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Johansson L, Ringmark S, Skiöldebrand E, Bergquist J, Jansson A. Reduced high-intensity training distance in growing horses had no effect on IGF-1 concentrations, but training onset interrupted time-dependent IGF-1 decline. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated plasma insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentrations in 16 young Standardbred horses introduced to systematic high-intensity training at two different levels of intensity. Growth and locomotion asymmetry and correlations between these and plasma IGF-1 concentrations were also examined. From September as 1-year olds to March as 2-year olds (Period 1), all horses were subjected to the same submaximal training program. In March (start of Period 2), the horses were divided into two groups (n=8) and one group was introduced to regular high-intensity training. The other group was introduced to a program where the high-intensity exercise distances were reduced by 30%. These two training programs were maintained for the remaining 21 months of the study (Periods 2, 3, and 4). There was no effect of training group on plasma IGF-1 concentrations. A continuous decline in IGF-1 levels was observed throughout the study (P<0.0001), with one notable interruption in Period 2 when the IGF-1 concentration remained at the level seen at the start of Period 1. Growth rate of body length was equally high in Periods 1 and 2 (P>0.05). Front and hind limb asymmetry was elevated in Period 2 compared with Period 1. There were positive correlations between IGF-1 concentrations and changes in body condition score, and a negative correlation between IGF-1 concentration and weight. These results indicate that introduction to high-intensity training induces IGF-1 release in horses, but that a 30% difference in the distances used in high-intensity training does not affect IGF-1 levels. The temporary interruption in decline in IGF-1 release with the onset of high-intensity training may influence growth pattern and locomotion asymmetry, but further studies are needed to assess causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Johansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - S. Ringmark
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - E. Skiöldebrand
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - J. Bergquist
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - A. Jansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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Zuccaro E, Piol D, Basso M, Pennuto M. Motor Neuron Diseases and Neuroprotective Peptides: A Closer Look to Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:723871. [PMID: 34603008 PMCID: PMC8484953 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.723871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons (MNs) are specialized neurons responsible for muscle contraction that specifically degenerate in motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Distinct classes of MNs degenerate at different rates in disease, with a particular class named fast-fatigable MNs (FF-MNs) degenerating first. The etiology behind the selective vulnerability of FF-MNs is still largely under investigation. Among the different strategies to target MNs, the administration of protective neuropeptides is one of the potential therapeutic interventions. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with beneficial effects in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and more recently SBMA. Another neuropeptide that has a neurotrophic effect on MNs is insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also known as somatomedin C. These two peptides are implicated in the activation of neuroprotective pathways exploitable in the amelioration of pathological outcomes related to MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy
| | - Diana Piol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy
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Shandilya A, Mehan S. Dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in the progression of ALS: potential target activators and influences on neurological dysfunctions. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3145-3166. [PMID: 34018075 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prominent causes for motor neuron diseases like ALS are demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Numerous research studies indicate that the downregulation of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling pathways plays a significant role in the progression of ALS pathogenesis and other neurological disorders. In the current review, we discussed the dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative manifestations of ALS like a genetic anomaly, oligodendrocyte degradation, demyelination, glial overactivation, immune deregulation, and neuroexcitation. In addition, the current review reveals the IGF-1 and GLP-1 activators based on the premise that the restoration of abnormal IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling could result in neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects for the clinical-pathological presentation of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, the potential benefits of IGF-1/GLP-1 signal upregulation in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may prevent ALS and associated neurocomplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Shandilya
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Briese M, Saal-Bauernschubert L, Lüningschrör P, Moradi M, Dombert B, Surrey V, Appenzeller S, Deng C, Jablonka S, Sendtner M. Loss of Tdp-43 disrupts the axonal transcriptome of motoneurons accompanied by impaired axonal translation and mitochondria function. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:116. [PMID: 32709255 PMCID: PMC7379803 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein inclusions containing the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 are a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative disorders. The loss of TDP-43 function that is associated with these inclusions affects post-transcriptional processing of RNAs in multiple ways including pre-mRNA splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport, modulation of mRNA stability and translation. In contrast, less is known about the role of TDP-43 in axonal RNA metabolism in motoneurons. Here we show that depletion of Tdp-43 in primary motoneurons affects axon growth. This defect is accompanied by subcellular transcriptome alterations in the axonal and somatodendritic compartment. The axonal localization of transcripts encoding components of the cytoskeleton, the translational machinery and transcripts involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism were particularly affected by loss of Tdp-43. Accordingly, we observed reduced protein synthesis and disturbed mitochondrial functions in axons of Tdp-43-depleted motoneurons. Treatment with nicotinamide rescued the axon growth defect associated with loss of Tdp-43. These results show that Tdp-43 depletion in motoneurons affects several pathways integral to axon health indicating that loss of TDP-43 function could thus make a major contribution to axonal pathomechanisms in ALS.
