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Ma H, Huang C, Huang Q, Li G, Li J, Huang B, Zhong Q, Cao C. Circular RNA circ_0014717 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Through Regulating miR-668-3p/BTG2 Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:592884. [PMID: 33598424 PMCID: PMC7883829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported a close association between circRNAs and cancer development. CircRNAs have been recognized to be involved in various biological processes. Up to now, the function of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poorly known. qRT-PCR was used to test circ_0014717 expression in HCC tissue samples and cells was determined. It was shown that circ_0014717 was significantly decreased in HCC. Then, we observed overexpression of circ_0014717 obviously repressed HCC cell growth, migration and invasion. Next, we predicted circ_0014717 acted as a sponge of miR-668-3p. miR-668-3p has been reported to participate in several diseases. In our work, it was shown miR-668-3p was greatly increased in HCC and the direct binding sites between circ_0014717 and miR-668-3p were validated. In addition, B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is closely involved in cellular carcinogenic processes. BTG2 was predicted as a target for miR-668-3p. By performing rescue assays, we demonstrated that circ_0014717 repressed HCC progression via inhibiting BTG2 expression and sponging miR-668-3p. It was manifested loss of circ_0014717 induced HCC progression, which was reversed by BTG2 in Hep3B cells. In conclusion, our findings illustrated a novel circ_0014717/miR-668-3p/BTG2 regulatory signaling pathway in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Gongren Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Chunchun Huang
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Qiuhuan Huang
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Qiuhong Zhong
- Department of Ultrasonics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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Translational downregulation of Twist1 expression by antiproliferative gene, B-cell translocation gene 2, in the triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:410. [PMID: 31138781 PMCID: PMC6538657 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twist1, a key transcription factor regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis, is highly expressed in invasive cancers in contrast to the loss of BTG2/TIS21 expression. Based on our observation that forced expression of BTG2/TIS21 downregulated Twist1 protein expression without altering mRNA level, we investigated molecular mechanisms of the BTG2/TIS21-inhibited Twist1 translation in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and in vivo BTG2/TIS21-knockout (KO) mice and human breast cancer tissues. (1) C-terminal domain of Twist1 and Box B of BTG2/TIS21 interacted with each other, which abrogated Twist1 activity. (2) BTG2/TIS21 inhibited translational initiation by depleting eIF4E availability via inhibiting 4EBP1 phosphorylation. (3) Expression of BTG2/TIS21 maintained p-eIF2α that downregulates initiation of protein translation, confirmed by eIF2α-AA mutant expression and BTG2/TIS21 knockdown in MEF cells. (4) cDNA microarray analysis revealed significantly higher expression of initiation factors-eIF2A, eIF3A, and eIF4G2-in the BTG2/TIS21-KO mouse than that in the wild type. (5) BTG2/TIS21-inhibited translation initiation lead to the collapse of polysome formation and the huge peak of 80s monomer in the BTG2/TIS21 expresser, but not in the control. (6) mRNAs and protein expressions of elongation factors were also downregulated by BTG2/TIS21 expression in TNBC cells, but much higher in both TIS21-KO mice and lymph node-positive human breast cancers. (7) BTG2/TIS21-mediated Twist1 loss was not due to the protein degradation by ubiquitination and autophagy activation. (8) Twist1 protein level was significantly higher in various organs of TIS21-KO mice compared with that in the control, indicating the in vivo role of BTG2/TIS21 gene in the regulation of Twist1 protein level. Altogether, the present study support our hypothesis that BTG2/TIS21 is a promising target to combat with metastatic cancers with high level of Twist1 without BTG2/TIS21 expression.
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Sundaramoorthy S, Devanand P, Ryu MS, Song KY, Noh DY, Lim IK. TIS21/BTG2 inhibits breast cancer growth and progression by differential regulation of mTORc1 and mTORc2–AKT1–NFAT1–PHLPP2 signaling axis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1445-1462. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hong AE, Ryu MS, Kim SJ, Hwang SY, Lim IK. PPARα-Target Gene Expression Requires TIS21 /BTG2 Gene in Liver of the C57BL/6 Mice under Fasting Condition. Mol Cells 2018; 41:140-149. [PMID: 29385670 PMCID: PMC5824024 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TIS21/BTG2/PC3 gene belongs to the antiproliferative gene (APRO) family and exhibits tumor suppressive activity. However, here we report that TIS21 controls lipid metabolism, rather than cell proliferation, under fasting condition. Using microarray analysis, whole gene expression changes were investigated in liver of TIS21 knockout (TIS21-KO) mice after 20 h fasting and compared with wild type (WT). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) target gene expression was almost absent in contrast to increased lipid synthesis in the TIS21-KO mice compared to WT mice. Immunohistochemistry with hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that lipid deposition was focal in the TIS21-KO liver as opposed to the diffuse and homogeneous pattern in the WT liver after 24 h starvation. In addition, cathepsin E expression was over 10 times higher in the TIS21-KO liver than that in the WT, as opposed to the significant reduction of thioltransferase in both adult and fetal livers. At present, we cannot account for the role of cathepsin E. However, downregulation of glutaredoxin 2 thioltransferase expression might affect hypoxic damage in the TIS21-KO liver. We suggest that the TIS21/BTG2 gene might be essential to maintain energy metabolism and reducing power in the liver under fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Sook Ryu
- BK Plus program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | | | - Seung Yong Hwang
- R&D center, BioCore Co. Ltd., Seoul 08511,
Korea
- Department of Bio-Nanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588,
Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Ajou Graduate School of medicine, Suwon 16499,
Republic of Korea
- BK Plus program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
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5
