1
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Morris DW. Adaptive responses to habitat change: Theory and tests with field experiments. Ecology 2024; 105:e4333. [PMID: 38826028 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Habitat loss and change are often implicated as the primary causes of species extinction. Although any population can be instantly imperiled by catastrophe, most habitat loss occurs gradually, thus enabling affected individuals an adaptive advantage to occupy the best of their dwindling opportunities. I demonstrate how to infer the advantage between two habitats for any density and frequency-dependent strategy of habitat selection. I explore the concept of an Adaptive Dispersal Strategy Landscape to reveal the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy separately for ideal-free and ideal preemptive habitat selectors. Both solutions reveal an initially counterintuitive expectation that individuals living at high density gain insufficient adaptive advantage to disperse from a deteriorating habitat. Adaptive dispersal is constrained at high density because habitats of better quality are fully occupied. I test the theory with measures of movement and foraging in crossover experiments on a seminatural population of meadow voles. The experiment allowed the voles to choose among patches and between enclosures in which I differentially manipulated food and shelter. Although photographs from an infrared camera documented voles venturing from one habitat to the other, none became resident. Voles preferentially foraged in the richer of the two enclosures, even when I reversed treatments, and they foraged more in patches protected by mulched straw. The adaptive advantage of dispersal using a surrogate fitness proxy based on the voles' giving-up densities mirrored that generated by theory. The convergence between theory and experiment yields much-needed insight into our ability to test, predict, and hopefully resolve, the ecological, evolutionary, and conservation consequences of habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Morris
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Hansen KW, Ranc N, Morgan J, Jordan NR, McNutt JW, Wilson A, Wilmers CC. How territoriality and sociality influence the habitat selection and movements of a large carnivore. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11217. [PMID: 38628916 PMCID: PMC11019303 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
While territoriality is one of the key mechanisms influencing carnivore space use, most studies quantify resource selection and movement in the absence of conspecific influence or territorial structure. Our analysis incorporated social information in a resource selection framework to investigate mechanisms of territoriality and intra-specific competition on the habitat selection of a large, social carnivore. We fit integrated step selection functions to 3-h GPS data from 12 collared African wild dog packs in the Okavango Delta and estimated selection coefficients using a conditional Poisson likelihood with random effects. Packs selected for their neighbors' 30-day boundary (defined as their 95% kernel density estimate) and for their own 90-day core (defined as their 50% kernel density estimate). Neighbors' 30-day boundary had a greater influence on resource selection than any habitat feature. Habitat selection differed when they were within versus beyond their neighbors' 30-day boundary. Pack size, pack tenure, pup presence, and seasonality all mediated how packs responded to neighbors' space use, and seasonal dynamics altered the strength of residency. While newly-formed packs and packs with pups avoided their neighbors' boundary, older packs and those without pups selected for it. Packs also selected for the boundary of larger neighboring packs more strongly than that of smaller ones. Social structure within packs has implications for how they interact with conspecifics, and therefore how they are distributed across the landscape. Future research should continue to investigate how territorial processes are mediated by social dynamics and, in turn, how territorial structure mediates resource selection and movement. These results could inform the development of a human-wildlife conflict (HWC) mitigation tool by co-opting the mechanisms of conspecific interactions to manage space use of endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Whitney Hansen
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz California USA
- Botswana Predator Conservation Maun Botswana
| | - Nathan Ranc
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - John Morgan
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Neil R Jordan
- Botswana Predator Conservation Maun Botswana
- Center for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia Dubbo New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Alan Wilson
- Structure & Motion Lab, Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College London UK
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3
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Xu Y, Yang B, Dai Q, Pan H, Zhong X, Ran J, Yang X, Gu X, Yang Z, Qi D, Hou R, Zhang Z. Landscape-scale giant panda conservation based on metapopulations within China's national park system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8637. [PMID: 35905183 PMCID: PMC9337760 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, giant panda conservation in China has been compromised by disparate management of protected areas. It is thus crucial to address how giant panda populations can be managed cohesively on a landscape scale, an opportunity offered by China's newly established Giant Panda National Park. Here, we evaluated giant panda populations in a metapopulation context, based on range-wide data from the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey. We delineated metapopulations by geographic range, relative abundance, and relative density and assessed the extent of human disturbance each metapopulation faced. We found density-dependent and disturbance-influenced effects on habitat selection across metapopulations. We determined the main effects faced by each metapopulation regarding area sensitivity, population size, intraspecific competition, and disturbance. To enhance the landscape-scale conservation of giant pandas and various other wildlife across China's national park system, we propose that metapopulation management incorporates population status along with density-dependent and disturbance-related effects on habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Han Pan
- Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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Schmidt NM, van Beest FM, Dupuch A, Hansen LH, Desforges JP, Morris DW. Long-term patterns in winter habitat selection, breeding and predation in a density-fluctuating, high Arctic lemming population. Oecologia 2021; 195:927-935. [PMID: 33609167 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection is expected to balance benefits and costs that maximizes fitness. Using a rare data set on collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) winter nest location spanning more than two decades, we show that lemmings actively select for Salix snow beds, likely due to its favorable micro-climate, and that lemming habitat selection was density-dependent. Lemmings nevertheless exhibited some flexibility in their habitat selection, which appeared to be influenced by the year-to-year variation in snow conditions. The likelihood of both lemming breeding and nest predation by stoats (Mustela erminea) was not directly linked to habitat despite a delicate interplay between habitat, nest size, breeding, and predation. Hence, the larger lemming nests were found in Salix snow beds, and these were more often used for breeding, but both larger nests and nests used for breeding were also predated more often than other nests. Our study provides a clear example of how density-dependent habitat selection acts to balance fitness in the various habitats utilized by collared lemmings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels M Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark. .,Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Floris M van Beest
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.,Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Angelique Dupuch
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 rue principale, Ripon, J0V 1V0, Canada
| | - Lars H Hansen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Douglas W Morris
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
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5
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Morris DW. Time-averaging voles match density with long-term habitat quality. Ecology 2020; 101:e03036. [PMID: 32129877 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An optimal habitat-selecting organism should use a dispersal strategy that enables occupation of the habitat yielding greatest fitness. The strategy is complicated when habitat quality varies through time. Theory predicts that the long-term distribution of individuals will match mean habitat quality while undermatching current habitat quality. I tested the prediction with experiments on controlled populations of meadow voles occupying two pairs of field enclosures. I released equal numbers, and equal sexes, of voles in each enclosure, and varied resource abundance between enclosures by supplemental feeding. I measured the voles' response with giving-up densities (GUDs) in artificial foraging patches, and with live-trapping at the end of the experiment. The data were consistent with only one of four a priori dispersal models. Giving-up densities declined with resource supply because short-term supply had no effect on population density. GUDs were invariant to the time course of the experiment because densities were proportional to each enclosure's long-term mean quality. Similar patterns in sex ratios and patterns of habitat occupation by juvenile voles born during the experiment reinforce the interpretation of time-averaged habitat matching. This study adds to the cumulating evidence that strategies of space use converge toward behavioral and evolutionary optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Morris
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
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O'Neil ST, Vucetich JA, Beyer DE, Hoy SR, Bump JK. Territoriality drives preemptive habitat selection in recovering wolves: Implications for carnivore conservation. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1433-1447. [PMID: 32145068 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to the ideal-free distribution (IFD), individuals within a population are free to select habitats that maximize their chances of success. Assuming knowledge of habitat quality, the IFD predicts that average fitness will be approximately equal among individuals and between habitats, while density varies, implying that habitat selection will be density dependent. Populations are often assumed to follow an IFD, although this assumption is rarely tested with empirical data, and may be incorrect when territoriality indicates habitat selection tactics that deviate from the IFD (e.g. ideal-despotic distribution or ideal-preemptive distribution). When territoriality influences habitat selection, species' density will not directly reflect components of fitness such as reproductive success or survival. In such cases, assuming an IFD can lead to false conclusions about habitat quality. We tested theoretical models of density-dependent habitat selection on a species known to exhibit territorial behaviour in order to determine whether commonly applied habitat models are appropriate under these circumstances. We combined long-term radiotelemetry and census data from grey wolves Canis lupus in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA to relate spatiotemporal variability in wolf density to underlying classifications of habitat within a hierarchical state-space modelling framework. We then iteratively applied isodar analysis to evaluate which distribution of habitat selection best described this recolonizing wolf population. The wolf population in our study expanded by >1,000% during our study (~50 to >600 individuals), and density-dependent habitat selection was most consistent with the ideal-preemptive distribution, as opposed to the ideal-free or ideal-despotic alternatives. Population density of terrestrial carnivores may not be positively correlated with the fitness value of their habitats, and density-dependent habitat selection patterns may help to explain complex predator-prey dynamics and cascading indirect effects. Source-sink population dynamics appear likely when species exhibit rapid growth and occupy interspersed habitats of contrasting quality. These conditions are likely and have implications for large carnivores in many systems, such as areas in North America and Europe where large predator species are currently recolonizing their former ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T O'Neil
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA
| | - John A Vucetich
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Dean E Beyer
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA.,Wildlife Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1990 U.S. Hwy 41 So, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Sarah R Hoy
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Joseph K Bump
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, USA
