1
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Zhu S, Wang W, Zhang J, Ji S, Jing Z, Chen YQ. Slc25a5 regulates adipogenesis by modulating ERK signaling in OP9 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:11. [PMID: 35109789 PMCID: PMC8903613 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis is a critically important strategy for identifying new targets for obesity intervention. Methods Transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches were used to explore the functional genes regulating adipogenic differentiation and their potential mechanism of action in OP9 cells and adipose-derived stem cells. Oil Red O staining was used to detect oil droplets in adipocytes. Results RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that Slc25a5 expression was significantly upregulated in adipogenic differentiation. Depletion of Slc25a5 led to the suppressed expression of adipogenesis-related genes, reduced the accumulation of triglycerides, and inhibited PPARγ protein expression. Moreover, the knockdown of Slc25a5 resulted in significant reduction of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein expression (ATP5A1, CQCRC2, and MTCO1) and ATP production. The RNA-seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) results suggested that adipogenic differentiation is possibly mediated by ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and this hypothesis was confirmed by intervention with PD98059 (an ERK 1/2 inhibitor). Conclusions This study indicates that Slc25a5 inhibits adipogenesis and might be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00314-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Siyu Ji
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Jing
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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2
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Chen Z, Lin X, Wang Y, Xie H, Chen F. Dysregulated expression of androgen metabolism genes and genetic analysis in hypospadias. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1346. [PMID: 32515122 PMCID: PMC7434757 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aberrant expression of genes involved in androgen metabolism and genetic contribution are unclear in hypospadias. Methods We compared gene expression profiles by RNA sequencing from five non‐hypospadiac foreskins, five mild hypospadiac foreskins, and five severe hypospadiac foreskins. In addition, to identify rare coding variants with large effects on hypospadias risk, we carried out whole exome sequencing in three patients in a hypospadias family. Results The average expression of androgen receptor (AR) and CYP19A1 were significantly decreased in severe hypospadias (p < .01) and mild hypospadias (p < .05), whereas expression of several other androgen metabolism enzymes, including CYP3A4, HSD17B14, HSD3B7, HSD17B7, CYP11A1 were exclusively significantly expressed in severe hypospadias (p < .05). Compound rare damaging mutants of AR gene with HSD3B1 and SLC25A5 genes were identified in the different severe hypospadias. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that dysregulation of AR and CYP19A1 could play a crucial role in the development of hypospadias. Inconsistent AR expression may be caused by the feedback loop of ESR1 signaling or combined genetic effects with other risk genes. This findings complement the possible role of AR triggered mechanism in the development of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eastern Urological Reconstruction and Repair Institute, Shanghai, China
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3
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Vandewalle J, Bauters M, Van Esch H, Belet S, Verbeeck J, Fieremans N, Holvoet M, Vento J, Spreiz A, Kotzot D, Haberlandt E, Rosenfeld J, Andrieux J, Delobel B, Dehouck MB, Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Marynen P, Goldstein A, Froyen G. The mitochondrial solute carrier SLC25A5 at Xq24 is a novel candidate gene for non-syndromic intellectual disability. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1177-85. [PMID: 23783460 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in several different neuronal pathways have been related to intellectual disability (ID). Such mutations often are found on the X chromosome in males since they result in functional null alleles. So far, microdeletions at Xq24 reported in males always have been associated with a syndromic form of ID due to the loss of UBE2A. Here, we report on overlapping microdeletions at Xq24 that do not include UBE2A or affect its expression, in patients with non-syndromic ID plus some additional features from three unrelated families. The smallest region of overlap, confirmed by junction sequencing, harbors two members of the mitochondrial solute carrier family 25, SLC25A5 and SLC25A43. However, identification of an intragenic microdeletion including SLC25A43 but not SLC25A5 in a healthy boy excluded a role for SLC25A43 in cognition. Therefore, our findings point to SLC25A5 as a novel gene for non-syndromic ID. This highly conserved gene is expressed ubiquitously with high levels in cortex and hippocampus, and a presumed role in mitochondrial exchange of ADP/ATP. Our data indicate that SLC25A5 is involved in memory formation or establishment, which could add mitochondrial processes to the wide array of pathways that regulate normal cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Vandewalle
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Rodić N, Oka M, Hamazaki T, Murawski MR, Jorgensen M, Maatouk DM, Resnick JL, Li E, Terada N. DNA methylation is required for silencing of ant4, an adenine nucleotide translocase selectively expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and germ cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:1314-23. [PMID: 16051982 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for cellular differentiation is governed not only by the repertoire of available transcription factors but by the accessibility of cis-regulatory elements. Studying changes in epigenetic modifications during stem cell differentiation will help us understand how cells maintain or lose differentiation potential. We investigated changes in DNA methylation during the transition of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into differentiated cell types. Using a methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting method, we identified a novel adenine nucleotide (ADP/ATP) translocase gene, Ant4, that was selectively hypomethylated and expressed in undifferentiated mouse ESCs. In contrast to other pluripotent stem cell-specific genes such as Oct-4 and Nanog, the Ant4 gene was readily derepressed in differentiated cells after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Moreover, expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b was essential for repression and DNA methylation of the Ant4 gene during ESC differentiation. Although the deduced amino acid sequence of Ant4 is highly homologous to the previously identified Ant isoforms, the expression of Ant4 was uniquely restricted to developing gametes in adult mice, and its promoter hypomethylation was observed only in testis. Additionally, Ant4 was expressed in primordial germ cells. These data indicate that Ant4 is a pluripotent stem cell- and germ cell-specific isoform of adenine nucleotide translocase in mouse and that DNA methylation plays a primary role in its transcriptional silencing in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Rodić