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Devanand P, Oya Y, Sundaramoorthy S, Song KY, Watanabe T, Kobayashi Y, Shimizu Y, Hong SA, Suganuma M, Lim IK. Inhibition of TNFα-interacting protein α (Tipα)-associated gastric carcinogenesis by BTG2 /TIS21 via downregulating cytoplasmic nucleolin expression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e449. [PMID: 29472702 PMCID: PMC5903828 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the regulation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric carcinogenesis, we examined the effect of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) expression on the biological activity of Tipα, an oncoprotein secreted from H. pylori. BTG2, the human ortholog of mouse TIS21 (BTG2/TIS21), has been reported to be a primary response gene that is transiently expressed in response to various stimulations. Here, we report that BTG2 is constitutively expressed in the mucous epithelium and parietal cells of the gastric gland in the stomach. Expression was increased in the mucous epithelium following H. pylori infection in contrast to its loss in human gastric adenocarcinoma. Indeed, adenoviral transduction of BTG2/TIS21 significantly inhibited Tipα activity in MKN-1 and MGT-40, human and mouse gastric cancer cells, respectively, thereby downregulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) expression and Erk1/2 phosphorylation by reducing expression of nucleolin, a Tipα receptor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that BTG2/TIS21 inhibited Sp1 expression and its binding to the promoter of the nucleolin gene. In addition, BTG2/TIS21 expression significantly reduced membrane-localized nucleolin expression in cancer cells, and the loss of BTG2/TIS21 expression induced cytoplasmic nucleolin availability in gastric cancer tissues, as evidenced by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Higher expression of BTG2 and lower expression of nucleolin were accompanied with better overall survival of poorly differentiated gastric cancer patients. This is the first report showing that BTG2/TIS21 inhibits nucleolin expression via Sp1 binding, which might be associated with the inhibition of H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis. We suggest that BTG2/TIS21 is a potential inhibitor of nucleolin in the cytoplasm, leading to inhibition of carcinogenesis after H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Devanand
- Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukiko Oya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Santhoshkumar Sundaramoorthy
- Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Yong Song
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatsuro Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | | | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang Cheonan hospital, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Masami Suganuma
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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6
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Tsui KH, Chiang KC, Lin YH, Chang KS, Feng TH, Juang HH. BTG2 is a tumor suppressor gene upregulated by p53 and PTEN in human bladder carcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2017; 7:184-195. [PMID: 29239139 PMCID: PMC5773943 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although widely deemed as a tumor suppressor gene, the role of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) in bladder cancer is still inconclusive. We investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of BTG2 in bladder cancer. BTG2 expression in human bladder tissues was determined by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting assays. Expressions of BTG2 and PTEN in bladder carcinoma cells were determined by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, or reporter assays. The 3 H-thymidine incorporation assay, flow cytometry, and the xenograft animal model were used to determine the cell growth. BTG2 expression was lower in human bladder cancer tissues than normal bladder tissues. Highly differentiated bladder cancer cells, RT4, expressed higher BTG2 than the less-differentiated bladder cancer cells, HT1376 and T24. Overexpression of BTG2 in T24 cells inhibited cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Camptothecin and doxorubicin treatments in RT-4 cells or transient overexpression of p53 into p53-mutant HT1376 cells induced p53 and BTG2 expression. Further reporter assays with site-mutation of p53 response element from GGGAAAGTCC to GGAGTCC within BTG2 promoter area showed that p53-induced BTG2 gene expression was dependent on the p53 response element. Ectopic PTEN overexpression in T24 cells blocked the Akt signal pathway which attenuated cell growth via upregualtion of BTG2 gene expression, while reverse effect was found in PTEN-knockdown RT-4 cells. PTEN activity inhibitor (VO-OHpic) treatment decreased BTG2 expression in RT-4 and PTEN-overexpressed T24 cells. Our results suggested that BTG2 functioned as a bladder cancer tumor suppressor gene, and was induced by p53 and PTEN. Modulation of BTG2 expression seems a promising way to treat human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chun Chiang
- Zebrafish center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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7
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Choi JA, Jung YS, Kim JY, Kim HM, Lim IK. Inhibition of breast cancer invasion by TIS21/BTG2/Pc3-Akt1-Sp1-Nox4 pathway targeting actin nucleators, mDia genes. Oncogene 2016; 35:83-93. [PMID: 25798836 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian homolog of Drosophila diaphanous (mDia), actin nucleator, has been known to participate in the process of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells via regulating a number of actin-related biological processes. We have previously reported that tumor suppressor TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) (TIS21) inhibits invadopodia formation by downregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MDA-MB-231 cells. We herein report that TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) downregulates diaphanous-related formin (DRF) expression via reducing NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)-derived ROS generation by Akt1 activation and subsequently impairs invasion activity of the highly invasive breast cancer cells. Knockdown of Akt1 by RNA interference recovered the TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-inhibited F-actin remodeling and ROS generation by recovering Nox4 expression. Furthermore, Sp1-mediated Nox4 transcription was downregulated by TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-Akt1 signals, leading to the inhibition of cancer cell invasion via F-actin remodeling by mDia genes. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to show that TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3)-Akt1 inhibited Sp1-Nox4-ROS cascade, subsequently reducing invasion activity via inhibition of mDia family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Choi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Y S Jung
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - J Y Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - H M Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - I K Lim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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8
