cortex source activity declined linearly during LFS. Active LFS was associated with attenuated long-latency LEP amplitude in ipsilateral frontocentral electrodes and increased resting alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (16-24 Hz) band power in electrodes overlying operculo-insular, sensorimotor and frontal cortical regions. Reduced ipsilateral operculo-insular cortex source activity during LFS correlated with a smaller post-treatment alpha-band power increase. CONCLUSIONS LFS attenuated somatosensory processing both during and after stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE Results further our understanding of the attenuation of somatosensory processing both during and after LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hewitt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Adam Byrne
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Henderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alice Newton-Fenner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Tyson-Carr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Plaska CR, Ng K, Ellmore TM. Does rehearsal matter? Left anterior temporal alpha and theta band changes correlate with the beneficial effects of rehearsal on working memory. Neuropsychologia 2021; 155:107825. [PMID: 33713670 PMCID: PMC8102380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rehearsal during working memory (WM) maintenance is assumed to facilitate retrieval. Less is known about how rehearsal modulates WM delay activity. In the present study, 44 participants completed a Sternberg Task with either intact novel scenes or phase-scrambled scenes, which had similar color and spatial frequency but lacked semantic content. During the rehearsal condition participants generated a descriptive label during encoding and covertly rehearsed during the delay period. During the suppression condition participants did not generate a label during encoding and suppressed (repeated "the") during the delay period. This was easy in the former (novel scenes) but more difficult in the later condition (phase-scrambled scenes) where scenes lacked semantic content. Behavioral performance and EEG delay activity was analyzed as a function of maintenance strategy. Performance during WM revealed a benefit of rehearsal for phase-scrambled but not intact scenes. Examination of the absolute amplitude revealed three underlying sources of activity for rehearsal, including the left anterior temporal (ATL) and left and midline parietal regions. Increases in alpha and theta activity in ATL were correlated with improvement in performance on WM with rehearsal only when labeling was not automatic (e.g., phase-scrambled scenes), which may reflect differences in labeling and rehearsal (i.e., semantic associations vs. shallow labels). We conclude that rehearsal only benefits memory for visual stimuli that lack semantic information, and that this is correlated with changes in alpha and theta rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, USA; Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA
| | - Timothy M Ellmore
- The Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, CUNY Graduate Center, USA; Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, USA.
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Mencel J, Jaskólska A, Marusiak J, Kamiński Ł, Kurzyński M, Wołczowski A, Jaskólski A, Kisiel-Sajewicz K. Motor Imagery Training of Reaching-to-Grasp Movement Supplemented by a Virtual Environment in an Individual With Congenital Bilateral Transverse Upper-Limb Deficiency. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638780. [PMID: 33828507 PMCID: PMC8019807 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effect of kinesthetic motor imagery training on reaching-to-grasp movement supplemented by a virtual environment in a patient with congenital bilateral transverse upper-limb deficiency. Based on a theoretical assumption, it is possible to conduct such training in this patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether cortical activity related to motor imagery of reaching and motor imagery of grasping of the right upper limb was changed by computer-aided imagery training (CAIT) in a patient who was born without upper limbs compared to a healthy control subject, as characterized by multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG) signals recorded before and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after CAIT. The main task during CAIT was to kinesthetically imagine the execution of reaching-to-grasp movements without any muscle activation, supplemented by computer visualization of movements provided by a special headset. Our experiment showed that CAIT can be conducted in the patient with higher vividness of imagery for reaching than grasping tasks. Our results confirm that CAIT can change brain activation patterns in areas related to motor planning and the execution of reaching and grasping movements, and that the effect was more pronounced in the patient than in the healthy control subject. The results show that CAIT has a different effect on the cortical activity related to the motor imagery of a reaching task than on the cortical activity related to the motor imagery of a grasping task. The change observed in the activation patterns could indicate CAIT-induced neuroplasticity, which could potentially be useful in rehabilitation or brain-computer interface purposes for such patients, especially before and after transplantation. This study was part of a registered experiment (ID: NCT04048083).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mencel
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Jaskólska
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Marusiak
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kamiński
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Kurzyński
- Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wołczowski
- Department of Fundamental Cybernetics and Robotics, Institute of Computer Engineering, Control and Robotics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Jaskólski