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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5
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Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial genes encoded by both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes have been implicated in a wide range of neuromuscular diseases. MtDNA base substitution and rearrangement mutations generally inactivate one or more tRNA or rRNA genes and can cause myopathy, cardiomyopathy, cataracts, growth retardation, diabetes, etc. nDNA mutations can cause Leigh syndrome, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy, due to defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme complexes; cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) and mtDNA depletion syndrome, through defects in mitochondrial nucleic acid metabolism; and ophthalmoplegia with multiple mtDNA deletions, caused by adenine nucleotide translocator-1 (ANT1) mutations. Mouse models have been prepared that recapitulate a number of these diseases. The mtDNA 16S rRNA chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance mutation was introduced into the mouse female germline and caused cataracts and rod and cone abnormalities in chimeras and neonatal lethal myopathy and cardiomyopathy in mutant animals. A mtDNA deletion was introduced into the mouse germline and caused myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy. Conditional inactivation of the nDNA mitochondrial transcription factor (Tfam) gene in the heart resulted in neonatal lethal cardiomyopathy, while its inactivation in the pancreatic beta-cells caused diabetes. The ATP/ADP ratio was implicated in mitochondrial diabetes through transgenic modification of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP)). Mutational inactivation of the mouse Ant1 gene resulted in myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and multiple mtDNA deletions in association with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Inactivation of uncoupler proteins (Ucp) 1-3 revealed that mitochondrial Delta Psi regulated ROS production. The role of mitochondrial ROS toxicity in disease and aging was confirmed by inactivating glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), resulting in growth retardation, and by total and partial inactivation of Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; Sod2), resulting in neonatal lethal dilated cardiomyopathy and accelerated apoptosis in aging, respectively. The importance of mitochondrial ROS in degenerative diseases and aging was confirmed by treating Sod2 -/- mice and C. elegans with catalytic antioxidant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Wallace
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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6
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Sharer JD, Shern JF, Van Valkenburgh H, Wallace DC, Kahn RA. ARL2 and BART enter mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:71-83. [PMID: 11809823 PMCID: PMC65073 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-05-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 (ARL2) GTPase and its binding partner binder of ARL2 (BART) are ubiquitously expressed in rodent and human tissues and are most abundant in brain. Both ARL2 and BART are predominantly cytosolic, but a pool of each was found associated with mitochondria in a protease-resistant form. ARL2 was found to lack covalent N-myristoylation, present on all other members of the ARF family, thereby preserving the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix as a potential mitochondrial import sequence. An overlay assay was developed to identify binding partners for the BART.ARL2.GTP complex and revealed a specific interaction with a protein in bovine brain mitochondria. Purification and partial microsequencing identified the protein as an adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT). The overlay assay was performed on mitochondria isolated from five different tissues from either wild-type or transgenic mice deleted for ANT1. Results confirmed that ANT1 is the predominant binding partner for the BART.ARL2.GTP complex and that the structurally homologous ANT2 protein does not bind the complex. Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria from ant1(-)/ant1(-) mice had increased levels of ARL2, relative to that seen in mitochondria from wild-type animals. We conclude that the amount of ARL2 in mitochondria is subject to regulation via an ANT1-sensitive pathway in muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Sharer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Levy SE, Chen YS, Graham BH, Wallace DC. Expression and sequence analysis of the mouse adenine nucleotide translocase 1 and 2 genes. Gene 2000; 254:57-66. [PMID: 10974536 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Only two isoforms of the adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) protein have been identified in mouse, as opposed to the three in humans. To determine whether the homologous mouse and human proteins share similar patterns of expression, Northern and Western analyses were performed on several mouse tissues. Mouse Ant1 is expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle and heart, similar to human ANT1. Mouse Ant2 is strongly expressed in all tissues but muscle, in marked contrast to human ANT2. To investigate the molecular basis of these differences, we cloned and sequenced the genomic loci of mouse Ant1 and Ant2, and compared them to the three human ANT loci. The mouse and human ANT1 and ANT2 genes showed substantial homology starting about 300 base pairs (bp) 5' to the coding region and continuing through the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Repeats constituted 32% of 15kb of Ant1 sequence and 36% of the 27kb of Ant2 sequence and included SINEs, LINEs and LTR elements. The core promoters of the mouse and human ANT1 and ANT2 genes are very similar. However, the mouse Ant1 gene lacks the upstream OXBOX and REBOX elements found in human ANT1 genes, thought to be important for muscle-specific expression. The mouse Ant2 gene, like human ANT2, has an upstream GRBOX, yet this element is not associated with suppression of transcription, as hypothesized for human ANT2. These discrepancies indicate that additional studies will be required to fully understand the transcriptional regulation of both Ant1 and Ant2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/genetics