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Pennuto M, Pandey UB, Polanco MJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in motor neuron and polyglutamine diseases: From molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100821. [PMID: 32006533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic peptide insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) regulates human body homeostasis and cell growth. IGF-I activates two major signaling pathways, namely phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which contribute to brain development, metabolism and function as well as to neuronal maintenance and survival. In this review, we discuss the general and tissue-specific effects of the IGF-I pathways. In addition, we present a comprehensive overview examining the role of IGF-I in neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinal and muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and polyglutamine diseases. In each disease, we analyze the disturbances of the IGF-I pathway, the modification of the disease protein by IGF-I signaling, and the therapeutic strategies based on the use of IGF-I developed to date. Lastly, we highlight present and future considerations in the use of IGF-I for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), 35131 Padova, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - María José Polanco
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Health Science, University San Pablo CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Bryan MR, Bowman AB. Manganese and the Insulin-IGF Signaling Network in Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:113-142. [PMID: 28889265 PMCID: PMC6559248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease resulting in motor impairment and death in patients. Recently, several studies have demonstrated insulin or insulin-like growth factor (IGF) treatment in models of HD, resulting in potent amelioration of HD phenotypes via modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Administration of IGF and insulin can rescue microtubule transport, metabolic function, and autophagy defects, resulting in clearance of Huntingtin (HTT) aggregates, restoration of mitochondrial function, amelioration of motor abnormalities, and enhanced survival. Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal to all biological systems but, in excess, can be toxic. Interestingly, several studies have revealed the insulin-mimetic effects of Mn-demonstrating Mn can activate several of the same metabolic kinases and increase peripheral and neuronal insulin and IGF-1 levels in rodent models. Separate studies have shown mouse and human striatal neuroprogenitor cell (NPC) models exhibit a deficit in cellular Mn uptake, indicative of a Mn deficiency. Furthermore, evidence from the literature reveals a striking overlap between cellular consequences of Mn deficiency (i.e., impaired function of Mn-dependent enzymes) and known HD endophenotypes including excitotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and decreased mitochondrial function. Here we review published evidence supporting a hypothesis that (1) the potent effect of IGF or insulin treatment on HD models, (2) the insulin-mimetic effects of Mn, and (3) the newly discovered Mn-dependent perturbations in HD may all be functionally related. Together, this review will present the intriguing possibility that intricate regulatory cross-talk exists between Mn biology and/or toxicology and the insulin/IGF signaling pathways which may be deeply connected to HD pathology and, perhaps, other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and other neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles R Bryan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Rauskolb S, Dombert B, Sendtner M. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 97:103-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Huang R, Wang P, Han J, Xia W, Cai R, Sun H, Sun J, Wang S. Decreased Serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 Molar Ratio is Associated with Executive Function Behaviors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:85-94. [PMID: 26402757 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, through insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the association of serum IGF-1 and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 levels with cognition status and to determine whether IGF-1 rs972936 polymorphism is associated with T2DM with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS A total of 150 T2DM patients, 75 satisfying the MCI diagnostic criteria and 75 exhibiting healthy cognition, were enrolled in this study. The cognitive function of the subjects was extensively assessed. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio was calculated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IGF-1-(rs972936) gene were analyzed. RESULTS Serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio in MCI patients was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.003). Significant negative correlations were found between IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio and Trail Making Test A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B) scores (p = 0.003; p < 0.001, respectively), which indicated executive function. Further multiple step-wise regression analysis revealed that the TMT-A or TMT-B score was significantly associated only with serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio (p = 0.016; p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was found in the genotype or allele distribution of IGF-1 rs972936 polymorphism between MCI and control groups. CONCLUSIONS A low serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio is associated with the pathogenesis of MCI, particularly executive function in T2DM populations. Further investigation with a large population size should be conducted to confirm this observed association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pin Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Haixia Sun
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Costales J, Kolevzon A. The therapeutic potential of insulin-like growth factor-1 in central nervous system disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:207-22. [PMID: 26780584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) development is a finely tuned process that relies on multiple factors and intricate pathways to ensure proper neuronal differentiation, maturation, and connectivity. Disruption of this process can cause significant impairments in CNS functioning and lead to debilitating disorders that impact motor and language skills, behavior, and cognitive functioning. Recent studies focused on understanding the underlying cellular mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders have identified a crucial role for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in normal CNS development. Work in model systems has demonstrated rescue of pathophysiological and behavioral abnormalities when IGF-1 is administered, and several clinical studies have shown promise of efficacy in disorders of the CNS, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we explore the molecular pathways and downstream effects of IGF-1 and summarize the results of completed and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials using IGF-1 as a pharmacologic intervention in various CNS disorders. This aim of this review is to provide evidence for the potential of IGF-1 as a treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Department of Psychiatry, United States; Department of Pediatrics, United States; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, United States; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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Beauverd M, Mitchell JD, Wokke JHJ, Borasio GD. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11:CD002064. [PMID: 23152212 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002064.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) is a possible disease modifying therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, which is also known as motor neuron disease (MND)). OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of rhIGF-I in affecting disease progression, impact on measures of functional health status, prolonging survival and delaying the use of surrogates (tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation) to sustain survival in ALS. Occurrence of adverse events was also reviewed. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (21 November 2011), CENTRAL (2011, Issue 4), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2011) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2011) and sought information from the authors of randomised clinical trials and manufacturers of rhIGF-I. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered all randomised controlled clinical trials involving rhIGF-I treatment of adults with definite or probable ALS according to the El Escorial Criteria. The primary outcome measure was change in Appel Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Rating Scale (AALSRS) total score after nine months of treatment and secondary outcome measures were change in AALSRS at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 months, change in quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile scale), survival and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Each author independently graded the risk of bias in the included studies. The lead author extracted data and the other authors checked them. We generated some missing data by making ruler measurements of data in published graphs. We collected data about adverse events from the included trials. MAIN RESULTS We identified three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of rhIGF-I, involving 779 participants, for inclusion in the analysis. In a European trial (183 participants) the mean difference (MD) in change in AALSRS total score after nine months was -3.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) -8.68 to 2.08). In a North American trial (266 participants), the MD after nine months was -6.00 (95% CI -10.99 to -1.01). The combined analysis from both RCTs showed a MD after nine months of -4.75 (95% CI -8.41 to -1.09), a significant difference in favour of the treated group. The secondary outcome measures showed non-significant trends favouring rhIGF-I. There was an increased risk of injection site reactions with rhIGF-I (risk ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54). . A second North American trial (330 participants) used a novel primary end point involving manual muscle strength testing. No differences were demonstrated between the treated and placebo groups in this study. All three trials were at high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis revealed a significant difference in favour of rhIGF-I treatment; however, the quality of the evidence from the two included trials was low. A third study showed no difference between treatment and placebo. There is no evidence for increase in survival with IGF1. All three included trials were at high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Beauverd
- Service de Soins Palliatifs, CentreHospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Upregulation of the E3 ligase NEDD4-1 by oxidative stress degrades IGF-1 receptor protein in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10971-81. [PMID: 22875931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1836-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of ubiquitin E3 ligases in neurodegeneration is being increasingly recognized. The crucial role of NEDD4-1 in neural development is well appreciated; however, its role in neurodegeneration remains unexplored. Herein, we report increased NEDD4-1 expression in the degenerated tissues of several major neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, its expression is upregulated in cultured neurons in response to various neurotoxins, including zinc and hydrogen superoxide, via transcriptional activation likely mediated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive FOXM1B. Reduced protein levels of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1Rβ) were observed as a consequence of upregulated NEDD4-1 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Overexpression of a familial mutant form of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) (G93A) in neuroblastoma cells resulted in a similar reduction of IGF-1Rβ protein. This inverse correlation between NEDD4-1 and IGF-1Rβ was also observed in the cortex and spinal cords of mutant (G93A) SOD1 transgenic mice at a presymptomatic age, which was similarly induced by in vivo-administered zinc in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, histochemistry reveals markedly increased NEDD4-1 immunoreactivity in the degenerating/degenerated motor neurons in the lumbar anterior horn of the spinal cord, suggesting a direct causative role for NEDD4-1 in neurodegeneration. Indeed, downregulation of NEDD4-1 by shRNA or overexpression of a catalytically inactive form rescued neurons from zinc-induced cell death. Similarly, neurons with a NEDD4-1 haplotype are more resistant to apoptosis, largely due to expression of higher levels of IGF-1Rβ.Together, our work identifies a novel molecular mechanism for ROS-upregulated NEDD4-1 and the subsequently reduced IGF-1Rβ signaling in neurodegeneration.
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Ma X, Hamadeh MJ, Christie BR, Foster JA, Tarnopolsky MA. Impact of treadmill running and sex on hippocampal neurogenesis in the mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36048. [PMID: 22558322 PMCID: PMC3338488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus (DG) occurs throughout life and is regulated by pathological and physiological processes. The role of oxidative stress in hippocampal neurogenesis and its response to exercise or neurodegenerative diseases remains controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of oxidative stress, treadmill exercise and sex on hippocampal neurogenesis in a murine model of heightened oxidative stress (G93A mice). G93A and wild type (WT) mice were randomized to a treadmill running (EX) or a sedentary (SED) group for 1 or 4 wk. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled proliferating cells, surviving cells, and their phenotype, as well as for determination of oxidative stress (3-NT; 8-OHdG). BDNF and IGF1 mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization. Results showed that: (1) G93A-SED mice had greater hippocampal neurogenesis, BDNF mRNA, and 3-NT, as compared to WT-SED mice. (2) Treadmill running promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF mRNA content and lowered DNA oxidative damage (8-OHdG) in WT mice. (3) Male G93A mice showed significantly higher cell proliferation but a lower level of survival vs. female G93A mice. We conclude that G93A mice show higher hippocampal neurogenesis, in association with higher BDNF expression, yet running did not further enhance these phenomena in G93A mice, probably due to a 'ceiling effect' of an already heightened basal levels of hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ma
- Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mazen J. Hamadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jane A. Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gould TW, Oppenheim RW. Motor neuron trophic factors: therapeutic use in ALS? BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2011; 67:1-39. [PMID: 20971133 PMCID: PMC3109102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The modest effects of neurotrophic factor (NTF) treatment on lifespan in both animal models and clinical studies of Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) may result from any one or combination of the four following explanations: 1.) NTFs block cell death in some physiological contexts but not in ALS; 2.) NTFs do not rescue motoneurons (MNs) from death in any physiological context; 3.) NTFs block cell death in ALS but to no avail; and 4.) NTFs are physiologically effective but limited by pharmacokinetic constraints. The object of this review is to critically evaluate the role of both NTFs and the intracellular cell death pathway itself in regulating the survival of spinal and cranial (lower) MNs during development, after injury and in response to disease. Because the role of molecules mediating MN survival has been most clearly resolved by the in vivo analysis of genetically engineered mice, this review will focus on studies of such mice expressing reporter, null or other mutant alleles of NTFs, NTF receptors, cell death or ALS-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gould
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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Deepa P, Shahani N, Alladi PA, Vijayalakshmi K, Sathyaprabha TN, Nalini A, Ravi V, Raju TR. Down regulation of trophic factors in neonatal rat spinal cord after administration of cerebrospinal fluid from sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:531-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mondok A, Aranyi Z, Kovacs GG, Czirjak S, Pusztai P, Varga I, Racz K. Rapid Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in an Acromegalic Patient After Surgical Resection of a Growth Hormone-Producing Pituitary Adenoma. Neurologist 2010; 16:315-8. [DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0b013e3181b46fef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Dai P, Wang ZJ, Sun WW, Pang JX, You C, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on IGF-I expression in spared dorsal root ganglia and associated spinal dorsal horn in cats subjected to adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomies. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1993-8. [PMID: 19462234 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and associated spinal dorsal horns were explored in cats subjected to unilateral removal of L(1)-L(5) and L(7)-S(2) DRG, sparing the L(6) DRG. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of IGF-I immunoreactive products in the L(6) DRG neurons and some neurons and glial cells in the spinal cord. Western blot demonstrated that the level of IGF-I was significantly up-regulated both in the spared DRG and the dorsal horns of L(3) and L(6) cord segments at both 7 and 14 days post operation following EA. The present findings demonstrated the association between neuroplasticity and IGF-I expression, suggesting the possible role of IGF-I in EA promoted spinal cord plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dai
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Sakowski SA, Schuyler AD, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:63-73. [PMID: 18608100 DOI: 10.1080/17482960802160370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motorneurons (MN) resulting in weakness, paralysis and subsequent death. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent neurotrophic factor that has neuroprotective properties in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to the efficacy of IGF-I in the treatment of other diseases and its ability to promote neuronal survival, IGF-I is being extensively studied in ALS therapeutic trials. This review covers in vitro and in vivo studies examining the efficacy of IGF-I in ALS model systems and also addresses the mechanisms by which IGF-I asserts its effects in these models, the status of the IGF-I system in ALS patients, results of clinical trials, and the need for the development of better delivery mechanisms to maximize IGF-I efficacy. The knowledge obtained from these studies suggests that IGF-I has the potential to be a safe and efficacious therapy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Petri S, Krampfl K, Kuhlemann K, Dengler R, Grothe C. Preserved expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF receptor 1 in brain and spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Dagvajantsan B, Aoki M, Warita H, Suzuki N, Itoyama Y. Up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II receptor in reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 214:303-10. [PMID: 18441505 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by selective motor neuron death. We developed a rat model of ALS expressing a human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) transgene with two ALS-associated mutations: glycine to alanine at position 93 (G93A) and histidine to arginine at position 46 (H46R). Although the mechanism of ALS is still unclear, there are many hypotheses concerning its cause, including loss of neurotrophic support to motor neurons. Recent evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) act as neurotrophic factors, and promote the survival and differentiation of neuronal cells including motor neurons. Their ability to enhance the outgrowth of spinal motor neurons suggests their potential as a therapeutic agent for the patients with ALS. In this study, we investigated IGF-II receptor immunoreactivity in the anterior horns of the lumbar level of the spinal cord in SOD1 transgenic rats with the H46R mutation of different ages as well as in normal littermates. The double-immunostaining for IGF-II receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated co-localization on reactive astrocytes ((**)p < 0.001) in the end-stage transgenic rats, whereas it was not evident at the pre-symptomatic stage or at the onset of the disease. Our results demonstrated the IGF-II receptor up-regulation in reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord of transgenic rats, which may reflect a protective response against the loss of IGF-related trophic factors. We suggest that IGF receptors may play a key role in the pathogenesis, and may have therapeutic implications in ALS.