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Devanand P, Kim SI, Choi YW, Sheen SS, Yim H, Ryu MS, Kim SJ, Kim WJ, Lim IK. Inhibition of bladder cancer invasion by Sp1-mediated BTG2 expression via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase 1. FEBS J 2014; 281:5581-601. [PMID: 25284287 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Significantly lower endogenous expression of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) was observed in human muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) than matched normal tissues and non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC). BTG2 expression was inversely correlated with increased expression of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a in MIBC, but not NMIBC, suggesting a potential role for BTG2 expression in muscle invasion of bladder cancer. Over 90% of tumor tissues revealed strong methylation at CpG islands of the BTG2 gene, compared with no methylation in the normal tissues, implying epigenetic regulation of BTG2 expression in bladder carcinogenesis. By using EJ bladder cancer cells and the demethylating agent decitabine, transcription of BTG2 was shown to be up-regulated by inhibiting DNMT1 expression via modification at CpG islands. DNMT1 binding to the BTG2 gene further regulated BTG2 expression by chromatin remodeling, such as H3K9 dimethylation and H3K4 trimethylation, and Sp1 activation. Induced BTG2 expression significantly reduced EJ cell tumorigenesis and invasiveness together with induction of G2 /M arrest. These results demonstrate an important role for the BTG2(/TIS21/PC3) gene in the progression of bladder cancers, and suggest that BTG2(/TIS21/PC3) is a promising epigenetic target for prevention of muscle invasion in human bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Devanand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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9
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Ryu MS, Woo MY, Kwon D, Hong AE, Song KY, Park S, Lim IK. Accumulation of cytolytic CD8+ T cells in B16-melanoma and proliferation of mature T cells in TIS21-knockout mice after T cell receptor stimulation. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:209-21. [PMID: 25088256 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro effects of TIS21 gene on the mature T cell activation and antitumor activities were explored by employing MO5 melanoma orthograft and splenocytes isolated from the TIS21-knockout (KO)(2) mice. Proliferation and survival of mature T cells were significantly increased in the KO than the wild type (WT3)e cells, indicating that TIS21 inhibits the rate of mature T cell proliferation and its survival. In MO5 melanoma orthograft model, the KO mice recruited much more CD8(+) T cells into the tumors at around day 14 after tumor cell injection along with reduced tumor volumes compared with the WT. The increased frequency of granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells in splenocytes of the KO mice compared with the WT may account for antitumor-immunity of TIS21 gene in the melanoma orthograft. In contrast, reduced frequencies of CD107a+ CD8+ T cells in the splenocytes of KO mice may affect the loss of CD8+ T cell infiltration in the orthograft at around day 19. These results indicate that TIS21 exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in mature T cells, and differentially affects the frequencies of granzyme B+ CD8+ T-cells and CD107a+ CD8+ T-cells, thus transiently regulating in vivo anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cul-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yeong Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cul-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Allen E Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cul-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Yong Song
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cul-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cul-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Republic of Korea
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Kim Y, Ryu J, Ryu MS, Lim S, Han KO, Lim IK, Han KH. C-reactive protein induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in monocytes through the upregulation of B-cell translocation gene 2 expression. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:625-31. [PMID: 24440351 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that C-reactive protein (CRP) may affect the cell cycle and induce apoptotic changes of monocytes. CRP (∼25 μg/ml) significantly increased expressions of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) mRNA and protein in human monocytes through pathways involving CD32/NADPH oxidase 2/p53, which eventually induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptotic cell death. Such pro-apoptotic effect of CRP was not found in thioglycollate-elicited intraperitoneal monocytes/macrophages harvested from BTG2-knockout male C57BL/6 mice (n=5). Within atheromatous plaques obtained from CRP-transgenic male LDLR(-/-) C57BL/6 mice (n=5) and human coronary arteries, BTG2 co-localized with CRP, p53 and monocytes/macrophages. Therefore the pro-apoptotic pathway of CRP-CD32-Nox2-p53-BTG2 may contribute to the retardation of the atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jewon Ryu
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunny Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kwandong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BK21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hoon Han
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Sundaramoorthy S, Ryu MS, Lim IK. B-cell translocation gene 2 mediates crosstalk between PI3K/Akt1 and NFκB pathways which enhances transcription of MnSOD by accelerating IκBα degradation in normal and cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:69. [PMID: 24047462 PMCID: PMC3851984 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) belongs to antiproliferative (ARPO) gene family and the expression of BTG2, human ortholog of rat PC3 and mouse TIS21 gene, has been shown to render cancer cells more sensitive to doxorubicin treatment by upregulating MnSOD expression without regulating any other reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes. RESULTS In the present study, by employing exogenous and endogenous BTG2/TIS21/Pc3 expression by transfection and transduction analyses, and by knockdown of gene expression using RNA interference or using gene knockout cells, we observed that BTG2 increased the binding of activated NF-κB (p65/RelA) to the enhancer element of MnSOD gene in the 2nd intron, which was regulated by p-Akt1, and the induction of MnSOD by BTG2 was accompanied with subsequent downregulation of ROS level and cyclin B1 biosynthesis along with the increase of p21WAF1, resulting in the G2/M arrest independent of p53. CONCLUSIONS These results show for the first time that BTG2 mediates crosstalk between PI3K-Akt1 and NF-κB pathways, which regulates p53-independent induction of G2/M phase arrest both in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhoshkumar Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BK21 Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea.