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kisiel-Sajewicz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Kang C, Li Y, Novak D, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Hu Y. Brain Networks of Maintenance, Inhibition and Disinhibition During Working Memory. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:1518-1527. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.2997827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Zani A. From Correlational Signs to Markers. Current Trends in Neuroelectric Research on Visual Attentional Processing. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E350. [PMID: 32517167 PMCID: PMC7348763 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, electroencephalographic (EEG) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) research on visual attentional processing attempted to account for mental processes in conceptual terms without reference to the way in which they were physically realized by the anatomical structures and physiological processes of the human brain. The brain science level of analysis, in contrast, attempted to explain the brain as an information processing system and to explain mental events in terms of brain processes. Somehow overcoming the separation between the two abovementioned levels of analysis, the cognitive neuroscience level considered how information was represented and processed in the brain. Neurofunctional processing takes place in a fraction of a second. Hence, the very high time resolution and the reliable sensitivity of EEG and ERPs in detecting fast functional changes in brain activity provided advantages over hemodynamic imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), as well as over behavioral measures. However, volume conduction and lack of three-dimensionality limited applications of EEG and ERPs per se more than hemodynamic techniques for revealing locations in which brain processing occurs. These limits could only be overcome by subtraction methods for isolating attentional effects that might endure over time in EEG and may be riding even over several different ERP components, and by intracerebral single and distributed electric source analyses as well as the combining of these signals with high-spatial resolution hemodynamic signals (fMRI), both in healthy individuals and clinical patients. In my view, the articles of the Special Issue concerned with "ERP and EEG Markers of Brain Visual Attentional Processing" of the present journal Brain Sciences provide very good examples of all these levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zani
- School of Psychology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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13
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Scherg M, Berg P, Nakasato N, Beniczky S. Taking the EEG Back Into the Brain: The Power of Multiple Discrete Sources. Front Neurol 2019; 10:855. [PMID: 31481921 PMCID: PMC6710389 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In contrast to many neuroimaging modalities, clinical interpretation of EEG does not take advantage of post-processing and digital signal analysis. In most centers, EEG is still interpreted at sensor level, exactly as half a century ago. A major task in clinical EEG interpretation is the identification of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). However, due to the overlap of background activity, IEDs can be hard to detect in the scalp EEG. Since traditional montages, like bipolar and average reference, are linear transformations of the recorded channels, the question is whether we can provide linear transformations of the digital EEG to take it back into the brain, at least on a macroscopic level. The goal is to improve visibility of epileptiform activities and to separate out most of the overlap. Methods: Multiple discrete sources provide a stable linear inverse to transform the EEG into source space with little cross-talk between source regions. The model can be based on a few dipoles or regional sources, adapted to the individual EEG and MRI data, or on selected standard sources evenly distributed throughout the brain, e.g. below the 25 EEG standard electrodes. Results: Auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials serve as teaching examples to show how various source spaces can reveal the underlying source components including their loss or alteration due to lesions. Source spaces were able to reveal the propagation of source activities in frontal IEDs and the sequential activation of the major nodes of the underlying epileptic network in myoclonic epilepsy. The power of multiple discrete sources in separating the activities of different brain regions was also evident in the ongoing EEG of cases with frontal cortical dysplasia and bitemporal lobe epilepsy. The new source space 25 made IEDs more clearly visible over the EEG background signals. The more focal nature of source vs. scalp space was quantitatively confirmed using a new measurement of focality. Conclusion: Multiple discrete sources have the power to transform the EEG back into the brain by defining new EEG traces in source space. Using standard source space 25, these can provide for improved clinical interpretation of EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Berg
- Research Department, BESA GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | | | - Sándor Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bentz BZ, Lin D, Patel JA, Webb KJ. Multiresolution Localization with Temporal Scanning for Super-Resolution Diffuse Optical Imaging of Fluorescence. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2019; 29:10.1109/TIP.2019.2931080. [PMID: 31403412 PMCID: PMC7012689 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2019.2931080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A super-resolution optical imaging method is presented that relies on the distinct temporal information associated with each fluorescent optical reporter to determine its spatial position to high precision with measurements of heavily scattered light. This multiple-emitter localization approach uses a diffusion equation forward model in a cost function, and has the potential to achieve micron-scale spatial resolution through centimeters of tissue. Utilizing some degree of temporal separation for the reporter emissions, position and emission strength are determined using a computationally efficient time stripping multiresolution algorithm. The approach circumvents the spatial resolution challenges faced by earlier optical imaging approaches using a diffusion equation forward model, and is promising for in vivo applications. For example, in principle, the method could be used to localize individual neurons firing throughout a rodent brain, enabling direct imaging of neural network activity.