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O'Neil ST, Beyer DE, Bump JK. Territorial landscapes: incorporating density-dependence into wolf habitat selection studies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190282. [PMID: 31827818 PMCID: PMC6894554 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Habitat selection is a process that spans space, time and individual life histories. Ecological analyses of animal distributions and preferences are most accurate when they account for inherent dynamics of the habitat selection process. Strong territoriality can constrain perception of habitat availability by individual animals or groups attempting to colonize or establish new territory. Because habitat selection is a function of habitat availability, broad-scale changes in habitat availability or occupancy can drive density-dependent habitat functional responses. We investigated density-dependent habitat selection over a 19-year period of grey wolf (Canis lupus) recovery in Michigan, USA, using a generalized linear mixed model framework to develop a resource selection probability function (RSPF) with habitat coefficients conditioned on random effects for wolf packs and random year intercepts. In addition, we allowed habitat coefficients to vary as interactions with increasing wolf density over space and time. Results indicated that pack presence was driven by factors representing topography, human development, winter prey availability, forest structure, roads, streams and snow. Importantly, responses to many of these predictors were density-dependent. Spatio-temporal dynamics and population changes can cause considerable variation in wildlife-habitat relationships, possibly confounding interpretation of conventional habitat selection models. By incorporating territoriality into an RSPF analysis, we determined that wolves' habitat use in Michigan shifted over time, for example, exhibiting declining responses to winter prey indices and switching from positive to negative responses with respect to stream densities. We consider this an important example of a habitat functional response in wolves, driven by colonization, density-dependence and changes in occupancy during a time period of range expansion and population increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T. O'Neil
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Avenue, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Dean E. Beyer
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Avenue, Houghton, MI, USA
- Wildlife Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Joseph K. Bump
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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8
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Optimal decision making and matching are tied through diminishing returns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8499-8504. [PMID: 28739920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703440114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How individuals make decisions has been a matter of long-standing debate among economists and researchers in the life sciences. In economics, subjects are viewed as optimal decision makers who maximize their overall reward income. This framework has been widely influential, but requires a complete knowledge of the reward contingencies associated with a given choice situation. Psychologists and ecologists have observed that individuals tend to use a simpler "matching" strategy, distributing their behavior in proportion to relative rewards associated with their options. This article demonstrates that the two dominant frameworks of choice behavior are linked through the law of diminishing returns. The relatively simple matching can in fact provide maximal reward when the rewards associated with decision makers' options saturate with the invested effort. Such saturating relationships between reward and effort are hallmarks of the law of diminishing returns. Given the prevalence of diminishing returns in nature and social settings, this finding can explain why humans and animals so commonly behave according to the matching law. The article underscores the importance of the law of diminishing returns in choice behavior.
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Rodewald AD, Arcese P. Reproductive Contributions of Cardinals Are Consistent with a Hypothesis of Relaxed Selection in Urban Landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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10
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Ethier DM, Koper N, Nudds TD. Spatiotemporal variation in mechanisms driving regional-scale population dynamics of a Threatened grassland bird. Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 28649328 PMCID: PMC5478086 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve national population targets for migratory birds, landscape‐level conservation approaches are increasingly encouraged. However, knowledge of the mechanisms that drive spatiotemporal patterns in population dynamics are needed to inform scale‐variant policy development. Using hierarchical Bayesian models and variable selection, we determined by which mechanism(s), and to what extent, changes in quantity and quality of surrogate grassland habitats contributed to regional variation in population trends of an obligatory grassland bird, Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorous). We used North American Breeding Bird Survey data to develop spatially explicit models of regional population trends over 25 years across 35 agricultural census divisions in Ontario, Canada. We measured the strength of evidence for effects of land‐use change on population trends over the entire study period and over five subperiods. Over the entire study period, one region (Perth) displayed strong evidence of population decline (95% CI is entirely below 0); four regions displayed strong evidence of population increase (Bruce, Simcoe, Peterborough, and Northumberland). Population trends shifted spatially among subperiods, with more extreme declines later in time (1986–1990: 28% of 35 census divisions, 1991–1995: 46%, 1996–2000: 40%, 2001–2005: 66%, 2006–2010: 82%). Important predictors of spatial patterns in Bobolink population trends over the entire study period were human development and fragmentation. However, factors inferred to drive patterns in population trends were not consistent over space and time. This result underscores that effective threat identification (both spatially and temporally) and implementation of flexible, regionally tailored policies will be critical to realize efficient conservation of Bobolink and similar at‐risk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Ethier
- Department of Integrative Biology Summerlee Science Complex University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - Nicola Koper
- Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Thomas D Nudds
- Department of Integrative Biology Summerlee Science Complex University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
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11
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Huntsman BM, Falke JA, Savereide JW, Bennett KE. The role of density-dependent and -independent processes in spawning habitat selection by salmon in an Arctic riverscape. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177467. [PMID: 28531202 PMCID: PMC5439693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-dependent (DD) and density-independent (DI) habitat selection is strongly linked to a species’ evolutionary history. Determining the relative importance of each is necessary because declining populations are not always the result of altered DI mechanisms but can often be the result of DD via a reduced carrying capacity. We developed spatially and temporally explicit models throughout the Chena River, Alaska to predict important DI mechanisms that influence Chinook salmon spawning success. We used resource-selection functions to predict suitable spawning habitat based on geomorphic characteristics, a semi-distributed water-and-energy balance hydrologic model to generate stream flow metrics, and modeled stream temperature as a function of climatic variables. Spawner counts were predicted throughout the core and periphery spawning sections of the Chena River from escapement estimates (DD) and DI variables. Additionally, we used isodar analysis to identify whether spawners actively defend spawning habitat or follow an ideal free distribution along the riverscape. Aerial counts were best explained by escapement and reference to the core or periphery, while no models with DI variables were supported in the candidate set. Furthermore, isodar plots indicated habitat selection was best explained by ideal free distributions, although there was strong evidence for active defense of core spawning habitat. Our results are surprising, given salmon commonly defend spawning resources, and are likely due to competition occurring at finer spatial scales than addressed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock M. Huntsman