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Choi JA, Lim IK. TIS21/BTG2 inhibits invadopodia formation by downregulating reactive oxygen species level in MDA-MB-231 cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1657-65. [PMID: 23907596 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasion of cancer cells depends on the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix regulated by actin-driven membrane protrusions, called invadopodia. However, the mechanisms underlying invadopodia formation in cancer cells remain largely unknown. METHODS By employing adenoviral transduction of breast cancer cells with either β-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) or TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) (Ad-TIS21) gene, the regulation of invadopodia formation was investigated. Invasion activity was examined by invadopodia assay and Matrigel assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by FACS-based analysis. RESULTS Here, we observed that TIS21 suppressed invadopodia formation as well as invasion activity along with F-actin remodeling. The inhibition of TIS21-mediated invadopodia formation was accompanied with attenuation of ROS generation in the TIS21 expressers, indicating that TIS21-mediated inhibition of ROS plays a critical role for invadopodia formation by regulating actin-associated protein remodeling. This was further confirmed in the TIS21(-/-)MEF cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to provide insight into invasion signals regulated by tumor suppressor, TIS21(/BTG2/Pc3) gene, in the intractable breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Korea
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13
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TIS21(/BTG2/PC3) inhibits interleukin-6 expression via downregulation of STAT3 pathway. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2391-9. [PMID: 23917204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell growth was increased when co-cultured with fibroblasts, however, no effect was observed when co-cultured with TIS21-overexpressed fibroblast. Therefore, the role of TIS21 played in cancer microenvironment was investigated. TIS21 decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in human dermal fibroblast (HDF). Adenoviral transduction of TIS21 gene to HDF decreased the secretion of IL-6, whereas knockdown of the gene increased IL-6 expression. Furthermore, TIS21 overexpression inhibited STAT3 binding to IL-6 promoter region as well as JAK2-STAT3 signaling by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by being localized in mitochondria. Mitochondria-target TIS21 (MT-TIS21) also inhibited IL-6 expression by downregulating STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas NF-κB pathway was not influenced by TIS21 expression. These results indicate that TIS21 negatively regulated cancer cell growth by inhibiting IL-6 expression through downregulation of STAT3 activation.
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Choi KS, Kim JY, Lim SK, Choi YW, Kim YH, Kang SY, Park TJ, Lim IK. TIS21(/BTG2/PC3) accelerates the repair of DNA double strand breaks by enhancing Mre11 methylation and blocking damage signal transfer to the Chk2(T68)-p53(S20) pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:965-75. [PMID: 23089312 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) occur more frequently in TIS21(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts than that in wild type MEFs (wt-MEFs). Therefore, the role TIS21 plays in the DNA damage response was investigated. Adenoviral transduction of Huh7 tumor cells with the TIS21 gene accelerated the repair of DSBs induced by etoposide treatment as evaluated by clearance of γH2AX foci and the Comet assay. TIS21 increased methylation of Mre11 and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) activity, leading to Mre11 activation in vitro and in vivo, as determined by immunoprecipitation and radiolabeling analyses. When downstream DNA damage response mediators were evaluated in various human cancer cells lines, TIS21 was found to strongly inhibit Chk2(T68) and p53(S20) phosphorylation by p-ATM(S1981) but not p53(S15). The loss of Chk2 activation after etoposide treatment reduced apoptosis in the cells by downregulating the expression of E2F1 and Bax. These data suggest that TIS21 regulates DSB repair and apoptosis. Expression of TIS21 promoted the repair of DSBs and reduced apoptosis by blocking the damage signal from p-ATM(S1981) to Chk2(T68)-p53(S20)via the activation of Mre11 and PRMT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Sung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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15
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BTG2 suppresses cancer cell migration through inhibition of Src-FAK signaling by downregulation of reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:901-13. [PMID: 22562501 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BTG2 is a tumor suppressor gene. It is frequently downregulated in human cancer tissues, and its loss is associated with cancer cell metastasis, suggesting that the suppression of BTG2 plays a critical role in cancer cell migration and invasion. Here, we report that re-expression of BTG2 decreased cell migration and invasion in A549 and PC3 cancer cells. Furthermore, BTG2 expression was correlated with downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Tyr576 and Tyr925 residues phosphorylation, while Tyr397 which is the autophosphorylation site was not influenced by BTG2 expression. c-Src phosphorylation which is the upstream of FAK was not influenced, whereas c-Src kinase activity was significantly decreased by BTG2 expression. BTG2 overexpression increased Src reduction state and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by being localized in mitochondria. Mitochondria-target BTG2 also inhibited cell migration via downregulation of Src-FAK signaling. In conclusion, our study reveals that BTG2 negatively regulated cancer cell migration by inhibiting Src activity through downregulation of ROS generation in mitochondria.