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Ellmore TM, Ng K, Reichert CP. Early and late components of EEG delay activity correlate differently with scene working memory performance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186072. [PMID: 29016657 PMCID: PMC5634640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained and elevated activity during the working memory delay period has long been considered the primary neural correlate for maintaining information over short time intervals. This idea has recently been reinterpreted in light of findings generated from multiple neural recording modalities and levels of analysis. To further investigate the sustained or transient nature of activity, the temporal-spectral evolution (TSE) of delay period activity was examined in humans with high density EEG during performance of a Sternberg working memory paradigm with a relatively long six second delay and with novel scenes as stimuli. Multiple analyses were conducted using different trial window durations and different baseline periods for TSE computation. Sensor level analyses revealed transient rather than sustained activity during delay periods. Specifically, the consistent finding among the analyses was that high amplitude activity encompassing the theta range was found early in the first three seconds of the delay period. These increases in activity early in the delay period correlated positively with subsequent ability to distinguish new from old probe scenes. Source level signal estimation implicated a right parietal region of transient early delay activity that correlated positively with working memory ability. This pattern of results adds to recent evidence that transient rather than sustained delay period activity supports visual working memory performance. The findings are discussed in relation to synchronous and desynchronous intra- and inter-regional neural transmission, and choosing an optimal baseline for expressing temporal-spectral delay activity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Ellmore
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chelsea P. Reichert
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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16
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Bradley C, Bastuji H, Garcia-Larrea L. Evidence-based source modeling of nociceptive cortical responses: A direct comparison of scalp and intracranial activity in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:6083-6095. [PMID: 28925006 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Source modeling of EEG traditionally relies on interplay between physiological hypotheses and mathematical estimates. We propose to optimize the process by using evidence gathered from brain imaging and intracortical recordings. METHODS We recorded laser-evoked potentials in 18 healthy participants, using high-density EEG. Brain sources were modeled during the first second poststimulus, constraining their initial position to regions where nociceptive-related activity has been ascertained by intracranial EEG. These comprised the two posterior operculo-insular regions, primary sensorimotor, posterior parietal, anterior cingulate/supplementary motor (ACC/SMA), bilateral frontal/anterior insular, and posterior cingulate (PCC) cortices. RESULTS The model yielded an average goodness of fit of 91% for individual and 95.8% for grand-average data. When compared with intracranial recordings from 27 human subjects, no significant difference in peak latencies was observed between modeled and intracranial data for 5 of the 6 assessable regions. Morphological match was excellent for operculo-insular, frontal, ACC/SMA and PCC regions (cross-correlation > 0.7) and fair for sensori-motor and posterior parietal cortex (c-c ∼ 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Multiple overlapping activities evoked by nociceptive input can be disentangled from high-density scalp EEG guided by intracranial data. Modeled sources accurately described the timing and morphology of most activities recorded with intracranial electrodes, including those coinciding with the emergence of stimulus awareness. Hum Brain Mapp 38:6083-6095, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bradley
- NEUROPAIN lab, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Bastuji
- NEUROPAIN lab, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- NEUROPAIN lab, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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17
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Electrophysiological indices of aberrant error-processing in adults with ADHD: a new region of interest. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1616-1628. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Inverso SA, Goh XL, Henriksson L, Vanni S, James AC. From evoked potentials to cortical currents: Resolving V1 and V2 components using retinotopy constrained source estimation without fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1696-709. [PMID: 26870938 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evoked potentials' (EP) ubiquity in research and clinical medicine, insights are limited to gross brain dynamics as it remains challenging to map surface potentials to their sources in specific cortical regions. Multiple sources cancellation due to cortical folding and cross-talk obscures close sources, e.g. between visual areas V1 and V2. Recently retinotopic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses were used to constrain source locations to assist separating close sources and to determine cortical current generators. However, an fMRI is largely infeasible for routine EP investigation. We developed a novel method that replaces the fMRI derived retinotopic layout (RL) by an approach where the retinotopy and current estimates are generated from EEG or MEG signals and a standard clinical T1-weighted anatomical MRI. Using the EEG-RL, sources were localized to within 2 mm of the fMRI-RL constrained localized sources. The EEG-RL also produced V1 and V2 current waveforms that closely matched the fMRI-RL's (n = 2) r(1,198) = 0.99, P < 0.0001. Applying the method to subjects without fMRI (n = 4) demonstrates it generates waveforms that agree closely with the literature. Our advance allows investigators with their current EEG or MEG systems to create a library of brain models tuned to individual subjects' cortical folding in retinotopic maps, and should be applicable to auditory and somatosensory maps. The novel method developed expands EP's ability to study specific brain areas, revitalizing this well-worn technique. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1696-1709, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Inverso
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin-Lin Goh
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Linda Henriksson
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,AMI Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Simo Vanni
- AMI Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University, Finland.,Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew C James
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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19
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Wang C, Rajagovindan R, Han SM, Ding M. Top-Down Control of Visual Alpha Oscillations: Sources of Control Signals and Their Mechanisms of Action. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:15. [PMID: 26834601 PMCID: PMC4718979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) are thought to inversely correlate with cortical excitability. Goal-oriented modulation of alpha has been studied extensively. In visual spatial attention, alpha over the region of visual cortex corresponding to the attended location decreases, signifying increased excitability to facilitate the processing of impending stimuli. In contrast, in retention of verbal working memory, alpha over visual cortex increases, signifying decreased excitability to gate out stimulus input to protect the information held online from sensory interference. According to the prevailing model, this goal-oriented biasing of sensory cortex is effected by top-down control signals from frontal and parietal cortices. The present study tests and substantiates this hypothesis by (a) identifying the signals that mediate the top-down biasing influence, (b) examining whether the cortical areas issuing these signals are task-specific or task-independent, and (c) establishing the possible mechanism of the biasing action. High-density human EEG data were recorded in two experimental paradigms: a trial-by-trial cued visual spatial attention task and a modified Sternberg working memory task. Applying Granger causality to both sensor-level and source-level data we report the following findings. In covert visual spatial attention, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the right hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the right frontal eye field (FEF) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) being the main sources of top-down influences. During retention of verbal working memory, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the left hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) being the main source of top-down influences. In both experiments, top-down influences are mediated by alpha oscillations, and the biasing effect is likely achieved via an inhibition-disinhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajasimhan Rajagovindan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sahng-Min Han
