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Zhang L, Verwer RWH, Zhao J, Huitinga I, Lucassen PJ, Swaab DF. Changes in glial gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in relation to major depressive disorder, suicide and psychotic features. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:893-903. [PMID: 34706460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish whether major depressive disorder (MDD), suicidal behaviors and psychotic features contribute to glial alterations in the human prefrontal cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared mRNA expression using real-time qPCR of 17 glia related genes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between 24 patients with MDD and 12 well-matched controls without psychiatric or neurological diseases. The MDD group was subdivided into i) MDD who died of suicide (MDD-S) or natural causes (MDD-NS) and ii) MDD with or without psychotic features (MDD-P and MDD-NP). The results were followed up with confounder factor analysis. RESULTS Astrocyte gene aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 L1 (ALDH1L1) showed an increased expression in the DLPFC of MDD-NS and the ACC of MDD-NP. S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) was upregulated in the DLPFC of MDD compared to the controls. Microglial markers CD11B and purinergic receptor 12 (P2RY12) both showed decreased expression in the ACC of MDD-NS. CD68 was increased in the DLPFC of MDD in both, MDD-S and MDD-P, compared to the controls. In addition, there was increased translocator protein (TSPO) expression in the DLPFC of MDD, especially MDD-NS. In the ACC, this gene had a lower expression in MDD-P than in MDD-NP. Myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA in the DLPFC increased in MDD, in relation to psychotic features, but not to suicide. LIMITATIONS Sample volumes are relatively small. CONCLUSIONS Different glial functions in MDD were related to specific brain area, suicide or psychotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald W H Verwer
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Zhao
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands.
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Dysregulation of Striatal Dopamine Receptor Binding in Suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:974-982. [PMID: 27402414 PMCID: PMC5312055 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inconsistent evidence implicates disruptions of striatal dopaminergic indices in suicide and major depression. To determine whether there are alterations in the striatal dopamine system in suicide, we conducted a quantitative autoradiographic survey of dopamine transporter (DAT; [3H]mazindol), D1 receptor ([3H]SCH23390), and D2 receptor ([3H]sulpiride) binding in the dorsal striatum postmortem from matched suicides and controls. Axis I and axis II psychiatric diagnosis, recent treatment history, and early life adversity (ELA) were determined by psychological autopsy. Mean DAT, D2, and D1 receptor binding did not differ in suicide. However, there was a positive correlation between D1 and D2 receptor binding in the dorsal striatum of control subjects (R2=0.31, p<0.05) that was not present in suicides (R2=0.00, p=0.97). In suicides and controls with reported ELA, there was no correlation between striatal DAT and D1 receptor binding (R2=0.07, p=0.33), although DAT and D1 receptor binding was positively correlated in subjects with no report of ELA (R2=0.32, p<0.05). After controlling for age, there were no significant ELA-related mean differences. Binding of D1 receptors and DAT throughout the striatum correlated negatively with age (D1 receptor: R2=0.12, p<0.05; DAT: R2=0.36, p<0.001). There appears to be an imbalance in dopaminergic receptor and transporter expression related to suicide that differs from that associated with ELA or age.
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Magnetization transfer imaging of suicidal patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9670. [PMID: 25853872 PMCID: PMC4389668 DOI: 10.1038/srep09670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) provides a quantitative measure of the macromolecular structural integrity of brain tissue, as represented by magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). In this study, we utilized MTI to identify biophysical alterations in MDD patients with a history of suicide attempts relative to MDD patients without such history. The participants were 36 medication-free MDD patients, with (N = 17) and without (N = 19) a history of a suicide attempt, and 28 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Whole brain voxel-based analysis was used to compare MTR across three groups and to analyze correlations with symptom severity and illness duration. We identified decreased MTR in left inferior parietal lobule and right superior parietal lobule in suicide attempters relative to both non-attempters and controls. Non-attempters also showed significantly reduced MTR in left inferior parietal lobule relative to controls, as well as an MTR reduction in left cerebellum. These abnormalities were not correlated with symptom severity or illness duration. Depressed patients with a history of suicide attempt showed bilateral abnormalities in parietal cortex compared to nonsuicidal depressed patients and healthy controls. Parietal lobe abnormalities might cause attentional dysfunction and impaired decision making to increase risk for suicidal behavior in MDD.
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Oquendo MA, Sullivan GM, Sudol K, Baca-Garcia E, Stanley BH, Sublette ME, Mann JJ. Toward a biosignature for suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:1259-77. [PMID: 25263730 PMCID: PMC4356635 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide, a major cause of death worldwide, has distinct biological underpinnings. The authors review and synthesize the research literature on biomarkers of suicide, with the aim of using the findings of these studies to develop a coherent model for the biological diathesis for suicide. METHOD The authors examined studies covering a large range of neurobiological systems implicated in suicide. They provide succinct descriptions of each system to provide a context for interpreting the meaning of findings in suicide. RESULTS Several lines of evidence implicate dysregulation in stress response systems, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as a diathesis for suicide. Additional findings related to neuroinflammatory indices, glutamatergic function, and neuronal plasticity at the cellular and circuitry level may reflect downstream effects of such dysregulation. Whether serotonergic abnormalities observed in individuals who have died by suicide are independent of stress response abnormalities is an unresolved question. CONCLUSIONS The most compelling biomarkers for suicide are linked to altered stress responses and their downstream effects, and to abnormalities in the serotonergic system. Studying these systems in parallel and in the same populations may elucidate the role of each and their interplay, possibly leading to identification of new treatment targets and biological predictors.
