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Modelling the Current Response and Sensitivity of Oxidase Enzyme Electrodes, Monitored Amperometrically by the Consumption of Oxygen. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensor behaviour is characterised by non-linear differential equations that describe well-defined physical, chemical, and biological processes. Mathematical modelling of these biosensors is highly desirable since they have many applications. These models enable the prediction of a variety of their properties. In this study, the cyclic conversion of the substrate in an amperometric biosensor with an oxidase enzyme membrane electrode is studied using a mathematical model. The governing parameters for the Michaelis–Menten kinetics of enzymatic reactions are the enzyme kinetic and diffusion rates across the enzymatic layer. In this paper, we solved the non-linear equations analytically and numerically for all experimental values of parameters. This problem is simulated in MATLAB® v2016b software using the PDE solver. Our analytical solutions are compared to simulation results to validate the proposed model.
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2
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Evtugyn G, Porfireva A, Tsekenis G, Oravczova V, Hianik T. Electrochemical Aptasensors for Antibiotics Detection: Recent Achievements and Applications for Monitoring Food Safety. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3684. [PMID: 35632093 PMCID: PMC9143886 DOI: 10.3390/s22103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture can result in the contamination of common food staples such as milk. Consumption of contaminated products can cause serious illness and a rise in antibiotic resistance. Conventional methods of antibiotics detection such are microbiological assays chromatographic and mass spectroscopy methods are sensitive; however, they require qualified personnel, expensive instruments, and sample pretreatment. Biosensor technology can overcome these drawbacks. This review is focused on the recent achievements in the electrochemical biosensors based on nucleic acid aptamers for antibiotic detection. A brief explanation of conventional methods of antibiotic detection is also provided. The methods of the aptamer selection are explained, together with the approach used for the improvement of aptamer affinity by post-SELEX modification and computer modeling. The substantial focus of this review is on the explanation of the principles of the electrochemical detection of antibiotics by aptasensors and on recent achievements in the development of electrochemical aptasensors. The current trends and problems in practical applications of aptasensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.E.); (A.P.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (G.E.); (A.P.)
| | - George Tsekenis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Veronika Oravczova
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Mlynska Dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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3
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Laroussi A, Raouafi N, Mirsky VM. Electrocatalytic Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Immobilized Benzoquinone. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Laroussi
- University of Tunis El Manar Faculty of Science of Tunis Chemistry Department Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15) campus universitaire de Tunis El Manar 2092 Tunis El Manar Tunisia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Biotechnology Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg 01968 Senftenberg Germany
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- University of Tunis El Manar Faculty of Science of Tunis Chemistry Department Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15) campus universitaire de Tunis El Manar 2092 Tunis El Manar Tunisia
| | - Vladimir M. Mirsky
- Department of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Biotechnology Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg 01968 Senftenberg Germany
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4
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Chang H, Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Real-Time Measurement of Cellobiose and Glucose Formation during Enzymatic Biomass Hydrolysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7732-7738. [PMID: 34014659 PMCID: PMC8173519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Enzymatic hydrolysis
of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production
relies on complex multi-enzyme ensembles. Continuous and accurate
measurement of the released key products is crucial in optimizing
the industrial degradation process and also investigating the activity
and interaction between the involved enzymes and the insoluble substrate.
Amperometric biosensors have been applied to perform continuous cellobiose
measurements during the enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulose powders.
The oxygen-sensitive mediators used in these biosensors restricted
their function under physiological or industrial conditions. Also,
the combined measurements of the hydrolysis products cellobiose and
glucose require a high selectivity of the biorecognition elements.