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey A. Falke
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - James W. Savereide
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Katrina E. Bennett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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12
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Bartolino V, Tian H, Bergström U, Jounela P, Aro E, Dieterich C, Meier HEM, Cardinale M, Bland B, Casini M. Spatio-temporal dynamics of a fish predator: Density-dependent and hydrographic effects on Baltic Sea cod population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172004. [PMID: 28207804 PMCID: PMC5313222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of spatial population dynamics is crucial for the successful management of exploited species and ecosystems. However, the underlying mechanisms of spatial distribution are generally complex due to the concurrent forcing of both density-dependent species interactions and density-independent environmental factors. Despite the high economic value and central ecological importance of cod in the Baltic Sea, the drivers of its spatio-temporal population dynamics have not been analytically investigated so far. In this paper, we used an extensive trawl survey dataset in combination with environmental data to investigate the spatial dynamics of the distribution of the Eastern Baltic cod during the past three decades using Generalized Additive Models. The results showed that adult cod distribution was mainly affected by cod population size, and to a minor degree by small-scale hydrological factors and the extent of suitable reproductive areas. As population size decreases, the cod population concentrates to the southern part of the Baltic Sea, where the preferred more marine environment conditions are encountered. Using the fitted models, we predicted the Baltic cod distribution back to the 1970s and a temporal index of cod spatial occupation was developed. Our study will contribute to the management and conservation of this important resource and of the ecosystem where it occurs, by showing the forces shaping its spatial distribution and therefore the potential response of the population to future exploitation and environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Bartolino
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Huidong Tian
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jounela
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Turku, Finland
| | - Eero Aro
- Puolipäivänkatu 4 A 6, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Dieterich
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research Department, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - H. E. Markus Meier
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research Department, Norrköping, Sweden
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Rostock, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Barbara Bland
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Michele Casini
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
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13
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Tarjuelo R, Traba J, Morales MB, Morris DW. Isodars unveil asymmetric effects on habitat use caused by competition between two endangered species. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Tarjuelo
- Dept of Ecology; Univ. Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin, 2 ES-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Traba
- Dept of Ecology; Univ. Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin, 2 ES-28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel B. Morales
- Dept of Ecology; Univ. Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin, 2 ES-28049 Madrid Spain
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14
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Martineau J, Pothier D, Fortin D. Processes driving short-term temporal dynamics of small mammal distribution in human-disturbed environments. Oecologia 2016; 181:831-40. [PMID: 27003700 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the impact of anthropogenic activities intensifies worldwide, an increasing proportion of landscape is converted to early successional stages every year. To understand and anticipate the global effects of the human footprint on wildlife, assessing short-term changes in animal populations in response to disturbance events is becoming increasingly important. We used isodar habitat selection theory to reveal the consequences of timber harvesting on the ecological processes that control the distribution dynamics of a small mammal, the red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi). The abundance of voles was estimated in pairs of cut and uncut forest stands, prior to logging and up to 2 years afterwards. A week after logging, voles did not display any preference between cut and uncut stands, and a non-significant isodar indicated that their distribution was not driven by density-dependent habitat selection. One month after harvesting, however, juvenile abundance increased in cut stands, whereas the highest proportions of reproductive females were observed in uncut stands. This distribution pattern appears to result from interference competition, with juveniles moving into cuts where there was weaker competition with adults. In fact, the emergence of source-sink dynamics between uncut and cut stands, driven by interference competition, could explain why the abundance of red-backed voles became lower in cut (the sink) than uncut (the source) stands 1-2 years after logging. Our study demonstrates that the influences of density-dependent habitat selection and interference competition in shaping animal distribution can vary frequently, and for several months, following anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martineau
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG, Université Laval en Sylviculture et Faune, Québec, Canada
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - David Pothier
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG, Université Laval en Sylviculture et Faune, Québec, Canada
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG, Université Laval en Sylviculture et Faune, Québec, Canada.