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Levy
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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8
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Giraud S, Bonod-Bidaud C, Wesolowski-Louvel M, Stepien G. Expression of human ANT2 gene in highly proliferative cells: GRBOX, a new transcriptional element, is involved in the regulation of glycolytic ATP import into mitochondria. J Mol Biol 1998; 281:409-18. [PMID: 9698557 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) is the most abundant mitochondrial inner membrane protein which catalyses the exchange of ADP and ATP between cytosol and mitochondria. The human ANT protein has three isoforms encoded by three differentially regulated nuclear genes. The ANT gene expression was examined in several human cells. The gene encoding the ANT2 isoform was found specifically induced in Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed, tumoral and mtDNA lacking rho degrees cell lines. Moreover, the ANT2 gene was preferentially expressed under a glycolytic metabolism. Functional complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant revealed that the human ANT2 protein specifically restores yeast cell growth under anaerobic conditions. Sequence analysis of the ANT2 proximal promoter in comparison to that of the third yeast adenine nucleotide translocator (AAC3) led us to identify a new motif termed GRBOX. Promoter-deletion transfection and mobility gel-shift assays revealed that this motif is recognized by a negative transcriptional regulator. This transcription factor might be involved in a molecular mechanism which selects the import of the glycolytic ATP in the mitochondrial matrix. This ATP import is required in highly proliferative cells, such as tumour cells, which depend strongly on glycolysis for ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giraud
- CNRS UMR-5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, Cedex, 69622, France.
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9
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Doerner A, Pauschinger M, Badorff A, Noutsias M, Giessen S, Schulze K, Bilger J, Rauch U, Schultheiss HP. Tissue-specific transcription pattern of the adenine nucleotide translocase isoforms in humans. FEBS Lett 1997; 414:258-62. [PMID: 9315697 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three adenine nucleotide translocase isoforms (ANT1, ANT2 and ANT3) are coded by different genes. The relative amounts of the three ANT isoform mRNAs were determined in detail in various human tissues. ANT isoforms were co-expressed in all tested tissues revealing tissue-specific transcription patterns. The highest ANT1 mRNA proportions were found in terminally differentiated tissues like skeletal muscle, heart and brain, whereas ANT2 was mainly expressed in tissues capable of proliferation and regeneration as in the kidneys, spleen, liver, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. The ANT3 mRNA proportion was not prominently expressed in any of the tissues tested. In conclusion, tissue-specific expression of ANT isoforms is strongly related to the state of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doerner
- Department of Cardiology, Benjamin Franklin Hospital, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Graham BH, Waymire KG, Cottrell B, Trounce IA, MacGregor GR, Wallace DC. A mouse model for mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy resulting from a deficiency in the heart/muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator. Nat Genet 1997; 16:226-34. [PMID: 9207786 DOI: 10.1038/ng0797-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to create an animal model of tissue-specific mitochondrial disease, we generated 'knockout' mice deficient in the heart/muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (Ant1). Histological and ultrastructural examination of skeletal muscle from Ant1 null mutants revealed ragged-red muscle fibers and a dramatic proliferation of mitochondria, while examination of the heart revealed cardiac hypertrophy with mitochondrial proliferation. Mitochondria isolated from mutant skeletal muscle exhibited a severe defect in coupled respiration. Ant1 mutant adults also had a resting serum lactate level fourfold higher than that of controls, indicative of metabolic acidosis. Significantly, mutant adults manifested severe exercise intolerance. Therefore, Ant1 mutant mice have the biochemical, histological, metabolic and physiological characteristics of mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cardiomegaly/genetics
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cell Respiration
- Cloning, Molecular
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Muscle/genetics
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/deficiency
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/genetics
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Myopathies/genetics
- Mitochondrial Myopathies/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Myopathies/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Physical Exertion
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Stem Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Graham
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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11