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Kotani Y, Ohgami Y, Ishiwata T, Arai JI, Kiryu S, Inoue Y. Source analysis of stimulus-preceding negativity constrained by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychol 2015; 111:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kasper RW, Grafton ST, Eckstein MP, Giesbrecht B. Multimodal neuroimaging evidence linking memory and attention systems during visual search cued by context. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1339:176-89. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Kasper
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California
| | - Scott T. Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California
| | - Miguel P. Eckstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California
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22
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Thalamocortical Impulse Propagation and Information Transfer in EEG and MEG. J Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 31:253-60. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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23
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Zhang X, Lei X, Wu T, Jiang T. A review of EEG and MEG for brainnetome research. Cogn Neurodyn 2013; 8:87-98. [PMID: 24624229 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-013-9274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of brain activities are performed by functionally integrating separate regions of the brain. Therefore, the synchronous operation of the brain's multiple regions or neuronal assemblies can be represented as a network with nodes that are interconnected by links. Because of the complexity of brain interactions and their varying effects at different levels of complexity, one of the corresponding authors of this paper recently proposed the brainnetome as a new -ome to explore and integrate the brain network at different scales. Because electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are noninvasive and have outstanding temporal resolution and because they are the primary clinical techniques used to capture the dynamics of neuronal connections, they lend themselves to the analysis of the neural networks comprising the brainnetome. Because of EEG/MEG's applicability to brainnetome analyses, the aim of this review is to identify the procedures that can be used to form a network using EEG/MEG data in sensor or source space and to promote EEG/MEG network analysis for either neuroscience or clinical applications. To accomplish this aim, we show the relationship of the brainnetome to brain networks at the macroscale and provide a systematic review of network construction using EEG and MEG. Some potential applications of the EEG/MEG brainnetome are to use newly developed methods to associate the properties of a brainnetome with indices of cognition or disease conditions. Associations based on EEG/MEG brainnetome analysis may improve the comprehension of the functioning of the brain in neuroscience research or the recognition of abnormal patterns in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Xu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China ; Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China ; Department of Magnetoencephalography, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ; Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China ; The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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24
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Richards JE. Cortical sources of ERP in prosaccade and antisaccade eye movements using realistic source models. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:27. [PMID: 23847476 PMCID: PMC3698448 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical sources of event-related-potentials (ERP) using realistic source models were examined in a prosaccade and antisaccade procedure. College-age participants were presented with a preparatory interval and a target that indicated the direction of the eye movement that was to be made. In some blocks a cue was given in the peripheral location where the target was to be presented and in other blocks no cue was given. In Experiment 1 the prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented randomly within a block; in Experiment 2 procedures were compared in which either prosaccade and antisaccade trials were mixed in the same block, or trials were presented in separate blocks with only one type of eye movement. There was a central negative slow wave occurring prior to the target, a slow positive wave over the parietal scalp prior to the saccade, and a parietal spike potential immediately prior to saccade onset. Cortical source analysis of these ERP components showed a common set of sources in the ventral anterior cingulate and orbital frontal gyrus for the presaccadic positive slow wave and the spike potential. In Experiment 2 the same cued- and non-cued blocks were used, but prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented in separate blocks. This resulted in a smaller difference in reaction time between prosaccade and antisaccade trials. Unlike the first experiment, the central negative slow wave was larger on antisaccade than on prosaccade trials, and this effect on the ERP component had its cortical source primarily in the parietal and mid-central cortical areas contralateral to the direction of the eye movement. These results suggest that blocked prosaccade and antisaccade trials results in preparatory or set effects that decreases reaction time, eliminates some cueing effects, and is based on contralateral parietal-central brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Richards
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South CarolinaColumbia, SC, USA
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25
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You Y, Bai L, Dai R, Cheng H, Liu Z, Wei W, Tian J. Altered hub configurations within default mode network following acupuncture at ST36: a multimodal investigation combining fMRI and MEG. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64509. [PMID: 23691237 PMCID: PMC3656906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture, an externally somatosensory stimulation in the Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been proposed about its modulations on the brain's default mode network (DMN). However, it is still unknown on how the internal brain resting networks are modulated and what inferences can be made about the physiological processes underlying these changes. Combining high spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), in the current multimodal study, we sought to explore spatiotemporally whether or not band-specific DMN hub configurations would be induced by verum acupuncture, compared with sham control. Spatial independent component analysis was applied to fMRI data, followed by the discrete regional sources seeded into MEG data. Partial correlation analysis was further adopted to estimate the intrinsic functional connectivity and network hub configurations. One of the most striking findings is that the posterior cingulate cortex is not only validated as a robust DMN hub, but served as a hub only within the delta and gamma bands following the verum acupuncture, compared with its consistently being a DMN hub in sham control group. Our preliminary results may provide a new perspective to lend support for the specificity of neural mechanism underlying acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo You
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (LB)
| | - Ruwei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Ditan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Life Science Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (JT); (LB)
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26
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Thatcher RW. Coherence, phase differences, phase shift, and phase lock in EEG/ERP analyses. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:476-96. [PMID: 22889341 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.619241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence is a mixture of phase locking interrupted by phase shifts in the spontaneous EEG. Average reference, Laplacian transforms, and independent component (ICA) reconstruction of time series can distort physiologically generated phase differences and invalidate the computation of coherence and phase differences as well as in the computation of directed coherence and phase reset. Time domain measures of phase shift and phase lock are less prone to artifact and are independent of volume conduction. Cross-frequency synchrony in the surface EEG and in Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) provides insights into dynamic functions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Thatcher
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.