We employed an [Os(2,2′-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl-modified
polymer and cellobiose dehydrogenase to fabricate a cellobiose biosensor,
which can accurately and specifically detect cellobiose even in the
presence of oxygen and the other main product glucose. Additionally,
a glucose biosensor was fabricated to simultaneously measure glucose
produced from cellobiose by β-glucosidases. The cellobiose and
glucose biosensors work at applied potentials of +0.25 and +0.45 V
versus Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl), respectively, and can selectively detect
their substrate. Both biosensors were used in combination to monitor
the hydrolysis of pure cellulose of low crystallinity or industrial
corncob samples. The obtained results correlate with the high-performance
liquid chromatography pulsed amperometric detection analysis and demonstrate
that neither oxygen nor the presence of redox-active compounds from
the lignin fraction of the corncob interferes with the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Chang
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Goyal A, Bairagi PK, Verma N. Mathematical Modelling of a Non‐enzymatic Amperometric Electrochemical Biosensor for Cholesterol. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Goyal
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Pallab Kumar Bairagi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Nishith Verma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
- Center for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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6
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Taguchi M, Ptitsyn A, McLamore ES, Claussen JC. Nanomaterial-mediated Biosensors for Monitoring Glucose. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:403-411. [PMID: 24876594 PMCID: PMC4455391 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814522799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of physiological glucose transport is crucial for gaining new understanding of diabetes. Many techniques and equipment currently exist for measuring glucose, but these techniques are limited by complexity of the measurement, requirement of bulky equipment, and low temporal/spatial resolution. The development of various types of biosensors (eg, electrochemical, optical sensors) for laboratory and/or clinical applications will provide new insights into the cause(s) and possible treatments of diabetes. State-of-the-art biosensors are improved by incorporating catalytic nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, electrospun nanofibers, and quantum dots. These nanomaterials greatly enhance biosensor performance, namely sensitivity, response time, and limit of detection. A wide range of new biosensors that incorporate nanomaterials such as lab-on-chip and nanosensor devices are currently being developed for in vivo and in vitro glucose sensing. These real-time monitoring tools represent a powerful diagnostic and monitoring tool for measuring glucose in diabetes research and point of care diagnostics. However, concerns over the possible toxicity of some nanomaterials limit the application of these devices for in vivo sensing. This review provides a general overview of the state of the art in nanomaterial-mediated biosensors for in vivo and in vitro glucose sensing, and discusses some of the challenges associated with nanomaterial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashige Taguchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andre Ptitsyn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Eric S McLamore
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, USA College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Ciampi S, Guan B, Darwish NA, Zhu Y, Reece PJ, Justin Gooding J. A multimodal optical and electrochemical device for monitoring surface reactions: redox active surfaces in porous silicon Rugate filters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16433-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Gooding JJ, Darwish N. The rise of self-assembled monolayers for fabricating electrochemical biosensors-an interfacial perspective. CHEM REC 2011; 12:92-105. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Loghambal S, Rajendran L. Mathematical modeling in amperometric oxidase enzyme–membrane electrodes. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Rahman MM, Saleh Ahammad AJ, Jin JH, Ahn SJ, Lee JJ. A comprehensive review of glucose biosensors based on nanostructured metal-oxides. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:4855-86. [PMID: 22399911 PMCID: PMC3292151 DOI: 10.3390/s100504855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has opened new and exhilarating opportunities for exploring glucose biosensing applications of the newly prepared nanostructured materials. Nanostructured metal-oxides have been extensively explored to develop biosensors with high sensitivity, fast response times, and stability for the determination of glucose by electrochemical oxidation. This article concentrates mainly on the development of different nanostructured metal-oxide [such as ZnO, Cu(I)/(II) oxides, MnO(2), TiO(2), CeO(2), SiO(2), ZrO(2,) and other metal-oxides] based glucose biosensors. Additionally, we devote our attention to the operating principles (i.e., potentiometric, amperometric, impedimetric and conductometric) of these nanostructured metal-oxide based glucose sensors. Finally, this review concludes with a personal prospective and some challenges of these nanoscaled sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.M.R.); (A.J.S.A.)
| | - A. J. Saleh Ahammad
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.M.R.); (A.J.S.A.)
| | - Joon-Hyung Jin
- KFnSC Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Sang Jung Ahn
- Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-340, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.M.R.); (A.J.S.A.)
- KFnSC Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; E-Mail:
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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11
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Galvanostatic entrapment of penicillinase into polytyramine films and its utilization for the potentiometric determination of penicillin. SENSORS 2010; 10:2851-68. [PMID: 22319276 PMCID: PMC3274204 DOI: 10.3390/s100402851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable potentiometric biosensor for determination of penicillin has been developed by exploiting the self-limiting growth of the non-conducting polymer, polytyramine. Optimum polytyramine-penicillinase (PTy-PNCnase) films for potentiometric detection of penicillin were accomplished with monomer solutions which contained 0.03 M tyramine, 37 U/mL penicillinase, 0.01 M KNO3, and 3 mM penicillin with an applied current density of 0.8 mA/cm2 and an electropolymerisation time of 40 seconds. The potentiometric biosensor gave a linear concentration range of 3–283 μM for penicillin and achieved a minimum detectable concentration of 0.3 μM. The biosensor was successfully utilized for the detection of Amoxycillin and gave an average percentage recovery of 102 ± 6%. Satisfactory recoveries of penicillin G were also achieved in milk samples with the potentiometric biosensor when concentrations are ≥20 ppm.