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Leggio GM, Salomone S, Bucolo C, Platania C, Micale V, Caraci F, Drago F. Dopamine D3 receptor as a new pharmacological target for the treatment of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Furczyk K, Schutová B, Michel TM, Thome J, Büttner A. The neurobiology of suicide - A Review of post-mortem studies. J Mol Psychiatry 2013; 1:2. [PMID: 25408895 PMCID: PMC4223890 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9256-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of suicidal behaviour, which constitutes one of the most serious problems both in psychiatry and general medical practice, still remains to a large degree unclear. As a result, scientists constantly look for new opportunities of explaining the causes underlying suicidality. In order to elucidate the biological changes occurring in the brains of the suicide victims, studies based on post-mortem brain tissue samples are increasingly being used. These studies employ different research methods to provide an insight into abnormalities in brain functioning on various levels, including gene and protein expression, neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, as well as many other areas. The aim of this paper to summarize the available data on the post-mortem studies, to provide an overview of main research directions and the most up-to-date findings, and to indicate the possibilities of further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Furczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimerstrasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbora Schutová
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimerstrasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tanja M Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimerstrasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimerstrasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany ; College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 PP UK
| | - Andreas Büttner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Rostock, St.-Georg-Strasse 108, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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Leggio GM, Micale V, Drago F. Increased sensitivity to antidepressants of D3 dopamine receptor-deficient mice in the forced swim test (FST). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:271-7. [PMID: 17804207 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists for a dopaminergic system dysregulation in mood disorders. In particular, depression may be accompanied by a relative fall of brain dopamine (DA) availability, while the increase of dopamine D2/D3 receptors (D2R/D3R) binding may reflect a compensatory change following primary reduction of mesolimbic DA levels. It is well established that D3Rs, acting as autoreceptors, inhibit DA synthesis and release, although lack of selective compounds have limited the progress in understanding D3Rs role in mood disorders. Aim of this study was to assess the behavioral responses of D3R-deficient (D3(-/-)) mice tested in the forced swim test (FST) and to evaluate their sensitivity to the treatment with different antidepressant drugs. Different groups of mice received one injection of the tricyclic compound, clomipramine (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or of one the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), paroxetine, sertraline or citalopram (1, 4 and 16 mg/kg), 30 min prior the behavioral test. Vehicle-injected wild type (WT) mice and D3(-/-) animals were used as controls and submitted to the same experimental procedure. In a preliminary experiment, vehicle-injected D3(-/-) mice, but not their littermates, failed to show an increased immobility time in FST as compared to intact controls, suggesting an increased resistance to injection-induced stress in the former. Clomipramine 1 mg/kg failed to affect behavioral responses of both D3(-/-) mice and WT animals. After the 5 mg/kg dose, D3(-/-) and WT mice showed a better performance in FST than vehicle-injected controls, with a lower immobility time exhibited by D3(-/-) mice than that shown by WT animals. No difference was found between WT mice treated with the highest dose of clomipramine (10 mg/kg) and the respective controls, although D3(-/-) mice exhibited a decreased immobility time as compared to vehicle-injected controls. In contrast to WT animals, when treated with 1 mg/kg sertraline and the 4 mg/kg dose of every SSRI D3(-/-) mice exhibited a decreased immobility time in FST in comparison to vehicle-injected controls. Furthermore, 16 mg/kg doses of citalopram, paroxetine or sertraline induced a greater reduction of immobility time in D3(-/-) mice than in WT-treated animals as compared to their respective controls. These data suggest that D3(-/-) mice, as being more resistant to stressful procedure than WT littermates, are more sensitive to antidepressants in FST paradigm than the former. Although the present data do not allow any conclusion on the neurochemical base of this difference, it might be possible that the greater sensitivity to antidepressants depends on a higher DA levels in mesolimbic pathways following the lack of D3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Leggio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Ryding E, Ahnlide JA, Lindström M, Rosén I, Träskman-Bendz L. Regional brain serotonin and dopamine transporter binding capacity in suicide attempters relate to impulsiveness and mental energy. Psychiatry Res 2006; 148:195-203. [PMID: 17085020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To study different aspects of regional pre-synaptic brain (123)I-beta-CIT uptake on serotonin and dopamine re-uptake sites in drug-free suicide attempters in comparison with age- and sex matched control subjects, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) measurements were analysed for regional serotonin re-uptake (5HTT) and dopamine re-uptake (DAT) capacity (binding potential, BP()) after i.v. (123)I-beta-CIT administration. All suicide attempters were examined concerning seriousness of the attempt, and DSM-IV diagnosis. Both suicide attempters and control subjects were tested for psychotropic drugs, and completed the Marke-Nyman Temperament (MNT) test, including solidity (level of impulsiveness/initiative) and validity (level of mental energy). We found no significant difference between suicide attempters and control subjects concerning the regional levels of 5HTT BP() or DAT BP(). However, in suicide attempters, but not controls, we found significant regional correlations between MNT variables and SPECT results. We interpret the discrepant findings in suicide attempters and control subjects to be due to a disability of the suicide attempters to regulate their serotonin and dopamine levels, e.g. in response to external stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ryding