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27
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Hu L, Zhang ZG, Hu Y. A time-varying source connectivity approach to reveal human somatosensory information processing. Neuroimage 2012; 62:217-28. [PMID: 22580382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of neural sources and their effective connectivity based on transient changes in electrophysiological activities to external stimuli is important for understanding brain mechanisms of sensory information processing. However, such cortical mechanisms have not yet been well characterized in electrophysiological studies since (1) it is difficult to estimate the stimulus-activated neural sources and their activities and (2) it is difficult to identify transient effective connectivity between neural sources in the order of milliseconds. To address these issues, we developed a time-varying source connectivity approach to effectively capture fast-changing information flows between neural sources from high-density Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. This time-varying source connectivity approach was applied to somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), which were elicited by electrical stimulation of right hand and recorded using 64 channels from 16 subjects, to reveal human somatosensory information processing. First, SEP sources and their activities were estimated, both at single-subject and group level, using equivalent current dipolar source modeling. Then, the functional integration among SEP sources was explored using a Kalman smoother based time-varying effective connectivity inference method. The results showed that SEPs were mainly generated from the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI), bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and cingulate cortex (CC). Importantly, we observed a serial processing of somatosensory information in human somatosensory cortices (from SI to SII) at earlier latencies (<150 ms) and a reciprocal processing between SII and CC at later latencies (>200 ms).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) and School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Reynolds GD, Guy MW. Brain–Behavior Relations in Infancy: Integrative Approaches to Examining Infant Looking Behavior and Event-Related Potentials. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:210-25. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.629703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Valentini E, Liang M, Aglioti SM, Iannetti GD. Seeing touch and pain in a stranger modulates the cortical responses elicited by somatosensory but not auditory stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33:2873-84. [PMID: 22234936 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing other's pain inhibits the excitability of the motor cortex and also modulates the neural activity elicited by a concomitantly delivered nociceptive somatosensory stimulus. As the neural activity elicited by a transient nociceptive stimulus largely reflects non nociceptive-specific, multimodal neural processes, here we tested, for the first time, whether the observation of other's pain preferentially affects the brain responses elicited by nociceptive stimulation, or instead similarly modulates those elicited by stimuli belonging to a different sensory modality. Using 58-channel electroencephalography (EEG), we recorded the cortical responses elicited by laser and auditory stimulation during the observation of videoclips showing either noxious or non-noxious stimulation of a stranger's hand. We found that the observation of other's pain modulated the cortical activity consisting in an event-related desynchronization in the β band (β ERD), and elicited by nociceptive laser stimuli, but not by auditory stimuli. Using three different source analysis approaches, we provide converging evidence that such modulation affected neural activity in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex. The magnitude of this modulation correlated well with a subjective measure of similarity between the model's hand and the onlooker's representation of the hand. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that the observation of other's pain modulates, in a somatosensory-specific fashion, the cortical responses elicited by nociceptive stimuli in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the stimulated hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Valentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Quandt F, Reichert C, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, Knight RT, Rieger JW. Single trial discrimination of individual finger movements on one hand: a combined MEG and EEG study. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3316-24. [PMID: 22155040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to understand what brain signals can be decoded from single trials with different recording techniques for the development of Brain-Machine Interfaces. A specific challenge for non-invasive recording methods are activations confined to small spatial areas on the cortex such as the finger representation of one hand. Here we study the information content of single trial brain activity in non-invasive MEG and EEG recordings elicited by finger movements of one hand. We investigate the feasibility of decoding which of four fingers of one hand performed a slight button press. With MEG we demonstrate reliable discrimination of single button presses performed with the thumb, the index, the middle or the little finger (average over all subjects and fingers 57%, best subject 70%, empirical guessing level: 25.1%). EEG decoding performance was less robust (average over all subjects and fingers 43%, best subject 54%, empirical guessing level 25.1%). Spatiotemporal patterns of amplitude variations in the time series provided best information for discriminating finger movements. Non-phase-locked changes of mu and beta oscillations were less predictive. Movement related high gamma oscillations were observed in average induced oscillation amplitudes