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Takahashi F, Chiba N, Tajima K, Hayashida T, Shimada T, Takahashi M, Moriyama H, Brachtel E, Edelman EJ, Ramaswamy S, Maheswaran S. Breast tumor progression induced by loss of BTG2 expression is inhibited by targeted therapy with the ErbB/HER inhibitor lapatinib. Oncogene 2011; 30:3084-95. [PMID: 21339742 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell translocation gene-2 (BTG2), a p53-inducible gene, is suppressed in mammary epithelial cells during gestation and lactation. In human breast cancer, decreased BTG2 expression correlates with high tumor grade and size, p53 status, blood and lymph vessel invasion, local and metastatic recurrence and decrease in overall survival, suggesting that suppression of BTG2 has a critical role in disease progression. To analyze the role of BTG2 in breast cancer progression, BTG2 expression was knocked down in mammary epithelial cells. Suppression of BTG2 enhances the motility of cells in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The effects of BTG2 knockdown are mediated through stabilization of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) ligands neuregulin and epiregulin and activation of the HER2 and HER3 receptors, leading to elevated AKT phosphorylation. Suppression of HER activation using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib abrogates the effects of BTG2 knockdown, including the increased cell migration observed in vitro and the enhancement of tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. These results link BTG2-dependent effects on tumor progression to ErbB receptor signaling, and raise the possibility that targeted inhibition of this pathway may be relevant in the treatment of breast cancers that have reduced BTG2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Möllerström E, Kovács A, Lövgren K, Nemes S, Delle U, Danielsson A, Parris T, Brennan DJ, Jirström K, Karlsson P, Helou K. Up-regulation of cell cycle arrest protein BTG2 correlates with increased overall survival in breast cancer, as detected by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:296. [PMID: 20553615 PMCID: PMC2902444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the ADIPOR1, ADORA1, BTG2 and CD46 genes differ significantly between long-term survivors of breast cancer and deceased patients, both in levels of gene expression and DNA copy numbers. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the corresponding proteins in breast carcinoma and to determine their correlation with clinical outcome. METHODS Protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in an independent breast cancer cohort of 144 samples represented on tissue microarrays. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the differences in protein expression between dead and alive patients. We used Cox-regression multivariate analysis to assess whether the new markers predict the survival status of the patients better than the currently used markers. RESULTS BTG2 expression was demonstrated in a significantly lower proportion of samples from dead patients compared to alive patients, both in overall expression (P = 0.026) and cell membrane specific expression (P = 0.013), whereas neither ADIPOR1, ADORA1 nor CD46 showed differential expression in the two survival groups. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis showed that a model containing BTG2 expression in combination with HER2 and Ki67 expression along with patient age performed better than a model containing the currently used prognostic markers (tumour size, nodal status, HER2 expression, hormone receptor status, histological grade, and patient age). Interestingly, BTG2 has previously been described as a tumour suppressor gene involved in cell cycle arrest and p53 signalling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that high-level BTG2 protein expression correlates with prolonged survival in patients with breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Möllerström
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Blå stråket 2, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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18
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Park TJ, Kim JY, Park SH, Kim HS, Lim IK. Skp2 enhances polyubiquitination and degradation of TIS21/BTG2/PC3, tumor suppressor protein, at the downstream of FoxM1. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Impact of BTG2 expression on proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2579-86. [PMID: 19728149 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BTG2 (B cell translocation gene 2) is downregulated in several human tumors and has been known as a tumor suppressor in carcinogenesis of thymus, prostate, kidney, and liver. However, little is known about the role BTG2 plays in gastric adenocarcinoma. In the present study, we intended to investigate the influence of BTG2 on the growth, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and cell cycle of the gastric cancer cell lines SGC7901 and MKN45. BTG2 cDNA was insected into a constitutive vector pcDNA3.1 followed by transfection in gastric cancer cell line MKN45 and SGC7901 by using liposome. Then stable transfectants were selected and appraised. The apoptosis and cell cycles of these transfectants were analyzed by using flow cytometric assay. The growth and proliferation were analyzed by cell growth curves and colony-forming assay, respectively. The invasion of these clones was analyzed by using cell migration assay. MKN-BTG2 (MKN45 with stable transfection of BTG2 gene) and SGC-BTG2 (SGC7901 with stable transfection of BTG2 gene) grew slower than their control groups, respectively. The cell counts of MKN-BTG2 in the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh days were significantly fewer than those of control groups (P < 0.05). Those of SGC-BTG2 in the fourth fifth, sixth and seventh days were significantly fewer than those of control groups too (P < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis showed that proportions of MKN-BTG2 and SGC-BTG2 cells in G0-G1 and S were different significantly with those of their control groups, respectively (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of MKN-BTG2 was significantly higher than those of control groups (P < 0.05). Results of colony-forming assay showed that the colon formation rates of MKN-BTG2 and SGC-BTG2 were lower than those of their control groups (P < 0.05). The results of cell migration assay showed that the cell migration rates of MKN-BTG2 and SGC-BTG2 were not significantly different with those of their control groups (P > 0.05). BTG2 can restrain the growth and proliferation of gastric cancer cells powerfully. It can reduce some malignant phenotype of these tumor cells. But it could not impact the ability of invasion of gastric cancer cells, so could not restrain the metastasis of gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, BTG2 could be thought as a tumor-inhibiting gene in some distance, so the gene could be a potential target of gene therapy.
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Yang X, Morita M, Wang H, Suzuki T, Yang W, Luo Y, Zhao C, Yu Y, Bartlam M, Yamamoto T, Rao Z. Crystal structures of human BTG2 and mouse TIS21 involved in suppression of CAF1 deadenylase activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:6872-81. [PMID: 18974182 PMCID: PMC2588512 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BTG2 is the prototypical member of the TOB family and is known to be involved in cell growth, differentiation and DNA repair. As a transcriptional co-regulator, BTG2 interacts with CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1) and POP2 (CALIF), which are key components of the general CCR4/NOT multi-subunit transcription complex, and which are reported to play distinct roles as nucleases involved in mRNA deadenylation. Here we report the crystal structures of human BTG2 and mouse TIS21 to 2.3 Å and 2.2 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal the putative CAF1 binding site. CAF1 deadenylase assays were performed with wild-type BTG2 and mutants that disrupt the interaction with CAF1. The results reveal the suppressive role of BTG2 in the regulation of CAF1 deadenylase activity. Our study provides insights into the formation of the BTG2-CAF1 complex and the potential role of BTG2 in the regulation of CAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Yang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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21