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12
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Gooding JJ, Lai LMH, Goon IY. Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and other Applications. CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627059.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Gooding J. Advances in Interfacial Design for Electrochemical Biosensors and Sensors: Aryl Diazonium Salts for Modifying Carbon and Metal Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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15
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Nanostructuring electrodes with carbon nanotubes: A review on electrochemistry and applications for sensing. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 894] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Application of MnO2 nanoparticles as an eliminator of ascorbate interference to amperometric glucose biosensors. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Liu, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Heterogeneous Electron-Transfer Kinetics for Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Ferrocene through Alkanethiol Mixed Monolayers on Gold Electrodes. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
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18
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Abstract
An oxygen-rich fill-and-flow channel biosensor has been developed for the measurement of glucose in wine. Glucose oxidase (GOD), immobilised in carbon paste (CP), was located in a well adjacent to a downstream detector electrode. When the analyte solution flows, hydrogen peroxide produced in the enzyme reaction is swept down to the detector electrode. Mineral oil and Kel-F oil (poly(chlorotrifluorethylene)) were used to prepare an enzyme layer of GOD within a CP. The hydrophobicity of the CP confined the reaction between the enzyme and its substrate to the surface of the enzyme layer. The oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide was sensitive to the enzyme loading but insensitive to mass transport variations such as flow rate. This response was, therefore, limited by the kinetics of the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate. For Kel-F oil, which can support a high concentration of dissolved oxygen, good reproducibility and greater dynamic range was obtained and the response did not decrease after degassing for 40 min with argon. Analysis of wine samples showed good agreement with the values obtained by spectrophotometric enzyme assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Membranes for the development of biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5193(03)80021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Bieniasz L. Use of dynamically adaptive grid techniques for the solution of electrochemical kinetic equations. Part 12. Patch-adaptive simulation of example transient experiments described by kinetic models defined over multiple space intervals in one-dimensional space geometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Bieniasz L. Use of dynamically adaptive grid techniques for the solution of electrochemical kinetic equations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Situmorang M, Gooding J, Hibbert D, Barnett D. The Development of a Pyruvate Biosensor Using Electrodeposited Polytyramine. ELECTROANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200201)14:1<17::aid-elan17>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Situmorang M, Gooding JJ, Hibbert DB, Barnett D. Development of Potentiometric Biosensors Using Electrodeposited Polytyramine as the Enzyme Immobilization Matrix. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200112)13:18<1469::aid-elan1469>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Gooding JJ, Erokhin P, Hibbert DB. Parameters important in tuning the response of monolayer enzyme electrodes fabricated using self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15:229-39. [PMID: 11219734 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme electrodes were observed experimentally to have a broad dynamic range, high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility. The theoretically predicted response of the monolayer enzyme electrodes was in good agreement with that observed experimentally over the broad range of experimental conditions tested. The response is limited by the rate of enzyme turnover by a mediating species rather than mass transport. As a consequence of this limitation, the response was very sensitive to the enzyme loading and the concentration of mediator in the sample solution but insensitive to mass transport variables such as solution stirring or the diffusion coefficients of the substrate or cosubstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gooding
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Situmorang M, Hibbert DB, Gooding JJ. An Experimental Design Study of Interferences of Clinical Relevance of a Polytyramine Immobilized-Enzyme Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(200002)12:2<111::aid-elan111>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Gavalas VG, Chaniotakis NA. Polyelectrolyte stabilized oxidase based biosensors: effect of diethylaminoethyl-dextran on the stabilization of glucose and lactate oxidases into porous conductive carbon. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Gooding J, Hibbert D. The application of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers to enzyme electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(99)00133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Situmorang M, Gooding J, Hibbert D. Immobilisation of enzyme throughout a polytyramine matrix: a versatile procedure for fabricating biosensors. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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30
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Saby C, Luong JHT. Mytilus edulis Adhesive Protein (MAP) as an Enzyme Immobilization Matrix in the Fabrication of Enzyme-Based Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199811)10:17<1193::aid-elan1193>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Gooding J, Hall CE, Hall EA. Physical study of film-forming acrylate emulsion polymers for biosensor applications. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Gooding J, Hall E. Practical and theoretical evaluation of an alternative geometry enzyme electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Gooding JJ, Hall EAH. Parameters in the design of oxygen detecting oxidase enzyme electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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