in the MEG but did not provide sufficient information about the finger's identity in single trials. Importantly, pre-movement neuronal activity provided information about the preparation of the movement of a specific finger. Our study demonstrates the potential of non-invasive MEG to provide informative features for individual finger control in a Brain-Machine Interface neuroprosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Quandt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Magdeburg AöR, Leipziger Str 44, 3120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Shiraishi H, Ahlfors SP, Stufflebeam SM, Knake S, Larsson PG, Hämäläinen MS, Takano K, Okajima M, Hatanaka K, Saitoh S, Dale AM, Halgren E. Comparison of three methods for localizing interictal epileptiform discharges with magnetoencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 28:431-40. [PMID: 21946369 PMCID: PMC3190234 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0b013e318231c86f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare three methods of localizing the source of epileptiform activity recorded with magnetoencephalography: equivalent current dipole, minimum current estimate, and dynamic statistical parametric mapping (dSPM), and to evaluate the solutions by comparison with clinical symptoms and other electrophysiological and neuroradiological findings. METHODS Fourteen children of 3 to 15 years were studied. Magnetoencephalography was collected with a whole-head 204-channel helmet-shaped sensor array. We calculated equivalent current dipoles and made minimum current estimate and dSPM movies to estimate the cortical distribution of interictal epileptiform discharges in these patients. RESULTS The results for four patients with localization-related epilepsy and one patient with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome were consistent among all the three analysis methods. In the rest of the patients, minimum current estimate and dSPM suggested multifocal or widespread activity; in these patients, the equivalent current dipole results were so scattered that interpretation of the results was not possible. For 9 patients with localization-related epilepsy and generalized epilepsy, the epileptiform discharges were wide spread or only slow waves, but dSPM suggested a possible propagation path of the interictal epileptiform discharges. CONCLUSION Minimum current estimate and dSPM could identify the propagation of epileptiform activity with high temporal resolution. The results of dSPM were more stable because the solutions were less sensitive to background brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shiraishi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
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Valentini E, Hu L, Chakrabarti B, Hu Y, Aglioti SM, Iannetti GD. The primary somatosensory cortex largely contributes to the early part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive stimuli. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1571-81. [PMID: 21906686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the cortical sources of nociceptive laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) began almost two decades ago (Tarkka and Treede, 1993). Whereas there is a large consensus on the sources of the late part of the LEP waveform (N2 and P2 waves), the relative contribution of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to the early part of the LEP waveform (N1 wave) is still debated. To address this issue we recorded LEPs elicited by the stimulation of four limbs in a large population (n=35). Early LEP generators were estimated both at single-subject and group level, using three different approaches: distributed source analysis, dipolar source modeling, and probabilistic independent component analysis (ICA). We show that the scalp distribution of the earliest LEP response to hand stimulation was maximal over the central-parietal electrodes contralateral to the stimulated side, while that of the earliest LEP response to foot stimulation was maximal over the central-parietal midline electrodes. Crucially, all three approaches indicated hand and foot S1 areas as generators of the earliest LEP response. Altogether, these findings indicate that the earliest part of the scalp response elicited by a selective nociceptive stimulus is largely explained by activity in the contralateral S1, with negligible contribution from the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Valentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK
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Reynolds GD, Guy MW, Zhang D. Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Infant Visual Attention and Recognition Memory. INFANCY 2011; 16:368-391. [PMID: 21666833 PMCID: PMC3110012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2010.00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past studies have identified individual differences in infant visual attention based upon peak look duration during initial exposure to a stimulus. Colombo and colleagues (e.g., Colombo & Mitchell, 1990) found that infants that demonstrate brief visual fixations (i.e., short lookers) during familiarization are more likely to demonstrate evidence of recognition memory during subsequent stimulus exposure than infants that demonstrate long visual fixations (i.e., long lookers). The current study utilized event-related potentials to examine possible neural mechanisms associated with individual differences in visual attention and recognition memory for 6- and 7.5-month-old infants. Short- and long-looking infants viewed images of familiar and novel objects during ERP testing. There was a stimulus type by looker type interaction at temporal and frontal electrodes on the late slow wave (LSW). Short lookers demonstrated a LSW that was significantly greater in amplitude in response to novel stimulus presentations. No significant differences in LSW amplitude were found based on stimulus type for long lookers. These results indicate deeper processing and recognition memory of the familiar stimulus for short lookers.