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Mitchell JD, Wokke JHJ, Borasio GD. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD002064. [PMID: 17943766 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002064.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophic factors, including recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) are possible disease modifying therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Trials Register (March 2006), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2006) and EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2006) and asked the authors of randomised clinical trials and manufacturers of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered all randomised controlled clinical trials involving rhIGF-I treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in adults with a clinical diagnosis of definite or probable amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial Criteria. The primary outcome measure was change in Appel Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Rating Scale (AALSRS) total score after nine months treatment and secondary outcome measures were change in AALSRS at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 months, change in quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile scale), survival and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We identified three randomised clinical trials. Only two were included in the analysis. Each author graded the studies for methodological quality. Data were extracted and entered by the lead author and checked by the other two. Some missing data had to be regenerated by calculations based on ruler measurements of data presented in published graphs. MAIN RESULTS In a European trial with 59 participants on placebo and 124 on rhIGF-I, 0.1 mg/kg/day the mean difference (MD) in change in AALSRS total score after nine months was -3.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) -8.68 to 2.08), non-significantly less in the treated than the placebo group. In a North American trial, in which 90 participants on placebo were compared with 89 on recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I 0.05 mg/kg/day, and 87 participants on 0.1 mg/kg/day, the MD after nine months was -6.00 (95%CI -10.99 to -1.01), significantly less on treatment. The combined analysis from both randomised clinical trials showed a weighted mean difference after nine months of -4.75 (95% CI -8.41 to -1.09), a significant difference in favour of the treated group. The secondary outcome measures showed non-significant trends favouring rhIGF-I. Similarly the data with the 0.05 mg/kg/day dose showed trends favouring rhIGF-I at all time points but did not reach significance at the five per cent level at any point. There was an increased risk of injection site reactions with rhIGF-I (relative risk 2.53, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.59). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available randomised placebo controlled trials do not permit a definitive assessment of the clinical efficacy of rhIGF-I on ALS. More research is needed and one trial is in progress. Future trials should include survival as an outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mitchell
- Royal Preston Hospital, Preston MND Care & Research Centre, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, UK, PR2 9HT.
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21
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Ekestern E. Neurotrophic factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 1:88-100. [PMID: 16908980 DOI: 10.1159/000080049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains a mystery. Initial implications of neurotrophic factor impairment involved in disease progression causing selective motor neuron death were brought forward in the late 1980s. These implications were based on several in vitro studies of motor neuron cultures in which a near to complete rescue of axotomized neonatal motor neurons in the presence of supplementary neurotrophic factors were revealed. These findings pawed the way for extensive investigations in experimental animal models of ALS. Neurotrophic factor administration in rodent ALS models demonstrated a remarkable effect on survival of degenerating motor neurons and rescue of axotomized motor neurons, both in vivo and in vitro. In the absence of efficient therapy for ALS, some of these promising neurotrophic factors have been administered to groups of ALS patients, as they appeared available for clinical trials. Up to date, none of tested factors has lived up to expectations, altering the outcome of the disease. This review summarizes current findings on neurotrophic factor expression in ALS tissue and these factors' potential/debatable clinical relevance to ALS and the treatment of ALS. It also discusses possible interventions improving clinical trial design to obtain efficacy of neurotrophic factor treatment in patients suffering from ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ekestern
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, University of Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Tanaka M, Kikuchi H, Ishizu T, Minohara M, Osoegawa M, Motomura K, Tateishi T, Ohyagi Y, Kira JI. Intrathecal upregulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and its neuroprotective actions on motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:816-25. [PMID: 16896315 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000232025.84238.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate cytokine/chemokine changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we simultaneously measured 16 cytokine/chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 [p70], IL-13, IL-17, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte colony stimulating factor [G-CSF], macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera from 37 patients with sporadic ALS and 33 controls using a multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. We also conducted immunohistochemical analyses from 8 autopsied ALS cases and 6 nonneurologic disease controls as well as cell culture analyses of relevant cytokines and their receptors. We found that concentrations of G-CSF and MCP-1 were significantly increased in ALS CSF compared with controls. In spinal cords, G-CSF was expressed in reactive astrocytes in ALS cases but not controls, whereas G-CSF receptor expression was significantly decreased in motor neurons of spinal cords from ALS cases. Biologically, G-CSF had a protective effect on the NSC34 cell line under conditions of both oxidative and nutritional stress. We suggested that G-CSF has potentially neuroprotective effects on motor neurons in ALS and that downregulation of its receptor might contribute to ALS pathogenesis. On the other hand, MCP-1 correlated with disease severity, which may aggravate motor neuron damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Narai H, Nagano I, Ilieva H, Shiote M, Nagata T, Hayashi T, Shoji M, Abe K. Prevention of spinal motor neuron death by insulin-like growth factor-1 associating with the signal transduction systems in SODG93A transgenic mice. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:452-7. [PMID: 16235250 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and its mechanism of action are important from both pathogenic and therapeutic points of view. The present study investigated the changes of IGF-1Rbeta and the key intracellular downstream protein insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) by using SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice with continuous intrathecal IGF-1 treatment. The number of lumbar spinal motor neurons was preserved with IGF-1 treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The numbers of immunopositive motor neurons for IGF-1Rbeta and IRS-1 were not significantly different between wild-type and Tg mice with vehicle treatment, whereas treatment of Tg mice with IGF-1 decreased the numbers of immunopositive motor neurons in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the ratio of immunopositive motor neurons per total living motor neurons in vehicle-treated mice was greatly increased in Tg mice with vehicle treatment compared with wild-type mice. With IGF-1 treatment, the ratio was dramatically decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that IGF-1 treatment prevents motor neuron loss by affecting the signal transduction system through IGF-1R and the main downstream signal, IRS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Narai
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, Japan.