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Lim YB, Park TJ, Lim IK. B cell translocation gene 2 enhances susceptibility of HeLa cells to doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33110-8. [PMID: 18840609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804255200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG2/TIS21/PC3 (B cell translocation gene 2) has been known as a p53 target gene and functions as a tumor suppressor in carcinogenesis of thymus, prostate, kidney, and liver. Although it has been known that the expression of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 is induced during chemotherapy-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells, a role of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 in cell death remains to be elucidated. In this study, the mechanism and role of BTG2 involved in the enhancement of doxorubicin (DOXO)-induced cell death were examined. Treatment of HeLa cells with DOXO revealed apoptotic phenomena, such as chromatin condensation and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamin A/C with concomitant increase of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 expression. Employing infections of Ad-TIS21 virus and lentivirus with short hairpin RNA to BTG2, the effect of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 on the DOXO-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells and liver cancer cells was evaluated. Not only short hairpin RNA-BTG2 but also N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly reduced the DOXO-induced HeLa cell death and generation of H2O2. Moreover, forced expression of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 using adenoviral vector augmented DOXO-induced cancer cell death concomitantly with increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase but not catalase, CuZnSOD, and glutathione peroxidase 1. The increased apoptosis by forced expression of BTG2/TIS21/PC3 could be inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and polyethylene glycol-catalase. These results therefore suggest that BTG2/TIS21/PC3 works as an enhancer of DOXO-induced cell death via accumulation of H2O2 by up-regulating manganese-superoxide dismutase without any other antioxidant enzymes. In summary, BTG2/TIS21/PC3 enhances cancer cell death by accumulating H2O2 via imbalance of the antioxidant enzymes in response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Korea
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22
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Kim BC, Ryu MS, Oh SP, Lim IK. TIS21/(BTG2) negatively regulates estradiol-stimulated expansion of hematopoietic stem cells by derepressing Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR signal transduction. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2339-48. [PMID: 18556508 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been known that 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-inducible sequence 21 (TIS21), ortholog of human B-cell translocation gene 2, regulates expansions of stage-specific thymocytes and hematopoietic progenitors. In the present study, lineage-negative (Lin(-))/stem cell antigen-1-positive (Sca-1+)/c-Kit+ (LSK) cell content was significantly elevated in bone marrow (BM) of TIS21-knockout (TIS21(-/-)) female mice, suggesting 17beta-estradiol (E(2))-regulated progenitor expansion. E(2) induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from TIS21(-/-) mice, but not wild type (WT). In contrast to WT, E(2) failed to activate protein kinase B (Akt) in the TIS21(-/-) MEFs, independent of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) activation. Despite attenuation of Akt activation, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was constitutively activated in the TIS21(-/-) MEFs. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor or knockdown of Erk1 could restore activation of Akt and downregulate mTOR. Immunoprecipitation showed Akt preferentially bound to phosphorylated Erk1/2 (p-Erk1/2) in TIS21(-/-) cells, but reconstitution of TIS21 inhibited their interaction. E(2)-injected TIS21(-/-) male mice also increased LSK cells in BM. Taken together, expansion of hematopoietic progenitors in TIS21(-/-) female mice might be through inhibition of Akt activation, and constitutive activation of mTOR via preferential binding of TIS21 to E(2)-induced p-Erk1/2, compared with that of Akt. Our results suggest that TIS21 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Cho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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23
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Park TJ, Kim JY, Oh SP, Kang SY, Kim BW, Wang HJ, Song KY, Kim HC, Lim IK. TIS21 negatively regulates hepatocarcinogenesis by disruption of cyclin B1-Forkhead box M1 regulation loop. Hepatology 2008; 47:1533-43. [PMID: 18393292 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A functional and biochemical interaction of TIS21(/BTG2/PC3) with Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1), essential transcription factor for hepatocyte regeneration and a master regulator of mitotic gene expression, was explored. Growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), developed by a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), was the same in both the TIS21(+/+) and TIS21(-/-) mice until 6 months, whereas it was significantly higher in the TIS21(-/-) mice at 9 months. Expression of TIS21 was significantly lower in both human and murine HCCs than in the surrounding tissues. Forced expression of TIS21 impaired growth, proliferation, and tumorigenic potential of Huh7 cells. At the mechanistic level, TIS21 inhibited FoxM1 phosphorylation, a required modification for its activation, by reducing cyclin B1-cdk1 activity, examined by in vitro kinase assay and FoxM1 mutant analyses. These observations were further confirmed in vivo by the reciprocal control of TIS21 expression and FoxM1 phosphorylation in the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCCs and TIS21(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF), in addition to increased expression of cyclin B1 and cdk1 activity. CONCLUSION TIS21 negatively regulated hepatocarcinogenesis in part by disruption of the FoxM1-cyclin B1 regulatory loop, thereby inhibiting proliferation of transformed cells developed in mouse and human livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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24
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Lim IK. TIS21 (/BTG2/PC3) as a link between ageing and cancer: cell cycle regulator and endogenous cell death molecule. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 132:417-26. [PMID: 16456675 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TIS21(/BTG2/PC3), orthologs of mouse, human and rat, respectively, is initially identified as one of the early growth response genes and induced by various stimulations. TIS21 belongs to antiproliferative (APRO) gene family containing the BTG-Box A (Y(50)-N(71)) and BTG-Box B (L(97)-E(115)), which are highly conserved among various species. On the other hand, it has lately been found that the expression of TIS21 is constitutive and high in thymus, lung alveolar epithelium, proximal tubule of kidney and basal cell layer of prostate acini. Potential roles of TIS21 have been suggested as transcriptional co-regulator, differentiation and antiapoptotic factor in neurogenesis, key mediator of the stage-specific expansion of thymocyte and negative regulator of hematopoietic progenitor expansion, and tumor suppressor gene in both mouse and human. In addition, as pan-cell cycle regulator TIS21 induces G1/S arrest by pRB dependently and pRB independently and G2/M arrest and cell death in the p53 null tumor cells, and regulates the development of vertebrate patterning in mouse, paraxial mesoderm development in zebrafish, and notochord development in Xenopus. It has been known that the expression of TIS21 depends on the induction of wt p53 when cells are damaged, however, it can also be upregulated p53 independently by the activation of PKC-delta pathway in tumor cells. The characteristic roles of TIS21 are discussed in the present review: (1) TIS21 inhibits early phase of carcinogenesis in its high expressers such as kidney, prostate, breast and thymus: Loss of constitutive and high expression of TIS21 was observed in the precancerous lesions as well as tumor tissues. As an endogenous cell death molecule, TIS21 may be involved in translocation of Pin-1 to cytoplasm. Pin-1 subsequently interacts with Serine(147) residue in TIS21 protein, resulting in mitochondrial depolarization. (2) TIS21 regulates transition of cell cycle at G1/S and G2/M phases in cancer cells with inactive pRB and/or p53, as well as in normal cells by regulating pRB/p16(INK4a) pathway. The latter has already been well elucidated; TIS21 inhibits the expression of cyclin D1, thus resulting in the arrest of cells at G1/S phase by pRB and p53 dependent manner. On the other hand, TIS21 inhibits degradations of cyclin A and cyclin B1 at G2/M phase, and directly binds to Cdc2, resulting in the failure of mitotic exit and then increasing the tumor cell death, when stimulated by high concentration of EGF. Therefore, TIS21 can be suggested as a pan-cell cycle modulator. (3) TIS21 regulates embryo development by activating BMP signal through interaction with Smad 1 and Smad 8, thereby regulating vertebral patterning in mice. It is also involved in notochord development in Xenopus and paraxial mesoderm development in zebrafish. Based on the previous report that the expression of TIS21 is involved in the induction of senescence after chemotherapy of cancer cells, which can be a mechanism to resist carcinogenesis, TIS21(/BTG2/PC3), the endogenous cell death molecule and pan-cell cycle regulator, might be a link between cellular senescence and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea.