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Baumgärtner U, Vogel H, Ohara S, Treede RD, Lenz F. Dipole source analyses of laser evoked potentials obtained from subdural grid recordings from primary somatic sensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:722-30. [PMID: 21593389 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00135.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical potentials evoked by cutaneous application of a laser stimulus (laser evoked potentials, LEP) often include potentials in the primary somatic sensory cortex (S1), which may be located within the subdivisions of S1 including Brodmann areas 3A, 3B, 1, and 2. The precise location of the LEP generator may clarify the pattern of activation of human S1 by painful stimuli. We now test the hypothesis that the generators of the LEP are located in human Brodmann area 1 or 3A within S1. Local field potential (LFP) source analysis of the LEP was obtained from subdural grids over sensorimotor cortex in two patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. The relationship of LEP dipoles was compared with dipoles for somatic sensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation (SEP) and recorded in area 3B (see Baumgärtner U, Vogel H, Ohara S, Treede RD, Lenz FA. J Neurophysiol 104: 3029-3041, 2010). Both patients had an early radial dipole in S1. The LEP dipole was located medial, anterior, and deep to the SEP dipole, which suggests a nociceptive dipole in area 3A. One patient had a later tangential dipole with positivity posterior, which is opposite to the orientation of the SEP dipole in area 3B. The reversal of orientations between modalities is consistent with the cortical surface negative orientation resulting from superficial termination of thalamocortical neurons that receive inputs from the spinothalamic tract. Therefore, the present results suggest that the LEP may result in a radial dipole consistent with a generator in area 3A and a putative later tangential generator in area 3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Baumgärtner
- Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Anderson KL, Ding M. Attentional modulation of the somatosensory mu rhythm. Neuroscience 2011; 180:165-80. [PMID: 21310216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K L Anderson
- The J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Baumgärtner U, Vogel H, Ohara S, Treede RD, Lenz FA. Dipole source analyses of early median nerve SEP components obtained from subdural grid recordings. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:3029-41. [PMID: 20861430 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00116.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The median nerve N20 and P22 SEP components constitute the initial response of the primary somatosensory cortex to somatosensory stimulation of the upper extremity. Knowledge of the underlying generators is important both for basic understanding of the initial sequence of cortical activation and to identify landmarks for eloquent areas to spare in resection planning of cortex in epilepsy surgery. We now set out to localize the N20 and P22 using subdural grid recording with special emphasis on the question of the origin of P22: Brodmann area 4 versus area 1. Electroencephalographic dipole source analysis of the N20 and P22 responses obtained from subdural grids over the primary somatosensory cortex after median nerve stimulation was performed in four patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. Based on anatomical landmarks, equivalent current dipoles of N20 and P22 were localized posterior to (n = 2) or on the central sulcus (n = 2). In three patients, the P22 dipole was located posterior to the N20 dipole, whereas in one patient, the P22 dipole was located on the same coordinate in anterior-posterior direction. On average, P22 sources were found to be 6.6 mm posterior [and 1 mm more superficial] compared with the N20 sources. These data strongly suggest a postcentral origin of the P22 SEP component in Brodmann area 1 and render a major precentral contribution to the earliest stages of processing from the primary motor cortex less likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Baumgärtner
- Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
Reward-related mesolimbic dopamine steers animal behavior, creating automatic approach toward reward-associated objects and avoidance of objects unlikely to be beneficial. Theories of dopamine suggest that this reflects underlying biases in perception and attention, with reward enhancing the representation of reward-associated stimuli such that attention is more likely to be deployed to the location of these objects. Using measures of behavior and brain electricity in male and female humans, we demonstrate this to be the case. Sensory and perceptual processing of reward-associated visual features is facilitated such that attention is deployed to objects characterized by these features in subsequent experimental trials. This is the case even when participants know that a strategic decision to attend to reward-associated features will be counterproductive and result in suboptimal performance. Other results show that the magnitude of visual bias created by reward is predicted by the response to reward feedback in anterior cingulate cortex, an area with strong connections to dopaminergic structures in the midbrain. These results demonstrate that reward has an impact on vision that is independent of its role in the strategic establishment of endogenous attention. We suggest that reward acts to change visual salience and thus plays an important and undervalued role in attentional control.
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Reynolds GD, Courage ML, Richards JE. Infant attention and visual preferences: converging evidence from behavior, event-related potentials, and cortical source localization. Dev Psychol 2010; 46:886-904. [PMID: 20604609 PMCID: PMC3961705 DOI: 10.1037/a0019670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we had 3 major goals. The 1st goal was to establish a link between behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures of infant attention and recognition memory. To assess the distribution of infant visual preferences throughout ERP testing, we designed a new experimental procedure that embeds a behavioral measure (paired comparison trials) in the modified-oddball ERP procedure. The 2nd goal was to measure infant ERPs during the paired comparison trials. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify and to remove eye-movement components from the electroencephalographic data, thus allowing for the analysis of ERP components during paired comparison trials. The 3rd goal was to localize the cortical sources of infant visual preferences. Equivalent current dipole analysis was performed on the ICA components related to experimental events. Infants who demonstrated novelty preferences in paired comparison trials demonstrated greater amplitude Negative central ERP components across tasks than infants who did not demonstrate novelty preferences. Visual preference also interacted with attention and stimulus type. The cortical sources of infant visual preferences were localized to inferior and superior prefrontal cortex and to the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg D Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractOn the basis of neuroiinaging studies, Posner & Raichle summarily report that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and attention. In contrast to that superficial view, we briefly describe a testable model of the kinds of representations that are stored in prefrontal cortex, which, when activated, are expressed via plans, actions, thematic knowledge, and schemas.