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24
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Russo VC, Gluckman PD, Feldman EL, Werther GA. The insulin-like growth factor system and its pleiotropic functions in brain. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:916-43. [PMID: 16131630 DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role in these processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the IGF system promotes differentiation and proliferation and sustains survival, preventing apoptosis of neuronal and brain derived cells. Furthermore, studies of transgenic mice overexpressing components of the IGF system or mice with disruptions of the same genes have clearly shown that the IGF system plays a key role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Russo
- Centre for Hormone Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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25
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Levy YS, Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. Therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors in neurodegenerative diseases. BioDrugs 2005; 19:97-127. [PMID: 15807629 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200519020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a vast amount of evidence indicating that neurotrophic factors play a major role in the development, maintenance, and survival of neurons and neuron-supporting cells such as glia and oligodendrocytes. In addition, it is well known that alterations in levels of neurotrophic factors or their receptors can lead to neuronal death and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and also aging. Although various treatments alleviate the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, none of them prevent or halt the neurodegenerative process. The high potency of neurotrophic factors, as shown by many experimental studies, makes them a rational candidate co-therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disease. However, in practice, their clinical use is limited because of difficulties in protein delivery and pharmacokinetics in the central nervous system. To overcome these disadvantages and to facilitate the development of drugs with improved pharmacotherapeutic profiles, research is underway on neurotrophic factors and their receptors, and the molecular mechanisms by which they work, together with the development of new technologies for their delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossef S Levy
- Laboratory of Neuroscineces, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Israel
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26
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Nagano I, Shiote M, Murakami T, Kamada H, Hamakawa Y, Matsubara E, Yokoyama M, Moritaz K, Shoji M, Abe K. Beneficial effects of intrathecal IGF-1 administration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Res 2005; 27:768-72. [PMID: 16197815 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x39860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is currently no effective pharmacological treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In a transgenic mouse model of ALS, intrathecal infusion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 showed a promising increase in survival. We performed a double-blind clinical trial to assess the effect of intrathecal administration of IGF-1 on disease progression in patients with ALS. METHODS Nine patients with ALS were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (3 microg/kg of body weight) or low dose (0.5 microg/kg of body weight) of IGF-1 every 2 weeks for 40 weeks. The outcome measurements were the rate of decline of bulbar and limb functions (Norris scales) and forced vital capacity. RESULTS The high-dose treatment slowed a decline of motor functions of the ALS patients in total Norris and limb Norris scales, but not in bulbar Norris or vital capacity. The intrathecal administration of IGF-1 had a modest but significant beneficial effect in ALS patients without any serious adverse effects. DISCUSSION Intrathecal IGF-1 treatment could provide an effective choice for ALS although further studies in more patients are needed to confirm its efficacy and optimize dosages of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan.
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27
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Nagano I, Ilieva H, Shiote M, Murakami T, Yokoyama M, Shoji M, Abe K. Therapeutic benefit of intrathecal injection of insulin-like growth factor-1 in a mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2005; 235:61-8. [PMID: 15990113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 has been shown to have a protective effect on motor neurons both in vitro and in vivo, but has limited efficacy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when given subcutaneously. To examine the possible effectiveness of IGF-1 in a mouse model of familial ALS, transgenic mice expressing human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) with a G93A mutation were treated by continuous IGF-1 delivery into the intrathecal space of the lumbar spinal cord. We found that the intrathecal administration of IGF-1 improved motor performance, delayed the onset of clinical disease, and extended survival in the G93A transgenic mice. Furthermore, it increased the expression of phosphorylated Akt and ERK in spinal motor neurons, and partially prevented motor neuron loss in these mice. Taken together, the results suggest that direct administration of IGF-1 into the intrathecal space may have a therapeutic benefit for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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28
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Mitchell JD, Wokke JH, Borasio GD. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD002064. [PMID: 12137643 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophic factors, including recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I have been postulated as possible disease modifying therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Randomised clinical trials of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to date have yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this review was to examine the efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Occurrence of adverse events has also been reviewed. SEARCH STRATEGY A search was carried out using the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group register for randomised clinical trials of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Enquiries were also made of authors of randomised clinical trials as well as the manufacturers of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I regarding any other randomised clinical trials which had not yet been published. SELECTION CRITERIA Types of studies: all randomised controlled clinical trials involving recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS Adults with a clinical diagnosis of definite or probable amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial Criteria. Types of interventions: Treatment with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I or placebo. Types of outcome measures: Primary: Change in Appel Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Rating Scale (AALSRS) total