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Bradbury JW, Vehrencamp SL, Clifton KE. The ideal free antelope: foraging dispersions. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tardy O, Massé A, Pelletier F, Fortin D. Resampling method for applying density-dependent habitat selection theory to wildlife surveys. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128238. [PMID: 26042998 PMCID: PMC4456250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodar theory can be used to evaluate fitness consequences of density-dependent habitat selection by animals. A typical habitat isodar is a regression curve plotting competitor densities in two adjacent habitats when individual fitness is equal. Despite the increasing use of habitat isodars, their application remains largely limited to areas composed of pairs of adjacent habitats that are defined a priori. We developed a resampling method that uses data from wildlife surveys to build isodars in heterogeneous landscapes without having to predefine habitat types. The method consists in randomly placing blocks over the survey area and dividing those blocks in two adjacent sub-blocks of the same size. Animal abundance is then estimated within the two sub-blocks. This process is done 100 times. Different functional forms of isodars can be investigated by relating animal abundance and differences in habitat features between sub-blocks. We applied this method to abundance data of raccoons and striped skunks, two of the main hosts of rabies virus in North America. Habitat selection by raccoons and striped skunks depended on both conspecific abundance and the difference in landscape composition and structure between sub-blocks. When conspecific abundance was low, raccoons and striped skunks favored areas with relatively high proportions of forests and anthropogenic features, respectively. Under high conspecific abundance, however, both species preferred areas with rather large corn-forest edge densities and corn field proportions. Based on random sampling techniques, we provide a robust method that is applicable to a broad range of species, including medium- to large-sized mammals with high mobility. The method is sufficiently flexible to incorporate multiple environmental covariates that can reflect key requirements of the focal species. We thus illustrate how isodar theory can be used with wildlife surveys to assess density-dependent habitat selection over large geographic extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Tardy
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt and Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariane Massé
- Direction de la biodiversité et des maladies de la faune, Direction générale de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt and Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Falcy MR. Density-dependent habitat selection of spawning Chinook salmon: broad-scale evidence and implications. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:545-53. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Falcy
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; 4034 Fairview Industrial Dr SE Salem OR 97302 USA
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Haché S, Villard MA, Bayne EM. Experimental evidence for an ideal free distribution in a breeding population of a territorial songbird. Ecology 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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China V, Kotler BP, Shefer N, Brown JS, Abramsky Z. Density-Dependent Habitat and Patch use in Gerbils: Consequences of Safety in Numbers? Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.54.3-4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Knight TW, Morris DW, Haedrich RL. Inferring Competitive Behavior from Population Census and Habitat Data. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.54.3-4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Morris DW, Mukherjee S. Is Density-Dependent Resource Harvest A Reliable Habitat Indicator for Conservation and Management? Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.53.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Manning JA, Garton EO. A piecewise linear modeling approach for testing competing theories of habitat selection: an example with mule deer in northern winter ranges. Oecologia 2012. [PMID: 23203509 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection fundamentally drives the distribution of organisms across landscapes; density-dependent habitat selection (DDHS) is considered a central component of ecological theories explaining habitat use and population regulation. A preponderance of DDHS theories is based on ideal distributions, such that organisms select habitat according to either the ideal free, despotic, or pre-emptive distributions. Models that can be used to simultaneously test competing DDHS theories are desirable to help improve our understanding of habitat selection. We developed hierarchical, piecewise linear models that allow for simultaneous testing of DDHS theories and accommodate densities from multiple habitats and regional populations, environmental covariates, and random effects. We demonstrate the use of these models with data on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) abundance and net energy costs in different snow depths within winter ranges of five regional populations in western Idaho, USA. Regional population density explained 40% of the variation in population growth, and we found that deer were ideal free in winter ranges. Deer occupied habitats with lowest net energy costs at higher densities and at a higher rate than compared to habitats with intermediate and high energy costs. The proportion of a regional population in low energy cost habitat the previous year accounted for a significant amount of variation in population growth (17%), demonstrating the importance of winter habitat selection in regulating deer populations. These linear models are most appropriate for empirical data collected from centralized habitat patches within the local range of a species where individuals are either year-round residents or migratory (but have already arrived from migration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Manning
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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Abstract