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Ellison JW, Li X, Francke U, Shapiro LJ. Rapid evolution of human pseudoautosomal genes and their mouse homologs. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:25-30. [PMID: 8903724 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of genes in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of human and mouse sex chromosomes have thus far been very limited. The only comparisons that can presently be made indicate that the PARs of humans and mice are not identical in terms of gene content. Here we describe additional comparative studies of human pseudoautosomal genes and their mouse homologs. Using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel, we have assigned the mouse homolog of the human pseudoautosomal interleukin 3 receptor alpha subunit (IL3RA) gene to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 14. Attempts to clone the mouse homolog of the human pseudoautosomal adenine nucleotide translocase-3 (ANT3) gene resulted in the isolation of the murine homologs of the human ANT1 and ANT2 genes. The mouse Ant1 and Ant2 genes are very similar in sequence to their human homologs, and we have mapped them to mouse Chromosomes (Chrs) (8 and X respectively) that exhibit conserved synteny with the chromosomes on which the human genes are located. In contrast, the homolog of ANT3 appears to be either very divergent or absent from the mouse genome. Southern blot analysis of DNA from a variety of mammalian species shows restricted conservation of human pseudoautosomal genes, a trend that also applies to the two cloned mouse homologs of these genes and to neighboring human genes in distal Xp22.3. Our observations combined with those of other workers lead us to propose a model for the evolution of the PAR that includes both rapid sequence evolution and the incremental reduction in size of the region during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ellison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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12
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Abstract
The ADP/ATP, phosphate, and oxoglutarate/malate carrier proteins found in the inner membranes of mitochondria, and the uncoupling protein from mitochondria in mammalian brown adipose tissue, belong to the same protein superfamily. Established members of this superfamily have polypeptide chains approximately 300 amino acids long that consist of three tandem related sequences of about 100 amino acids. The tandem repeats from the different proteins are interrelated, and probably have similar secondary structures. The common features of this superfamily are also present in nine proteins of unknown functions characterized by DNA sequencing in various species, most notably in Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The high level expression in Escherichia coli of the bovine oxoglutarate/malate carrier, and the reconstitution of active carrier from the expressed protein, offers encouragement that the identity of superfamily members of known sequence but unknown function may be uncovered by a similar route.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Walker
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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13
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Rossi E, Zarrilli R, Zuffardi O. Regional assignment of the gene coding for a human Graves' disease autoantigen to 10q21.3-q22.1. Hum Genet 1993; 90:653-4. [PMID: 8444471 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for a human Graves' disease autoantigen (hGT) has been isolated from a thyroid expression library. Using this cDNA as a probe, the gene for hGT, previously assigned to chromosome 10, has been further localized to 10q21.3-q22.1 by non-isotopic in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rossi
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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14
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Schiebel K, Weiss B, Wöhrle D, Rappold G. A human pseudoautosomal gene, ADP/ATP translocase, escapes X-inactivation whereas a homologue on Xq is subject to X-inactivation. Nat Genet 1993; 3:82-7. [PMID: 8490661 DOI: 10.1038/ng0193-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning of a highly conserved pseudoautosomal gene on the human sex chromosomes. A cDNA clone was selected by crosshybridization with a microdissected clone from the chromosomal subregion Xp22.3. It encodes a previously characterized member of the ADP/ATP translocase family and plays a fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism. This gene, ANT3, is located approximately 1,300 kilobases from the telomere, proximal to the pseudoautosomal gene CSF2RA, and escapes X-inactivation. Interestingly, a homologue of ANT3, ANT2, maps to Xq and is subject to X-inactivation. These genes provide the first evidence of two closely related X-chromosomal genes, which show striking differences in their X-inactivation behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schiebel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Louvi A, Tsitilou SG. A cDNA clone encoding the ADP/ATP translocase of Drosophila melanogaster shows a high degree of similarity with the mammalian ADP/ATP translocases. J Mol Evol 1992; 35:44-50. [PMID: 1387687 DOI: 10.1007/bf00160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A complementary DNA clone encoding the ADP/ATP translocase in Drosophila melanogaster has been identified. It has been shown by sequence analysis to contain a single open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide 297 amino acids long. This polypeptide shows extensive similarities to the known eukaryotic translocase polypeptides, the similarity being greatest (up to 80% identity) to the mammalian ADP/ATP translocases. In situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster with the sequence characterized in this study showed localization at a single site on the X chromosome at 9E. DNA transfer hybridization experiments suggest that more than one gene coding for the ADP/ATP translocase is present in the D. melanogaster genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Louvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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16
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Stepien G, Torroni A, Chung A, Hodge J, Wallace D. Differential expression of adenine nucleotide translocator isoforms in mammalian tissues and during muscle cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Differential regulation of expression of the multiple ADP/ATP translocase genes in human cells. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Ku DH, Kagan J, Chen ST, Chang CD, Baserga R, Wurzel J. The human fibroblast adenine nucleotide translocator gene. Molecular cloning and sequence. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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