score with 0.1mg/kg/day of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I after nine months treatment. Secondary: Change in AALSRS with recombinant human insulin like growth factor I 0.1mg/kg/day and 0.05mg/kg/day at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 months, change in quality of life (Sickness Impact Profile scale), survival and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We identified two randomised clinical trials. Each reviewer graded them for methodological quality. Data were extracted and entered by the lead reviewer and checked by the other two. Some missing data had to be regenerated by calculations based on ruler measurements of data presented in published graphs. MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome measure was change in disease progression as determined by the Appel ALS Rating Scale total score with 0.1 mg/kg/day of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I subcutaneously after nine months treatment. The level of significance was lower in the European trial which compared 59 patients on placebo with 124 on insulin-like growth factor I 0.1 mg/kg/day (weighted mean difference -3.30, 95%CI -8.68 to 2.08) than in the North American trial which compared 90 patients on placebo with 89 on recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I 0.05 mg/kg/day 89 patients and 87 patients on 0.1mg/kg/day (weighted mean difference -6.00, 95%CI -10.99 to -1.01). The combined analysis from both randomised clinical trials showed a weighted mean difference of -4.75 (95% CI -8.41 to -1.09) favouring the treated group. The secondary outcome measures showed similar trends favouring recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I but these did not reach significance at the five per cent level. Similarly the data with the 0.05mg/kg/day dose showed trends favouring recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I at all time points but did not reach significance at the five per cent level at any point. Evaluation of adverse events showed an increased risk of injection site reactions/inflammation with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (relative risk 2.53, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.59). The drug was otherwise safe and well tolerated. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I may be modestly effective but the evidence currently available is insufficient for a definitive assessment. Further randomised clinical trials need to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, UK, PR2 9HT.
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29
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Suliman IA, El-Bakri NK, Adem A, Mustafa A, Lindgren JU. The effect of ovariectomy and ovarian steroid treatment on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in the rat femur. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:1008-12. [PMID: 11780998 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are known to play an important role in bone metabolism. The regulation of plasma levels of GH and IGF-I by ovarian steroids is well known, however, their effect on local GH and IGF-I is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ovariectomy and ovarian steroid treatment on the femur GH and IGF-I levels as well as on bone density in the rat. Nine month-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM) and 9 weeks after the surgery they were treated with daily s.c. injections of either 17beta-estradiol (OVX + E), progesterone (OVX + P), or vehicle (OVX + V) for another 10 weeks. GH and IGF-I levels in the femur extracts were measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). Ovariectomy decreased GH and had no effect on IGF-I levels. Estradiol treatment increased femur GH and IGF-I levels compared to SHAM rats. Progesterone restored GH and increased IGF-I levels. Ovariectomy decreased, estrogen restored and progesterone partially restored femur bone density. Our results demonstrate that ovariectomy and ovarian steroids modulate the levels of GH and IGF-I in the bone of aged OVX rats. However, these effects appear to be limited to supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Suliman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Ostlund P, Lindegren H, Pettersson C, Bedecs K. Up-regulation of functionally impaired insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36110-5. [PMID: 11461928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105710200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that an altered level or function of the neurotrophic insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which supports neuronal survival, may underlie neurodegeneration. This study has focused on the expression and function of the IGF-1R in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cell lines. Our results show that scrapie infection induces a 4-fold increase in the level of IGF-1R in two independently scrapie-infected neuroblastomas, ScN2a and ScN1E-115 cells, and that the increased IGF-1R level was accompanied by increased IGF-1R mRNA levels. In contrast to the elevated IGF-1R expression in ScN2a, receptor binding studies revealed an 80% decrease in specific (125)I-IGF-1-binding sites compared with N2a cells. This decrease in IGF-1R-binding sites was shown to be caused by a 7-fold decrease in IGF-1R affinity. Furthermore, ScN2a showed no significant difference in IGF-1 induced proliferative response, despite the noticeable elevated IGF-1R expression, putatively explained by the reduced IGF-1R binding affinity. Additionally, IGF-1 stimulated IGF-1Rbeta tyrosine phosphorylation showed no major change in the dose-response between the cell types, possibly due to altered tyrosine kinase signaling in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. Altogether these data indicate that scrapie infection affects the expression, binding affinity, and signal transduction mediated by the IGF-1R in neuroblastoma cells. Altered IGF-1R expression and function may weaken the trophic support in scrapie-infected neurons and thereby contribute to neurodegeneration in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ostlund
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, University of Stockholm, Svante Arrhenius v. 21A, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bilak MM, Kuncl RW. Delayed application of IGF-I and GDNF can rescue already injured postnatal motor neurons. Neuroreport 2001; 12:2531-5. [PMID: 11496143 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200108080-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I, GDNF, and other neurotrophic factors, when applied at the time of injury, can protect postnatal motor neurons from slow glutamate injury in organotypic spinal cord. However, in human spinal cord diseases, motor neuron injury is already established when treatment could begin. We tested whether neurotrophic factors can protect already-injured motor neurons, and whether combinations of factors can further lengthen the therapeutic time window. Our data show that during a 7--8 week process of slow neurodegeneration either IGF-I or GDNF treatment, though delayed up to 4 weeks, still allowed substantial rescue of already injured motor neurons. However, the combination of both factors additively provided better neuroprotection than either factor alone, even after a 4-week delay. This proof of principle is relevant to the potential of IGF-I and GDNF as therapy for acquired disorders affecting motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bilak
