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Ohta Y, Yashiro K, Kobayashi T, Inui K, Yoshino J. Protective effect ofN,N’-dimethylthiourea against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:319-328. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Ohta
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Koji Yashiro
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine; Second Teaching Hospital; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi 454-0012 Japan
| | - Kazuo Inui
- Department of Internal Medicine; Second Teaching Hospital; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi 454-0012 Japan
| | - Junji Yoshino
- Dainagoya building Central Clinic; Nagoya Aichi 450-6409 Japan
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Esteva-Font C, Phuan PW, Lee S, Su T, Anderson MO, Verkman AS. Structure-activity analysis of thiourea analogs as inhibitors of UT-A and UT-B urea transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:1075-80. [PMID: 25613743 PMCID: PMC4364388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of urea transporter (UT) proteins in kidney have potential application as novel salt-sparing diuretics. The urea analog dimethylthiourea (DMTU) was recently found to inhibit the UT isoforms UT-A1 (expressed in kidney tubule epithelium) and UT-B (expressed in kidney vasa recta endothelium) with IC50 of 2-3 mM, and was shown to have diuretic action when administered to rats. Here, we measured UT-A1 and UT-B inhibition activity of 36 thiourea analogs, with the goal of identifying more potent and isoform-selective inhibitors, and establishing structure-activity relationships. The analog set systematically explored modifications of substituents on the thiourea including alkyl, heterocycles and phenyl rings, with different steric and electronic features. The analogs had a wide range of inhibition activities and selectivities. The most potent inhibitor, 3-nitrophenyl-thiourea, had an IC50 of ~0.2 mM for inhibition of both UT-A1 and UT-B. Some analogs such as 4-nitrophenyl-thiourea were relatively UT-A1 selective (IC50 1.3 vs. 10 mM), and others such as thioisonicotinamide were UT-B selective (IC50>15 vs. 2.8 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Esteva-Font
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Sujin Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Tao Su
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Marc O Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132-4136, USA
| | - A S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA.
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3
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Gharzouli K, Khennouf S, Amira S, Gharzouli A. Effects of aqueous extracts from Quercus ilex L. root bark, Punica granatum L. fruit peel and Artemisia herba-alba Asso leaves on ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. Phytother Res 1999; 13:42-5. [PMID: 10189949 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199902)13:1<42::aid-ptr383>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The gastroprotective effect of tannic acid and the aqueous extract of Quercus ilex L. root bark, Punica granatum L. fruit peel and Artemisia herba-alba Asso leaves was investigated in the rat against ethanol-induced damage. Tannic acid, Q. ilex and P. granatum extracts gave 100% precipitation of ovine haemoglobin in vitro, whereas A. herba-alba extract was devoid of any protein-binding property. Oral administration of these plant extracts or tannic acid induced a significant decrease in gastric lesions (47.7%-76%). The observed protection was more pronounced when the test solution was given at the same time with ethanol, except for Q. ilex extract. The acid content of the stomach was significantly increased by P. granatum (368%) and A. herba-alba (251%) extracts prepared in ethanol. It is suggested that monomeric and polymeric polyphenols can strengthen the gastric mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gharzouli
- Institut de Biologie, Université Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a vasodilator and prevents gastric injury from ethanol. Its effects against other irritants are unknown. This study was conducted to (1) assess whether CCK or oleate, a CCK secretagogue, could prevent gastric injury from other damaging agents and (2) examine the role of blood flow in CCK-induced gastroprotection. Conscious rats were pretreated for 10 minutes with intravenous saline solution or CCK (5 nmol/kg) or were given 1 ml of orogastric water or oleate (100 mmol/L) 30 minutes before a 1 ml orogastric bolus of acidified ethanol (150 mmol/L hydrochloric acid/50% ethanol), 0.75N hydrochloric acid, or 0.2N sodium hydroxide. Rats were killed 5 minutes after receiving an irritant and the total area (mm2) of macroscopic injury was quantified. The duration of CCK-induced gastroprotection against acidified ethanol was examined at 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes after its administration. Other rats had gastric mucosal blood flow determined (fluorescent microspheres) at identical time points. CCK and oleate decreased gastric injury from all three luminal irritants. CCK-induced gastroprotection was present for 30 minutes but only enhanced gastric mucosal blood flow at 5 and 10 minutes. These data suggest that endogenous CCK may play a role in gastric mucosal defense and that blood flow alone does not fully explain CCK gastroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cross
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Longo WE, Smith GS, Deshpande Y, Reickenberg C, Kaminski DL. The effect of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid on gut-derived smooth muscle cell arachidonic acid metabolism: role of endogenous prostanoids. Mediators Inflamm 1997; 6:237-40. [PMID: 18472826 PMCID: PMC2365836 DOI: 10.1080/09629359791749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of smooth muscle cells as a potential source of eicosanoid production during inflammatory states remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNB), a known pro-inflammatory agent, on jejunal smooth muscle cell eicosanoid production. Human gut-derived smooth muscle cells (HISM) were incubated with TNB for 1 hour. Additionally, some cells were preincubated with either dimethylthiourea, or indomethacin for 1 hour before exposure to identical concentrations of TNB. Incubation with TNB led to significant increases in PGE2 and