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25
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Kawakubo H, Carey JL, Brachtel E, Gupta V, Green JE, Walden PD, Maheswaran S. Expression of the NF-kappaB-responsive gene BTG2 is aberrantly regulated in breast cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:8310-9. [PMID: 15378000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BTG2, a p53-inducible antiproliferative gene, is stimulated in breast cancer cells by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). In rat mammary glands, BTG2 is expressed in epithelial cells and levels decreased during pregnancy and lactation but recovered during involution. Estrogen and progestin suppress BTG2 expression, suggesting that these steroids, which stimulate proliferation and lobuloalveolar development of mammary epithelial cells, may downregulate BTG2 in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Consistent with the report that BTG2 inhibits cyclin D1 expression, suppression of BTG2 mRNA in the mammary gland during gestation, and by estrogen and progestin, correlated with stimulation of cyclin D1. Ectopic expression of BTG2 inhibited breast cancer cell growth by arresting cells in the G1 phase, an effect reversed by cyclin D1. BTG2 expression was very low or undetectable in human breast cancer cell lines compared with nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, and nuclear expression of BTG2 was absent in 65% of human breast tumors compared with adjacent matched normal glands. Spontaneous mammary tumors arising in a mouse model with targeted expression of the early region of the SV40 large tumor Ag demonstrated loss of BTG2 protein very early during the tumorigenic process. Thus deregulation of BTG2 may be an important step in the development of mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ryu MS, Lee MS, Hong JW, Hahn TR, Moon E, Lim IK. TIS21/BTG2/PC3 is expressed through PKC-delta pathway and inhibits binding of cyclin B1-Cdc2 and its activity, independent of p53 expression. Exp Cell Res 2004; 299:159-70. [PMID: 15302583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathway and a new function of TIS21/BTG2/PC3 were investigated in p53 null U937 cells; Expression of TIS21 by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulation was mediated by PKC-delta activation, however, was strongly inhibited by cPKC isozymes. When U937 cells were treated with TPA+Go6976, but not TPA+Go6850, the level of TIS21 mRNA was maintained over that of TPA alone. When analyzed by FACS, TPA-induced G2/M arrest was significantly inhibited by Go6850, but not by Go6976, suggesting the involvement of TIS21 and nPKC isozymes. Indeed, PKC-delta was found to be a regulator of the G2/M arrest and TIS21 expression, confirmed by employing rottlerin and dnPKC-delta experiments. In vivo accumulation of TIS21 protein significantly induced cell death through caspase 3 activation, which was supported further by degradations of procaspase 3, full-length PKC-delta, pRB, and p21(WAF1) in TIS21DeltaC expresser. When the cells were synchronized by nocodazole, TIS21 overexpressers inhibited degradations of cyclin A and cyclin B1 in 3 h after release from the synchronization. Furthermore, TIS21 inhibited cyclin B1-Cdc2 binding and its kinase activity in vivo. In summary, TPA-induced TIS21 mRNA expression is mediated by PKC-delta, and TIS21 induces G2/M arrest and cell death by inhibiting cyclin B1-Cdc2 binding and the kinase activity through its binding to Cdc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sook Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, South Korea
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Yun C, Um HR, Jin YH, Wang JH, Lee MO, Park S, Lee JH, Cho H. NF-kappaB activation by hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein shifts the cellular fate toward survival. Cancer Lett 2002; 184:97-104. [PMID: 12104053 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examined the cellular effect of hepatitits B virus X (HBx) in ChangX-34 cells, inducible HBx-expressing cells. High expression of HBx protein in ChangX-34 cells resulted in approximately three-fold increase in DNA synthesis and did not show apoptotic changes. Expression of HBx in these cells was accompanied by the NF-kappaB-mediated transcription. Interestingly, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity either by treatment with sulfasalazine, a specific inhibitor of NF-kappaB, or by expressing IkappaBalpha super-repressor significantly increased cell death in ChangX-34 cells but had no influence on parental Chang cells. Thus, the activation of NF-kappaB in HBx-expressing cells may play a critical role in shifting the balance toward cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-749, South Korea
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28
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Abstract
The Btg family of anti-proliferative gene products includes Pc 3/Tis 21/Btg 2, Btg 1, Tob, Tob2, Ana/Btg3, Pc3k and others. These proteins are characterized by similarities in their amino-terminal region: the Btg1 homology domain. However, the pleiotropic nature of these family proteins has been observed and no common physiological function among family members was suggested from the history of their identification. Recent progress in the search for Btg family functions has come from the analysis of cell regulation and of cell differentiation. It is now emerging that every member of this family has a potential to regulate cell growth. We would like to propose here to use a nomenclature APRO as a new term for the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