The struggle for existence occurs through the vital rates of population growth. This basic fact demonstrates the tight connection between ecology and evolution that defines the emerging field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. An effective synthesis of the interdependencies between ecology and evolution is grounded in six principles. The mechanics of evolution specifies the origin and rules governing traits and evolutionary strategies. Traits and evolutionary strategies achieve their selective value through their functional relationships with fitness. Function depends on the underlying structure of variation and the temporal, spatial and organizational scales of evolution. An understanding of how changes in traits and strategies occur requires conjoining ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Adaptation merges these five pillars to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ecological and evolutionary change. I demonstrate the value of this world-view with reference to the theory and practice of habitat selection. The theory allows us to assess evolutionarily stable strategies and states of habitat selection, and to draw the adaptive landscapes for habitat-selecting species. The landscapes can then be used to forecast future evolution under a variety of climate change and other scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Morris
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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Lerner A, Sapir N, Erlick C, Meltser N, Broza M, Shashar N. Habitat availability mediates chironomid density-dependent oviposition. Oecologia 2011; 165:905-14. [PMID: 21212984 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of density-dependent processes and how they are mediated by environmental factors is critically important for understanding population and community ecology of insects, as well as for mitigating harmful insect-borne diseases. Here, we tested whether the oviposition of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae; non-biting midges), known to carry the Cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae, is density dependent and if it is mediated by habitat availability. We used two multiple choice experiments in habitat-limited and habitat-unlimited environments and performed isodar analysis on counts of egg batches after controlling the polarization of light reflected from the habitats, which is known to affect their attractiveness to ovipositing chironomids. We found that, when habitats are limited, egg batch isodars indicate that chironomid selection is density dependent. Although a greater number of individuals selected to oviposit in highly polarized sites, oviposition was also common in sites with low polarization. When habitats are unlimited, chironomid selection is either weakly density dependent, or completely density independent. Chironomids oviposit to a very large extent in sites with high level of polarization, oviposit to a small extent in sites with medium level of polarization, and almost completely disregard unpolarized sites. We suggest that ovipositing females consider the availability of habitats in their surroundings when they choose an oviposition site. When high quality habitats are scarce, more females opt to breed in low quality sites. These findings may be used to limit the spread of Cholera by controlling the habitats available for chironomid oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lerner
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J Safra Campus Giv'at-Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Hodson J, Fortin D, Leblanc ML, Bélanger L. An appraisal of the fitness consequences of forest disturbance for wildlife using habitat selection theory. Oecologia 2010; 164:73-86. [PMID: 20658153 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isodar theory can help to unveil the fitness consequences of habitat disturbance for wildlife through an evaluation of adaptive habitat selection using patterns of animal abundance in adjacent habitats. By incorporating measures of disturbance intensity or variations in resource availability into fitness-density functions, we can evaluate the functional form of isodars expected under different disturbance-fitness relationships. Using this framework, we investigated how a gradient of forest harvesting disturbance and differences in resource availability influenced habitat quality for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) using pairs of logged and uncut boreal forest. Isodars for both species had positive intercepts, indicating reductions to maximum potential fitness in logged stands. Habitat selection by hares depended on both conspecific density and differences in canopy cover between harvested and uncut stands. Fitness-density curves for hares in logged stands were predicted to shift from diverging to converging with those in uncut forest across a gradient of high to low disturbance intensity. Selection for uncut forests thus became less pronounced with increasing population size at low levels of logging disturbance. Voles responded to differences in moss cover between habitats which reflected moisture availability. Lower moss cover in harvested stands either reduced maximum potential fitness or increased the relative rate of decline in fitness with density. Differences in vole densities between harvested and uncut stands were predicted, however, to diminish as populations increased. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for density-dependent behaviors when evaluating how changing habitat conditions influence animal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hodson
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Morand-Ferron J, Lalande É, Giraldeau LA. Large-scale Input Matching by Urban Feral Pigeons (Columba livia). Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krivan V, Sirot E. Habitat selection by two competing species in a two-habitat environment. Am Nat 2008; 160:214-34. [PMID: 18707488 DOI: 10.1086/341016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of habitat selection strategies for two species that compete in an environment consisting of two different habitats. Our fitness functions are derived from the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, and we assume that individuals settle in the habitat in which their fitness is maximized. We derive an ideal free distribution across the habitats for both species. Our model provides analytical and graphical descriptions of individual habitat selection behavior, isolegs (the boundary lines separating regions where qualitatively different habitat preferences are predicted), and spatial population distributions. Our analysis reveals complex isolegs, several novel patterns of habitat distribution, and even situations where spatial strategies, as well as the relative abundances of coexisting species, exhibit only local stability. Hence, distributions of competing species may be determined not solely by their respective densities but also by the order of colonization. This happens, however, only for extreme levels of interspecific competition. In the situation where one competitor species is dominant over the other, our model predicts isolegs that qualitatively agree with observed behavioral patterns. However, our model predicts a greater variety of possible situations than has been previously described. Finally, we analyze the influence of habitat selection behavior on species isoclines and verify that increasing interspecific competition leads to habitat segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Krivan