6-keto PGF-1α release, but not leukotriene B4 release; responses which were both inhibited by dimethylthiourea and indomethacin treatment. Our results suggest that gutderived smooth muscle cells may represent an important source of proinflammatory prostanoids but not leukotrienes during inflammatory states of the intestine. The inhibition of prostanoid activity by thiourea may be mediated by suppression of cyclooxygenase activity in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Longo
- Department of Surgery Theodore Cooper Surgical Research Unit St. Louis University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center St. Luois MO USA
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Smith GS, Mercer DW, Cross JM, Barreto JC, Miller TA. Gastric injury induced by ethanol and ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. Differing roles for lipid peroxidation and oxygen radicals. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:1157-64. [PMID: 8654147 DOI: 10.1007/bf02088232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the role that oxygen-derived free radicals played in the production of gastric injury in rats challenged orally with concentrated ethanol or subjected to vascular compromise. In the ethanol study, rats were pretreated with a variety of free radical scavengers or enzyme inhibitors prior to exposing the stomach to 100% ethanol. At sacrifice, the degree of macroscopic damage to the glandular gastric mucosa was quantified. In separate studies, the effects of ethanol on gastric mucosal levels of enaldehydes (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal) were examined as an index of lipid peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase and catalase pretreatment were without benefit in reducing injury in our ethanol model, excluding potential contributory roles for the superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide and desferoxamine were likewise without protective capabilities, eliminating a role for the hydroxyl radical. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, provided no protection under acute conditions, even though partial protection was noted when administered chronically. Further, enaldehyde levels were not increased over control levels in alcohol-exposed mucosa, indicating no enhanced lipid peroxide formation. In contrast, in animals in which ischemia to the stomach was induced followed by reperfusion, marked gastric injury was observed in combination with enhanced enaldehyde levels. Prevention of enaldehyde formation by a 21-aminosteroid concomitantly prevented injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. These findings support the conclusion that ischemia-reperfusion injury to the stomach is an oxygen-derived free radical process whereas ethanol-induced injury clearly involved some other process. Although allopurinal was partially protective against ethanol damage when administered chronically, observations in other models of injury suggest that this action is independent of its inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, USA
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Ligumsky M, Sestieri M, Okon E, Ginsburg I. Antioxidants inhibit ethanol-induced gastric injury in the rat. Role of manganese, glycine, and carotene. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30:854-60. [PMID: 8578183 DOI: 10.3109/00365529509101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen-derived radicals are implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue damage and ulcerogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effect of manganese, glycine, and carotene, oxygen radical scavengers, on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in the rat and on ethanol cytotoxicity in epithelial cell culture. METHODS MnCl2 + glycine (12.5-50 mg/rat) were injected subcutaneously up to 6 h before oral administration of 1 ml of 96% ethanol, and 0.5 ml carrot juice or beta-carotene was given orally 30 min before the ethanol. Mucosal injury was evaluated 1 h later by gross and microscopic scoring. The effect of Mn2+ and carrot juice was also tested in monolayers of radiolabeled epithelial cells exposed to H2O2 + ethanol injury as expressed by the extent of the isotope leakage. RESULTS Mn2+ and glycine pretreatment dose-dependently reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesion formation. Protection was maximal when treatment was applied 4 h before the insult. Gross damage was also markedly prevented by pretreatment with carotenes and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally) but not by allopurinol. Mixtures of subtoxic concentrations of ethanol and H2O2 were highly lethal for epithelial cell monolayers. In this model, cell death was markedly attenuated by catalase, DMTU, Mn2+, and carrot juice. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage may involve generation of oxygen-derived radicals, independent of the xanthine oxidase system. By acting as oxygen radical scavengers, Mn2+, glycine, and carotenes, like catalase and DMTU, provide significant gastroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ligumsky