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Abstract
AbstractThere are methodological problems with the new techniques reviewed by Posner & Raichle. Some brain mechanisms are not detected by the temporal and spatial resolution. Questions are also raised by the stimulation paradigms.
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Abstract
AbstractEncoding articulate speech is widely accepted as the principal (or sole) role of the frontal operculum. Clinical observations of speech apraxia have been confirmed by brain-imaging studies of speech production. We present evidence that the frontal operculum also programs limb movements. We argue that this area is a ventral counterpart of the dorsal premotor area. The two are functionally distinguished by specialization for somatic and visual space, respectively.
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Abstract
AbstractImages of mind is an exciting book, well-written and wellorganized, but many of the connections the authors draw between PET scan results and more general psychological issues are somewhat strained.
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Abstract
AbstractIt is argued that current neuroimaging studies can provide useful constraints for the construction of models of cognition, and that these studies should be guided by cognitive models. A numberof challenges for a successful cross-fertilization between “mind mappers” and cognitive modelers are discussed in the light of current research on word recognition.
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Abstract
AbstractPosner & Raichle's (1994) exciting, wonderfully illustrated book describes the past successes and future potential of the relatively noninvasive imaging of the nervous systems of living people. The focus has been on cognitive processes but there is no reason why emotional and motivational systems cannot also be tapped. Although the authors do not formally address such contentious issues as consciousness and the private experience of other species, imaging methods may hold promise for helping us to understand these phenomena, as well as to integrate psychological processes into ethological and phylogenetic research in general.
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Abstract
AbstractPictures of normal brain activity during human thought can be worth a great deal. Electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging together allow both temporal and spatial dimensions of neurocognitive functions to be explored. Although these techniqueshave their limitations, the Cognitive Neuroscience approach is well-suited to pursuing questions about how words are perceived, understood, and remembered.
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Multiple scales of brain-mind interactions. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00038851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPosner & Raichle's Images of mind is an excellent educational book and very well written. Some flaws as a scientific publication are: (a) the accuracy of the linear subtraction method used in PET is subject to scrutiny by further research at finer spatial-temporal resolutions; (b) lack of accuracy of the experimental paradigm used for EEG complementary studies.
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Abstract
AbstractThe subtraction and covariance paradigms are two analytic techniques used with functional neuroimaging data. The first assumes that a brain region participating in a task should show altered neural activity (relative to a control task). The second assumes that tasks are mediated by networks of interacting regions.Images of mind attempts to link results from the subtraction paradigm with a network interpretation that could have been more explicitly done using the covariance paradigm.
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Abstract
AbstractWe divided the many diverse comments on our book into categories. These are: theory, scope and goals of our project, methods, comments on specific anatomical areas, the concept of attention, consciousness and cognitive control, and finally other issues. Although many of the points of the critics are certainly well taken, we believe studies that have emerged since our book provide strong evidence that the general approach taken in our book is now yielding important new data on the relation of cognitive processes to underlying brain activity.
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Abstract
AbstractThis volume explores how functional brain imaging techniques like positron emission tomography have influenced cognitive studies. The first chapter outlines efforts to relate human thought and cognition in terms of great books from the late 1800s through the present. Chapter 2 describes mental operations as they are measured in cognitive science studies. It develops a framework for relating mental operations to activity in nerve cells. In Chapter 3, the PET method is reviewed and studies are presented that use PET to map the striate cortex and to activate extrastriate motion, color, and form areas. Chapter 4 shows how top down processes involving attention can lead to activation of these same areas in the detection of targets, visual search, and visual imagery. This chapter reveals complex networks of activations. Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the presentation of words. Chapter 5 illustrates PET studies of the anatomy of visual word processing and shows how the circuitry used for generating novel uses of words changes as the task becomes automated. Chapter 6 applies high density electrical recording to explore these activations in real time and to show how a constant anatomy can be reprogrammed by task instructions to produce and perform different cognitive tasks. Chapter 7 shows how studies of brain lesions and PET converge on common networks underlying attentional functions such as visual orienting, target detection, and maintenance of the alert state. Chapters 8 and 9 apply the network approach to examine normal development of attention in infants and pathological conditions resulting from brain damage, and psychiatric pathologies of depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit disorder. In Chapter 10, new developments such as functional MRI are discussed in terms of future developments and integration of cognitive neuroscience.
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Abstract
AbstractPET detects changes in metabolism between task periods and is thus insensitive to areas that are activated during all or most of cognition. Depth-recorded, evokedpotentials indicate that many multimodal and limbic cortical areas may be activated during most cognitive tasks. Thus, PET may be insensitive to some core processes of awareness that are difficult to eliminate from the control periods.
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