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lund, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Papakostas GI. Dopaminergic-based pharmacotherapies for depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:391-402. [PMID: 16413172 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The serendipitous discovery of the precursors of two of the major contemporary antidepressant families during the late 1950s, iproniazid for the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and imipramine for the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), has guided the subsequent development of antidepressant compounds with predominantly serotonergic, noradrenergic or combined serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. Unfortunately, however, many depressed patients continue to remain symptomatic despite adequate treatment with pharmacologic agents currently available. When one reviews the list of pharmacologic agents currently approved for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), it is apparent that relatively few treatments with dopaminergic activity have been developed to date. Therefore, developing effective antidepressant treatments with pro-dopaminergic properties which also possess a relatively wide safety margin may further improve the standard of care for depression. In the present article we will briefly review studies focusing on the role of dopamine in depression followed by a comprehensive review of pharmacotherapies for depression with pro-dopaminergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Papakostas
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Argyelán M, Szabó Z, Kanyó B, Tanács A, Kovács Z, Janka Z, Pávics L. Dopamine transporter availability in medication free and in bupropion treated depression: a 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT study. J Affect Disord 2005; 89:115-23. [PMID: 16213028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupropion is thought to exert its antidepressive effect by blocking the dopamine transporter (DAT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the DAT activity in depressed patients by means of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT in relation to the efficacy of bupropion treatment. METHODS In 12 healthy controls and 16 depressed patients the baseline DAT activity was examined. Nine of the 16 patients went through an additional second SPECT investigation, after 4 weeks of bupropion treatment. RESULTS In the depressed patients, the baseline DAT striatum-occipital ratio (SOR) (1.04+/-.36, mean+/-SD) was not significantly different from that in the control group (1.12+/-.33) (p>.05). Correlation was found between baseline SOR and HAM-D score change (r=-.745, p=.02) of the bupropion treated patients. The average DAT occupancy due to the bupropion treatment was 20.84+/-27.7%. No significant correlation between the therapeutical effectiveness and the occupancy was observed. LIMITATIONS One of the limiting factors of our study has been the lack of drug monitoring. CONCLUSIONS In good agreement with other PET studies, we found 20.84% DAT occupancy during bupropion treatment. The lack of correlation between the efficacy of therapy and occupancy of DAT may raise the question as to whether other mechanisms are involved in the effect of bupropion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Argyelán
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In depressive disorders, alterations of GABA concentrations and number of postsynaptic GABA related receptor binding sites, as well as antidepressant effects exerted by GABA agonists, suggest a pathogenetic involvement of the GABA system. METHOD The binding of the presynaptic GABA ligand [(3)H]tiagabine to GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) was studied in post mortem human frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus from 13 suicide victims and 19 controls without known neurological or psychiatric disorder. RESULTS No differences were found between the suicide victims and the controls with regard to the number of [(3)H]tiagabine binding sites (B(max)) or apparent affinity (K(d)). LIMITATIONS The study was limited to two brain regions. CONCLUSION Findings in other studies of alterations in the GABA system in depression seem according to the present results not to be associated with significant changes in the GABA uptake binding sites in the regions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Sundman-Eriksson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
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Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Zea-Ponce Y, Rodenhiser J, Kegeles LS, Pratap M, Cooper TB, Van Heertum R, Mann JJ, Laruelle M. Dopamine D(2) receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:313-22. [PMID: 11543733 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced dopaminergic transmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression. The aim of the present study was to measure striatal D(2) receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in nonpsychotic, unmedicated, unipolar patients during an episode of major depression. METHODS The striatal equilibrium specific to nonspecific partition coefficient (V(3)") of the D(2) receptor antagonist [(123)I]IBZM was measured with single photon emission computerized tomography before and after amphetamine administration in 9 depressed subjects and 10 matched healthy control subjects. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in preamphetamine D(2) receptor availability between depressed patients (0.73 +/- 0.08) and control subjects (0.78 +/- 0.10, p =.23). Amphetamine-induced reduction in [(123)I]IBZM V(3)" (DeltaV(3)") was similar in depressed patients (-9.8 +/- 5.5%) and control subjects (-7.8 +/- 2.5%, p =.32). Amphetamine induced a transient improvement in symptomatology in depressed patients, but this improvement did not correlate with [(123)I]IBZM DeltaV(3)". CONCLUSIONS This study did not replicate previously reported alterations in striatal D(2) receptor density in depressed patients and suggests that stimulant-induced dopamine release is not altered in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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