The Rbtg3 gene was isolated by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) cloning from the cDNA library of Rat1 fibroblasts that were stimulated with TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) or various growth factors for 3h and was found to be a rat homologue of mouse BTG3 and human ANA genes. The Rbtg3 gene had unique DNA sequences in the 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR that contained four ATTTA and one TTATTTA(T/A)(T/A) nonamer motif, and also a polyA addition site. Nucleotide homology of Rbtg3 with BTG3 and ANA was 88.5 and 76.6%, respectively. Expression of Rbtg3 was investigated in SD rats as well as cell lines derived from mouse--SW3T3, NIH3T3 fibroblasts--and rat--Rat1, 3Y1 fibroblasts and PC12--cells. Rbtg3 was highly expressed in brain but barely in lung, kidney, thymus and spleen. The constitutive expression level was high in SW3T3, Rat1 and 3Y1 fibroblasts, but very low in NIH3T3 fibroblast and PC12 cells. However, in all cells tested, Rbtg3 was proved to be one of the primary response genes superinduced by TPA (50ng/ml)+cycloheximide (CHX, 10 microgram/ml). Expression of Rbtg3 was induced by H(2)O(2) (500mM) up to fourfold in PC12 cells and was blocked by pretreatment of NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 10mM). The induction was ninefold in 3Y1 fibroblasts by menadione (25mM) treatment for 1h, whereas it was reduced to a third of the control level in SW3T3 fibroblast by the same treatment. Rbtg3 was not expressed in NIH3T3 cells but minimally regulated by redox changes as compared with rapid and strong induction of TIS21/BTG2 mRNAs after TPA or H(2)O(2) stimulation. The above results indicate that Rbtg3 is one of many redox-regulated genes as well as a primary response gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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30
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Lim IK, Park SC, Song KY, Park TJ, Lee MS, Kim SJ, Hyun BH. Regulation of selection of liver nodules initiated withN-nitrosodiethylamine and promoted with nodularin injections in Fischer 344 male rats by reciprocal expression of transforming growth factor-?1 and its receptors. Mol Carcinog 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199910)26:2<83::aid-mc3>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Lim IK, Lee MS, Ryu MS, Park TJ, Fujiki H, Eguchi H, Paik WK. Induction of growth inhibition of 293 cells by downregulation of the cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 proteins due to overexpression of TIS21. Mol Carcinog 1998; 23:25-35. [PMID: 9766435 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199809)23:1<25::aid-mc4>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We earlier reported that TIS21 mRNA expression was markedly decreased in A549 and NCIH69 human lung cancer cells and in thymic carcinoma tissues obtained from transgenic mice containing simian virus 40 large T antigen (J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 121:279-284, 1995). To determine how TIS21 inhibits growth, we made 293 cells that constitutively expressed TIS21 protein. The constitutive TIS21 expresser lines C9 and C11 grew to a lower saturation density than did those in the vector-transfected clones (V7 and V10) and antisense-transfected clones (AS1 and AS4), and the size of the C9 and C11 cells increased significantly after transfection with TIS21 cDNA. The serum-stimulated cell cycle was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting after double thymidine treatment; V10 progressed normally through the cell division cycle, but C9 and C11 cells accumulated continuously in G1 phase until 36 h after treatment. On the other hand, the progression of cells that had already entered to S or G2/M phase was not inhibited. When cell-cycle regulatory proteins were measured, C9 and C11 cells showed significantly reduced synthesis of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 4 as well as a decrease in cyclin E-associated cdk activity. These observations led us to conclude that TIS21 overexpression in G1 phase decreased the amounts of cyclin E and cdk4, thereby decreasing the activity of cdks at the G1-S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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32
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Holland ND, Zhang SC, Clark M, Panopoulou G, Lehrach H, Holland LZ. Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiTob, an amphioxus homolog of vertebrate Tob in the PC3/BTG1/Tob family of tumor suppressor genes. Dev Dyn 1997; 210:11-8. [PMID: 9286591 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199709)210:1<11::aid-aja2>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tob is a member of the PC3/ BTG1/Tob family of vertebrate tumor suppressor genes; its expression is known to inhibit proliferation of cells in vitro, but its possible roles during normal development have not been investigated previously. The present study concerns the structure and developmental expression of AmphiTob in an invertebrate chordate, amphioxus. This is the first investigation of any Tob gene during embryological development. The 311 amino acid AmphiTob protein is similar to vertebrate Tob but lacks the C-terminal PQ-rich domain of the latter. In early embryos of amphioxus, in situ hybridization first reveals AmphiTob expression in the hypoblast at the gastrula stage on the likely dorsal side of the embryo. During subsequent development, expression is seen in several tissues of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The most striking expression domains are in the developing somitic musculature and dorsal nerve cord. In the medial wall of each somite, AmphiTob is expressed strongly by cells destined to differentiate into the axial trunk muscles; this pattern persists until late in the larval stage, evidently because undifferentiated cells are continually becoming myogenic as the muscles grow. Nerve cord cells conspicuously transcribe AmphiTob from the late neurula until the early larval stage: Expression occurs in a few cells scattered along the nerve cord and in a group of cells located in the cerebral vesicle (in a region presumably homologous to the vertebrate diencephalic forebrain). During development, an intense and transitory transcription of AmphiTob may be an early event in cells exiting the cell cycle in preparation for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA.
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