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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31
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Rodewald AD, Shustack DP. CONSUMER RESOURCE MATCHING IN URBANIZING LANDSCAPES: ARE SYNANTHROPIC SPECIES OVER-MATCHING. Ecology 2008; 89:515-21. [DOI: 10.1890/07-0358.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krivan V, Cressman R, Schneider C. The ideal free distribution: a review and synthesis of the game-theoretic perspective. Theor Popul Biol 2008; 73:403-25. [PMID: 18282592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ideal Free Distribution (IFD), introduced by Fretwell and Lucas in [Fretwell, D.S., Lucas, H.L., 1970. On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. Acta Biotheoretica 19, 16-32] to predict how a single species will distribute itself among several patches, is often cited as an example of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). By defining the strategies and payoffs for habitat selection, this article puts the IFD concept in a more general game-theoretic setting of the "habitat selection game". Within this game-theoretic framework, the article focuses on recent progress in the following directions: (1) studying evolutionarily stable dispersal rates and corresponding dispersal dynamics; (2) extending the concept when population numbers are not fixed but undergo population dynamics; (3) generalizing the IFD to multiple species. For a single species, the article briefly reviews existing results. It also develops a new perspective for Parker's matching principle, showing that this can be viewed as the IFD of the habitat selection game that models consumer behavior in several resource patches and analyzing complications involved when the model includes resource dynamics as well. For two species, the article first demonstrates that the connection between IFD and ESS is now more delicate by pointing out pitfalls that arise when applying several existing game-theoretic approaches to these habitat selection games. However, by providing a new detailed analysis of dispersal dynamics for predator-prey or competitive interactions in two habitats, it also pinpoints one approach that shows much promise in this general setting, the so-called "two-species ESS". The consequences of this concept are shown to be related to recent studies of population dynamics combined with individual dispersal and are explored for more species or more patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Krivan
- Department of Theoretical Ecology, Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic.
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33
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Rodewald AD, Shustack DP. Urban flight: understanding individual and population-level responses of Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds to urbanization. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:83-91. [PMID: 17976185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Rodewald
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, USA.
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34
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35
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Carr D, Bowman J, J. Wilson P. Density-dependent dispersal suggests a genetic measure of habitat suitability. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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SHUKUROGLOU PAVLINA, MCCARTHY MICHAELA. Modelling the occurrence of rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) in Melbourne. AUSTRAL ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Padrón V, Trevisan MC. Environmentally induced dispersal under heterogeneous logistic growth. Math Biosci 2006; 199:160-74. [PMID: 16427656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We consider a single-species model which is composed of several habitats connected by linear migration rates and having logistic growth. A spatially varying, temporally constant environment is introduced by the non-homogeneity of its carrying capacity. Under this condition any type of purely diffusive behavior, characterized in our model by symmetric migration rates, produces an unbalanced population distribution, i.e. some locations receive more individuals than can be supported by the environmental carrying capacity, while others receive less. Using an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) approach we show that an asymmetric migration mechanism, induced by the heterogeneous carrying capacity of the environment, will be selected. This strategy balances the inflow and outflow of individuals in each habitat (balanced dispersal), as well as 'balancing' the spatial distribution relative to variation in carrying capacity (the Ideal Free Distribution from habitat selection theory). We show that several quantities are maximized or minimized by the evolutionarily stable dispersal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Padrón
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, 127 Vincent Hall, 206 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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W. Morris D, E. Diffendorfer J, Lundberg P. Dispersal among habitats varying in fitness: reciprocating migration through ideal habitat selection. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MORITA KENTARO, TSUBOI JUNICHI, MATSUDA HIROYUKI. The impact of exotic trout on native charr in a Japanese stream. J Appl Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cressman R, Krivan V, Garay J. Ideal free distributions, evolutionary games, and population dynamics in multiple-species environments. Am Nat 2004; 164:473-89. [PMID: 15459879 DOI: 10.1086/423827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we develop population game theory, a theory that combines the dynamics of animal behavior with population dynamics. In particular, we study interaction and distribution of two species in a two-patch environment assuming that individuals behave adaptively (i.e., they maximize Darwinian fitness). Either the two species are competing for resources or they are in a predator-prey relationship. Using some recent advances in evolutionary game theory, we extend the classical ideal free distribution (IFD) concept for single species to two interacting species. We study population dynamical consequences of two-species IFD by comparing two systems: one where individuals cannot migrate between habitats and one where migration is possible. For single species, predator-prey interactions, and competing species, we show that these two types of behavior lead to the same population equilibria and corresponding species spatial distributions, provided interspecific competition is patch independent. However, if differences between patches are such that competition is patch dependent, then our predictions strongly depend on whether animals can migrate or not. In particular, we show that when species are settled at their equilibrium population densities in both habitats in the environment where migration between habitats is blocked, then the corresponding species spatial distribution need not be an IFD. Thus, when species are given the opportunity to migrate, they will redistribute to reach an IFD (e.g., under which the two species can completely segregate), and this redistribution will also influence species population equilibrial densities. Alternatively, we also show that when two species are distributed according to the IFD, the corresponding population equilibrium can be unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cressman
- Department of Mathematics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Penteriani V, Delgado MD, Gallardo M, Ferrer M. Spatial heterogeneity and structure of bird populations: a case example with the eagle owl. POPUL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-004-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Krasnov BR, Khokhlova IS, Shenbrot GI. Density-dependent host selection in ectoparasites: an application of isodar theory to fleas parasitizing rodents. Oecologia 2003; 134:365-72. [PMID: 12647144 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-1122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2002] [Accepted: 10/27/2002] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasites should make the same decisions that every animal makes regarding fitness reward. They can maximize reproductive success by selection of those habitats that guarantee the greatest fitness output. We consider the host population as a habitat of a parasite population. Consequently, hosts (=habitats) that differ quantitatively or qualitatively will support different numbers of parasites. The nature of habitat selection can be detected by isodars, lines along which habitat selection yields equivalent fitness reward. We applied this approach to study host selection of five fleas, each infesting two desert rodents. Xenopsylla conformis, Xenopsylla ramesis, Nosopsyllus iranus theodori and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis parasitize Gerbillus dasyurus and Meriones crassus. Synosternus cleopatrae pyramidis parasitizes Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi and Gerbillus pyramidum. Three fleas ( X. conformis, X. ramesis and S. c. pyramidis) were able to perceive quantitative (amount of the resource; e.g. organic matter in the nest for flea larvae) and/or qualitative (pattern of resource acquisition; e.g. host defensiveness) differences between hosts. Two other fleas did not perceive between-host differences. X. conformis was a density-dependent host selector that showed sharp selectivity at low density. X. ramesis and S. c. pyramidis were density-independent host selectors with a direct correspondence of density with habitat quality. N. i. theodori and S. t. medialis were non-selectors with no relationship at all between density and host quality. The results of the application of the isodar theory suggest that ectoparasites, like other animals, behave as if they are able to make choices and decisions that favour environments in which their reproductive benefit is maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris R Krasnov
- Ramon Science Centre and Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 194, 80600 Mizpe Ramon, Israel.
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46
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Shochat E, Abramsky Z, Pinshow B, Whitehouse M. Density-dependent habitat selection in migratory passerines during stopover: what causes the deviation from IFD? Evol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1020851801732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Pusenius J, Schmidt KA. The effects of habitat manipulation on population distribution and foraging behavior in meadow voles. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Edwards GP, Preu NDE, Crealy IV, Shakeshaft BJ. Habitat selection by feral cats and dingoes in a semi-arid woodland environment in central Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kingston SR, Morris DW. Voles looking for an edge: habitat selection across forest ecotones. CAN J ZOOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/z00-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We searched for the presence of "edge effects" in the occupation of adjacent boreal-forest habitats by red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi). First, we reviewed four models that differ in their predictions of abundance at habitat boundaries. Three of the models predicted an edge effect, while the so-called matrix or habitat model served as a null expectation. We then developed a protocol to detect, objectively, the ecotone between two habitats that is necessary to differentiate among the four models. The protocol revealed both abrupt and gradual ecotones along transects crossing conifer to cutover and conifer to deciduous habitats. Though vole density was almost always higher on one side of the ecotone than on the other, we were unable to detect an edge effect of any kind. Vole density within ecotones was intermediate to that on each side (refuting the existence of an ecotone effect). There were also no differences in the pattern of density between abrupt and gradual ecotones (refuting the existence of a permeability effect), and no consistent pattern of vole density away from either type of ecotone (refuting the existence of a habitat-selection effect). Simulations that manipulated vole densities along the transects suggested, however, that the habitats may have been too similar to allow a habitat-selection effect to be detected. We suspect that our result will be common to moderately generalised species, and we recommend that controlled experiments be carried out to evaluate the conditions under which habitat-selecting species may exhibit edge effects.
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