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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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Selzer L, Su Z, Pintilie GD, Chiu W, Kirkegaard K. Full-length three-dimensional structure of the influenza A virus M1 protein and its organization into a matrix layer. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000827. [PMID: 32997652 PMCID: PMC7549809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix proteins are encoded by many enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses, herpes viruses, and coronaviruses. Underneath the viral envelope of influenza virus, matrix protein 1 (M1) forms an oligomeric layer critical for particle stability and pH-dependent RNA genome release. However, high-resolution structures of full-length monomeric M1 and the matrix layer have not been available, impeding antiviral targeting and understanding of the pH-dependent transitions involved in cell entry. Here, purification and extensive mutagenesis revealed protein–protein interfaces required for the formation of multilayered helical M1 oligomers similar to those observed in virions exposed to the low pH of cell entry. However, single-layered helical oligomers with biochemical and ultrastructural similarity to those found in infectious virions before cell entry were observed upon mutation of a single amino acid. The highly ordered structure of the single-layered oligomers and their likeness to the matrix layer of intact virions prompted structural analysis by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The resulting 3.4-Å–resolution structure revealed the molecular details of M1 folding and its organization within the single-shelled matrix. The solution of the full-length M1 structure, the identification of critical assembly interfaces, and the development of M1 assembly assays with purified proteins are crucial advances for antiviral targeting of influenza viruses. Multi-subunit shells of matrix proteins line the interior of infectious influenza virus particles. In this study, biochemical purification of wild-type and mutant influenza M1 proteins allows the structural determination of an oligomer whose shape corresponds to that of infectious virions and suggests mechanisms for its formation and dismantling during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Selzer
- Departments of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- Department of Bioengineering, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Grigore D. Pintilie
- Department of Bioengineering, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KK); (WC)
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Departments of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KK); (WC)
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Furukawa T, Muraki Y, Noda T, Takashita E, Sho R, Sugawara K, Matsuzaki Y, Shimotai Y, Hongo S. Role of the CM2 protein in the influenza C virus replication cycle. J Virol 2011; 85:1322-9. [PMID: 21106743 PMCID: PMC3020500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01367-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CM2 is the second membrane protein of influenza C virus. Although its biochemical characteristics, coding strategy, and properties as an ion channel have been extensively studied, the role(s) of CM2 in the virus replication cycle remains to be clarified. In order to elucidate this role, in the present study we generated CM2-deficient influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) and examined the VLP-producing 293T cells, VLPs, and VLP-infected HMV-II cells. Quantification of viral RNA (vRNA) in the VLPs by real-time PCR revealed that the CM2-deficient VLPs contain approximately one-third of the vRNA found in wild-type VLPs although no significant differences were detected in the expression levels of viral components in VLP-producing cells or in the number and morphology of the generated VLPs. This finding suggests that CM2 is involved in the genome packaging process into VLPs. Furthermore, HMV-II cells infected with CM2-deficient VLPs exhibited significantly reduced reporter gene expression. Although CM2-deficient VLPs could be internalized into HMV-II cells as efficiently as wild-type VLPs, a smaller amount of vRNA was detected in the nuclear fraction of CM2-deficient VLP-infected cells than in that of wild-type VLP-infected cells, suggesting that the uncoating process of the CM2-deficient VLPs in the infected cells did not proceed in an appropriate manner. Taken together, the data obtained in the present study indicate that CM2 has a potential role in the genome packaging and uncoating processes of the virus replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Furukawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ri Sho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Muraki Y, Washioka H, Sugawara K, Matsuzaki Y, Takashita E, Hongo S. Identification of an amino acid residue on influenza C virus M1 protein responsible for formation of the cord-like structures of the virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1885-1893. [PMID: 15218173 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) have been generated from cloned cDNAs. A cDNA of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in antisense orientation was flanked by the 5' and 3' non-coding regions of RNA segment 5 of the influenza C virus. The cDNA cassette was inserted between an RNA polymerase I promoter and terminator of the Pol I vector. This plasmid DNA was transfected into 293T cells together with plasmids encoding virus proteins of C/Ann Arbor/1/50 or C/Yamagata/1/88. Transfer of the supernatants of the transfected 293T cells to HMV-II cells resulted in GFP expression in the HMV-II cells. The quantification of the GFP-positive HMV-II cells indicated the presence of approximately 10(6) VLPs (ml supernatant)(-1). Cords 50-300 microm in length were observed on transfected 293T cells, although the cords were not observed when the plasmid for M1 protein of C/Ann Arbor/1/50 was replaced with that of C/Taylor/1233/47. A series of transfection experiments with plasmids encoding M1 mutants of C/Ann Arbor/1/50 or C/Taylor/1233/47 showed that an amino acid at residue 24 of the M1 protein is responsible for cord formation. This finding provides direct evidence for a previous hypothesis that M1 protein is involved in the formation of cord-like structures protruding from the C/Yamagata/1/88-infected cells. Evidence was obtained by electron microscopy that transfected cells bearing cords produced filamentous VLPs, suggesting the potential role of the M1 protein in determining the filamentous/spherical morphology of influenza C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Muraki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Washioka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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