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Nisha Aji K, Meyer JH, Rusjan PM, Mizrahi R. Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B): A Target for Rational Drug Development in Schizophrenia Using PET Imaging as an Example. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:335-362. [PMID: 36928857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an important high-density enzyme involved in the generation of oxidative stress and central in the catabolism of dopamine, particularly in brain subcortical regions with putative implications in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this chapter, we review postmortem studies, preclinical models, and peripheral and genetic studies implicating MAO-B in psychosis. A literature search in PubMed was conducted and 64 studies were found to be eligible for systematic review. We found that MAO-B could be identified as a potential target in schizophrenia. Evidence comes mostly from studies of peripheral markers, showing reduced platelet MAO-B activity in schizophrenia, together with preclinical results from MAO-B knock-out mice resulting in a hyperdopaminergic state and behavioral disinhibition. However, whether brain MAO-B is altered in vivo in patients with schizophrenia remains unknown. We therefore review methodological studies involving MAO-B positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands used to quantify MAO-B in vivo in the human brain. Given the limitations of currently available treatments for schizophrenia, elucidating whether MAO-B could be used as a target for risk stratification or clinical staging in schizophrenia could allow for a rational search for newer antipsychotics and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankana Nisha Aji
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Camarena B, Fresán A, Aguilar A, Escamilla R, Saracco R, Palacios J, Tovilla A, Nicolini H. Monoamine oxidase a and B gene polymorphisms and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:852949. [PMID: 23738213 PMCID: PMC3658801 DOI: 10.5402/2012/852949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder, the analysis of clinical characteristics could help to identify homogeneous phenotypes that may be of relevance in genetic studies. Linkage and association studies have suggested that a locus predisposing to schizophrenia may reside within Xp11. We analyzed uVNTR and rs1137070, polymorphisms from MAOA and rs1799836 of MAOB genes to perform single SNP case-control association study in a sample of 344 schizophrenia patients and 124 control subjects. Single polymorphism analysis of uVNTR, rs1137070 and rs1799836 SNPs did not show statistical differences between cases and controls. Multivariate ANOVA analysis of clinical characteristics showed statistical differences between MAOB/rs1799836 and affective flattening scores (F = 4.852, P = 0.009), and significant association between MAOA/uVNTR and affective flattening in female schizophrenia patients (F = 4.236, P = 0.016) after Bonferroni's correction. Our preliminary findings could suggest that severity of affective flattening may be associated by modifier variants of MAOA and MAOB genes in female Mexican patients with schizophrenia. However, further large-scale studies using quantitative symptom-based phenotypes and several candidate variants should be analyzed to obtain a final conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Camarena
- Posgrado de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, 03100 México, DF, Mexico ; Departmento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 14370 México, DF, Mexico
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Owen F, Simpson M. The neurochemistry of schizophrenia. MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF HUMAN DISEASES SERIES 1998; 4:133-59. [PMID: 9439747 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0709-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Voitenko NN, Kolpakov VG, Alekhina TA. Anticataleptogenic effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide and its effect on brain monoamine oxidase of rats genetically predisposed to catalepsy. Bull Exp Biol Med 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00840301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Egashira T, Obata T, Nagai T, Kimba Y, Takano R, Yamanaka Y. Endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor-like substances in monkey brain. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:597-602. [PMID: 2492810 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extraction and partial purification of endogenous "monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor-like" material from the monkey brain are described. The endogenous material (F-1 and F-2) obtained after Bio-Gel P-2 gel filtration and silica column chromatography inhibited MAO in the monkey brain mitochondria toward 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA), tyramine and dopamine as substrates. The inhibitory effects of F-1 and F-2 were non-linear concentration dependent, and F-1 non-competitively inhibited A-form MAO, while F-2 inhibited A-form MAO competitively and inhibited B-form MAO non-competitively. These substances were more potent inhibitors of A-form than of B-form MAO. F-2 was heat stable but liable to the treatment with pepsin and trypsin. F-1 was not inactivated by heat treatment and digestion with pepsin and trypsin. F-1 may be a low molecular weight (less than 1350) compound, including certain monoamines or their metabolites or other unidentified compounds, while F-2 was a low molecular weight (about 2500) peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Egashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Oita, Japan