- Dept of Gastroenterology, Hadassah University Hospital, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Victor BE, Taegtmeyer H, Miller TA. Gastric mucosal high-energy phosphate metabolism. Influence of ethanol and PGE2. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:120-7. [PMID: 7821098 DOI: 10.1007/bf02063954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated potential alterations in gastric mucosal energy metabolism following exposure to the damaging agent 50% ethanol (50% EtOH) alone and after pretreatment with either 16,16-dimethyl (dmPGE2) or the mild irritant 25% ethanol (25% EtOH). Fasted rats (n = 12-26/group) were orally given 1 ml of normal saline (NS), dmPGE2 in a dose of 5 micrograms/kg, or 25% EtOH. Fifteen minutes later, they randomly received 1 ml of NS or 50% EtOH. After 5 min, rats were anesthetized and their stomachs rapidly excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and lyophyllized. Once dried, the surface area (in square millimeters) of mucosal lesions was quantitated. Mucosa was then scraped off the underlying muscularis. Tissue metabolites (ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate) were measured in deproteinized, neutralized samples by enzymatic methods. In conjunction with the development of mucosal lesions involving an average of 45 mm2, ATP was significantly (P < 0.05) lower and AMP significantly higher in 50% EtOH-treated animals (indicating dephosphorylation) when compared with NS controls. Although both 25% EtOH and dmPGE2 prevented these lesions, only 25% EtOH prevented the ATP and AMP alterations. Fifty percent EtOH also significantly increased the tissue content of glucose and lactate over control values while glucose-6-phosphate was significantly decreased. With both protective agents pyruvate levels were significantly reduced, while glucose and lactate levels were not affected. In contrast to dmPGE2, the mild irritant (25% EtOH) significantly increased glucose-6-phosphate levels over control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Victor
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030
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Santos L, Tipping PG. Attenuation of adjuvant arthritis in rats by treatment with oxygen radical scavengers. Immunol Cell Biol 1994; 72:406-14. [PMID: 7835985 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1994.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular hydroxyl radical (OH.), to joint inflammation was examined in rats developing adjuvant arthritis (AA) by treatment with ROS scavengers dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and DMSO. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by a single intradermal (i.d.) injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) in oil on day 0. By day 14, all rats exhibited arthritis in the hindlimbs and the majority had involvement of the forelimbs. A marked inflammatory cell influx (75% neutrophils) was present in the synovial fluid. These cells, in vitro, spontaneously produced OH. (0.96 +/- 0.28 OH. units/h per 10(5) cells). In contrast, spontaneous OH. production by normal circulating leucocytes was absent (0.07 +/- 0.03 OH. units/h per 10(5) cells). Adjuvant-injected rats were treated with DMTU (500, 250 and 100 mg/kg), DMSO (330 and 165 mg/kg) or saline (disease control) once daily on days 8, 9 and 10 and twice daily on days 11, 12 and 13 postadjuvant injection. Both DMTU and DMSO significantly reduced the clinical evidence of arthritis (clinical scores: DMTU [500 mg/kg] = 0, P < 0.0001; DMSO [3.0 mL/kg] = 0.4 +/- 0.3, P < 0.01, compared with disease control = 2.3 +/- 0.3). Synovial fluid cell accumulation was also significantly reduced (DMTU [500 mg+kg] = 0.5 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) cells/four joints, P < 0.0001; DMSO [3.0 mL/kg] 2.75 +/- 1.9 x 10(5) cells/four joints, P < 0.01 compared with disease control = 11.76 +/- 1.7 x 10(5) cells/four joints). Neither treatment inhibited cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the disease inducing antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santos
- Monash University, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Tornwall MS, Smith GS, Barreto JC, Lopez RA, Henagan JM, Miller TA. Adverse effects of vagotomy on ethanol-induced gastric injury in the rat. Absence of a role for glutathione redox cycle. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:2294-8. [PMID: 8261836 DOI: 10.1007/bf01299911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Truncal vagotomy is known to aggravate the damaging effects of alcohol-induced gastric injury and prevent the occurrence of adaptive cytoprotection against such injury by a mild irritant. This study was undertaken to determine whether aberrations in glutathione (GSH) metabolism were responsible for these vagotomy-induced effects. Fasted rats (6-8/group) were subjected to truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or sham vagotomy and pyloroplasty. One week later they were given 2 ml of oral saline or the mild irritant, 25% ethanol (EtOH). Thirty minutes following such treatment, animals were either sacrificed or orally received 2 ml of 100% EtOH and then were sacrificed 5 min later. At sacrifice, in each experimental group, stomachs were removed and either evaluated macroscopically for the degree of injury involving the glandular gastric epithelium or samples of the mucosa were prepared for measurement of total GSH levels or GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GRT) activity. In nonvagotomized animals, saline treatment prior to 100% EtOH exposure resulted in injury to the glandular epithelium involving approximately 18%. Treatment with 25% EtOH prior to 100% EtOH exposure virtually abolished this injury. In vagotomized animals, 100% EtOH elicited almost three times the amount of injury observed in the nonvagotomized state and the protective effect of 25% EtOH pretreatment was prevented. Effects of the various treatment modalities on GPX and GRT activity were not significantly different from control values. When mucosal GSH results were plotted against the presence or absence of gastric injury among the various groups studied, no significant correlation was apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Tornwall
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030
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