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287-7519, USA
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Arnold PM, Ma JY, Citron BA, Zoubine MN, Festoff BW. Selective developmental regulation of gene expression for insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in mouse spinal cord. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000; 25:1765-70. [PMID: 10888943 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200007150-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized experimental study in mice. STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are present in mouse spinal cord and, if so, what role they play in its development. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Insulin-like growth factors are well recognized hormonal effectors of growth hormone and are expressed in the mammalian spinal cord. The IGFBPs are a group of six genetically distinct proteins that bind IGFs and modulate their bioactivity. They appear in the brain during development, localize to the neuromuscular junction, and promote motor neuron survival. The benefit of IGF-I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS and its potential use in preventing motor neuron apoptosis in spinal cord injury dictates that studies of the presence and response of IGFBPs in that tissue be performed. METHODS The IGFBPs in mouse spinal cord were analyzed by Western ligand blot, Western immunoblot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at various time points from embryonic day 14 to postnatal day 30. RESULTS Three IGFBPs with molecular masses of 24, 28, and 32 kDa were found, the latter two being the most prominent. The data indicate that these are IGFBP-4, -5, and -2. CONCLUSION Both IGFBP-2 and BP-5 are developmentally regulated in mouse spinal cord, with higher levels of those at early embryonic stages indicating their potential role in development of the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Arnold
- Neurobiology Research and Spinal Cord Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Ekegren T, Grundström E, Lindholm D, Aquilonius SM. Upregulation of Bax protein and increased DNA degradation in ALS spinal cord motor neurons. Acta Neurol Scand 1999; 100:317-21. [PMID: 10536919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is related to altered levels of the apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. In addition, immunoreactivity of the cysteine protease ICH-IL and detection of motor neurons with DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, was also studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS The immunoreactivity of Bcl-2, Bax and ICH-1L were compared in ALS and control spinal cord motor neurons by immunohistochemical analysis and motor neurons with DNA fragmentation were identified by the TUNEL-method. RESULTS The results demonstrate an increased expression of Bax in the ALS material as compared to controls but no change in Bcl-2 and ICH-1L expressions. Moreover, a larger proportion of motor neurons stained positive for TUNEL in ALS spinal cords. CONCLUSION Present study suggest an upregulation of the cell death promoting protein Bax and increased DNA degradation, indicative of apoptosis, in spinal motor neurons of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ekegren
- Department of Neuroscience Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mitsumoto H, Tsuzaka K. Neurotrophic factors and neuro-muscular disease: II. GDNF, other neurotrophic factors, and future directions. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22:1000-21. [PMID: 10417781 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199908)22:8<1000::aid-mus2>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two reviews in which we discuss the essential aspects of neurotrophic factor neurobiology, the characteristics of each neurotrophic factor, and their clinical relevance to neuromuscular diseases. The previous paper reviewed the neurotrophin family and neuropoietic cytokines. In the present article, we focus on the GDNF family and other neurotrophic factors and then consider future approaches that may be utilized in neurotrophic factor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitsumoto
- Department of Neurology (S-90), The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Wagey RT, Krieger C. Abnormalities of protein kinases in neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1999; 51:133-83. [PMID: 9949861 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8845-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and AD there is evidence for abnormal regulation of protein kinases. In these diseases, altered activities and protein levels of several specific kinases suggest that abnormal phosphorylation is present and this aberrant phosphorylation may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The observation that regulation of the NMDA receptor ion channel is altered in tissue from ALS patients may arise from the abnormal phosphorylation state of the protein kinase regulating NMDA receptor function. Whether the abnormalities of these protein kinases is a primary event leading to altered receptor regulation or vice versa is still poorly understood. The seemingly multiple pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and AD create complexity in assessing a primary cause that may lead to cell death. The mechanisms causing cell death (apoptosis or necrosis) may be overlapping with integrated events among the components interacting and contributing to a final pathway for neuron death. Thus, evidence of impairment in protein kinase signalling in these diseases may be a primary cause, a secondary event, or a compensatory mechanism. To further study this issue, different model systems could be beneficial to obtain a better understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Wagey
- Dept. of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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36
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Duberley RM, Johnson IP, Anand P, Leigh PN, Cairns NJ. Immunocytochemical studies of neurotrophins in cerebral motor cortex in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Res 1997; 763:259-63. [PMID: 9296568 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-like immunoreactivity was studied in post-mortem motor cerebral cortex from patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and controls. Neurotrophin-4/5 immunoreactivity was seen in small-(12-25 microm), medium-(26-39 microm), and large-(> 40 microm), neurones, neurotrophin-3 was seen in medium and small neurones, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor was restricted to small neurones. No difference in number or intensity of immunostained neurones was found between ALS and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Duberley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
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Sendtner M. Neurotrophic factors for experimental treatment of motoneuron disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 109:365-71. [PMID: 9009724 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sendtner
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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