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Owen F, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Johnson JA, Johnstone EC, Lofthouse R, Owens DG, Poulter M. Selective decreases in MAO-B activity in post-mortem brains from schizophrenic patients with type II syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151:514-9. [PMID: 3447667 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.151.4.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activities of the A and B forms of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO, E.C. 1.4.3.4) have been assessed with the substrates 5-hydroxytryptamine and benzylamine respectively in seven areas of the brains of 39 patients with schizophrenia and 44 control subjects. Whereas previous studies have found the enzyme unchanged in brain in schizophrenia, in this study there was a modest but significant decrease in the activity of MAO-B in frontal and temporal cortices and in amygdala. This decrease could not be accounted for by neuroleptic medication, age, sex or post-mortem variables. In a series of 22 patients who had been assessed in life, the reduction in MAO-B activity was found to be associated specifically with the presence of negative symptoms (flattening of affect and paucity of speech). The findings are therefore consistent with other evidence for structural and neurochemical change in the temporal lobe that have been associated with the type II (defect state) syndrome of schizophrenia. The change in enzyme activity is unlikely to be related to a change in monoamine metabolism but may reflect a disturbance in glial function. The change in MAO-B activity in brain in this study is confined to particular areas of brain and a subgroup of patients; it is thought to be entirely unrelated to earlier reports of reductions of enzyme activity in platelets, which are probably attributable to prolonged neuroleptic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Owen
- Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
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Kolpakov V, Gilinsky M, Alekhina T, Barykina N, Nikulina E, Voitenko N, Kulikov A, Shtilman N. Experimental studies on genetically determined predisposition to catatonia in rats as a model of schizophrenia. Behav Processes 1987; 14:319-41. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(87)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mann JJ, Kaplan RD, Bird ED. Elevated postmortem monoamine oxidase B activity in the caudate nucleus in Huntington's disease compared to schizophrenics and controls. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1986; 65:277-83. [PMID: 2940336 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity (Vmax) of monoamine oxidase (MAO) B in necropsy samples from the head of the caudate nucleus was 260% higher in patients dying with Huntington's disease (HD) than in controls (P less than 0.05). No differences in MAO A enzyme kinetics were found. MAO B, but not MAO A, was increased (26%) in the frontal cortex from patients dying with HD compared to control subjects. MAO A and B kinetics in caudate nucleus and frontal cortex from a group of schizophrenics did not differ from controls. Postmortem delay, the effect of neuroleptics, or nonspecific degeneration artifacts did not explain these findings. It is suggested that the increase in MAO B activity in the caudate nucleus may reflect neurochemical changes that are responsible for the choreiform movements of Huntington's disease. Lower cortical MAO B activity in the schizophrenic group may reflect the effects of neuroleptics.
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Abell CW. Synthesis, function, and degradation of catecholamine neurotransmitters. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1986; 65:139-52. [PMID: 2878467 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Denney RM, Denney CB. An update on the identity crisis of monoamine oxidase: new and old evidence for the independence of MAO A and B. Pharmacol Ther 1985; 30:227-58. [PMID: 3916286 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(85)90050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
A significant positive correlation was found between negative symptoms and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in unmedicated male, but not female, schizophrenic patients. This correlation was significant in split halves of the male patients. There was no indication that the correlation was due to either outliers or medication effects. Male schizophrenic patients with high negative symptom scores had significantly higher mean platelet MAO activity than either male normal control subjects or male schizophrenic patients with low negative symptom scores. This finding suggests that the extent of negative symptoms in a population of males could affect whether the schizophrenic subjects will be found to have platelet MAO activity which differs from that of normal control subjects. The implications of the correlation between platelet MAO activity and negative symptoms for the role of brain MAO activity and two of its substrates, dopamine and serotonin, in the etiology of negative symptoms in male schizophrenic patients are discussed.
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Magnusson O, Fowler CJ, Ross SB, Schulman A, Wetterberg L. Concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of chronic therapy-resistant schizophrenics before and after hemodialysis therapy. Artif Organs 1983; 7:344-8. [PMID: 6194776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1983.tb04208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) have been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from chronic therapy-resistant schizophrenics, both before and after either inactive or active hemodialysis for 10 weeks. A reasonable test-retest reliability was found for 5-HIAA during the inactive dialysis, but this was not found during active dialysis.
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Fowler CJ, Tipton KF, MacKay AV, Youdim MB. Human platelet monoamine oxidase--a useful enzyme in the study of psychiatric disorders? Neuroscience 1982; 7:1577-94. [PMID: 6956813 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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