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Abstract
Immune reactions to foreign or self-antigens lead to protective immunity and, sometimes, immune disorders such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APC) including epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play an important role in the course and outcome of the immune reactions. Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) is a technology that offers a tool to manipulate the LCs and the potential to harness the immune reactions towards prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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2
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Navas MC, Fuchs A, Schvoerer E, Bohbot A, Aubertin AM, Stoll-Keller F. Dendritic cell susceptibility to hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. J Med Virol 2002; 67:152-61. [PMID: 11992576 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells was carried out to study their susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Immature dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells were incubated overnight at 37 degrees C with HCV-positive (genotype 1) serum samples; the presence of the viral genome associated with the production of its replicative intermediate was used as evidence of infection. In immature dendritic cells, HCV RNA was detectable from days 1-10 post-infection (p.i.), and de novo synthesis of negative-strand HCV RNA could be demonstrated by a strand-specific rTth reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at day 2. In mature dendritic cells, the positive-strand form was detectable from days 1-5 p.i., while the negative-strand HCV RNA appeared at days 1 and 2 p.i. Quasispecies present in the inoculum and 6 days p.i. were analyzed by sequencing hypervariable region 1 of the E2 protein. Only two of seven HVR variants present in the inoculum were found in HCV-infected immature dendritic cells. Another two HVR variants not found in the inoculum were recovered from infected immature dendritic cells, suggesting serum minor variants selection or virus evolution during in vitro replication. Analysis by single-strand conformation polymorphism assay of 5' untranslated region of HCV sequences showed that the patterns obtained from the inoculum and infected immature dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells differed slightly. These findings indicate that both immature dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells are susceptible to HCV genotype 1 infection, supporting at least HCV RNA replication. This model should be a valuable tool for the study of modulation of dendritic cell functions in HCV infection.
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Touitou E, Godin B, Karl Y, Bujanover S, Becker Y. Oleic acid, a skin penetration enhancer, affects Langerhans cells and corneocytes. J Control Release 2002; 80:1-7. [PMID: 11943383 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers (PE) are frequently used in the field of dermal research and for the development of transdermal delivery products. However, their influence on skin epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) has not yet been investigated. In this work we studied the effect of four PE, oleic acid (OA), propylene glycol (PG), ethanol, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME), and an iontophoretic treatment on the morphometric parameters of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). Retinoic acid (RA) was used as a positive control. Test solutions were applied to the footpad of Sabra mice. The area, perimeter, density and shape factor (SF) were the morphometric parameters evaluated following ATPase staining of LC. Application of RA led to a large decrease in cell density (-50.2%, P<0.01) and dendritic shape (19.8%, P<0.01). Treatment with 10% OA in ethanolic solution caused a severe decrease in LC density (-69.0%, P<0.01), accompanied by a decrease in dendricity as measured by the changes in SF. Ethanol had no statistically significant effect on the LC morphologic parameters tested. All other PE had a mild, if any, effect on LC morphology. SEM micrographs of the skin of IOPS hairless rats demonstrated that 24 h in vivo treatment with 10% OA in ethanolic solution resulted in the generation of pores on the surface of epidermal corneocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Touitou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Kusano F, Tanaka Y, Marumo F, Sato C. Expression of C-C chemokines is associated with portal and periportal inflammation in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Transl Med 2000; 80:415-22. [PMID: 10744077 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the portal and periportal areas is a common feature of chronic hepatitis C. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells are located in the portal area, and infiltrating T cells are initially exposed to infected hepatocytes in the periportal area. Thus, these areas could be sites of the initial processes of the immune response in chronic hepatitis C. C-C chemokines (dendritic-cell-derived C-C chemokine [DC-CK1] and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted [RANTES])-attracting T cells may play a role in the portal inflammatory changes. The relationship between the expression of these C-C chemokines, which attract T cells and the infiltration of T cells into the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C, was examined by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. T-cell activation was examined by immunostaining T-cell subsets. Specific signals were detected for DC-CK1 mRNA in mononuclear cells mainly in the portal area and for RANTES mRNA in the portal area and at sites of piecemeal necrosis in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Naive T cells were located mainly in the portal area, whereas active T cells were found mainly at sites of piecemeal necrosis in the periportal area. In addition, hepatic DC-CK1- and RANTES-mRNA levels were significantly correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the local production of DC-CK1 and RANTES participates in immune responses by attracting naive and active T cells to the portal and periportal areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kusano
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Sundaram P, Tigelaar RE, Brandsma JL. Intracutaneous vaccination of rabbits with the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) L1 gene protects against virus challenge . Vaccine 1997; 15:664-71. [PMID: 9178468 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine encoding the major capsid protein L1 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was constructed and administered intracutaneously (i.c.) to rabbits as supercoiled plasmids bound to gold beads using a specialized delivery device ("gene gun"). L1 DNA-vaccinated rabbits developed cellular proliferative responses to CRPV virus-like particles and developed high titered antibodies with neutralizing activity to CRPV. Following experimental challenge with CRPV, all of the L1 DNA-vaccinated rabbits, vs none of the controls, were protected from papilloma formation. These results demonstrate that i.c. vaccination of rabbits with the L1 papillomavirus capsid gene can induce antibodies that protect against subsequent papillomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundaram
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Sundaram P, Xiao W, Brandsma JL. Particle-mediated delivery of recombinant expression vectors to rabbit skin induces high-titered polyclonal antisera (and circumvents purification of a protein immunogen). Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1375-7. [PMID: 8614644 PMCID: PMC145768 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.7.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies were generated in rabbits by delivery to skin of gold particles coated with mammalian expression vectors encoding a cytoplasmic (beta-galactosidase) or a nuclear (L1 capsid of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) protein. One primary and one booster immunization of 30 micrograms DNA per rabbit yielded specific antisera with titers from 1:24 000 to 1:120 000 in each of eight rabbits, as detected by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Genetic immunization requires relatively small amounts of DNA, eliminates the need to purify the protein immunogen, and does not require irritating adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundaram
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, Bautista MJ, Carrasco L, Hervás J, Sierra MA. Electron microscopic evidence for infection of splenic dendritic cells by adenovirus in psittacine birds. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1995; 146:389-395. [PMID: 8834755 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(96)80898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The spleens of four psittacine birds suffering from natural type II avian adenoviral infection were studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to determine the target cells of this virus in the spleen. Typical adenoviral replication sites were found in lymphocytes and dendritic cells.
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Becker Y. HSV-1 brain infection by the olfactory nerve route and virus latency and reactivation may cause learning and behavioral deficiencies and violence in children and adults: a point of view. Virus Genes 1995; 10:217-26. [PMID: 8560783 DOI: 10.1007/bf01701811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two recent studies provided new evidence on the latency of HSV-1 DNA in 15.5% of olfactory bulbs and in 72.5% of trigeminal nerves from human corpses at forensic postmortems (1) and in 35% of 40 autopsied human brains (2). In the latter brains, latent HSV-1 DNA was found in the olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, brain stem, and trigeminal ganglia. Although in these studies it is not known by which route HSV-1 entered the olfactory bulbs and brain, experimental studies in mice (3) revealed that injection of HSV-1 into the olfactory bulbs leads to virus migration into the brain amygdala and hippocampus via the olfactory nerve and locus coeruleus. If the olfactory ciliary nerve epithelium is the port of entry of HSV-1 into the olfactory bulbs and brain in humans as well, protection of the nose against HSV-1 infection may be needed to prevent virus latency in neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus (3). Infection of humans by HSV-1 was estimated to increase from 18.2% in the 0-20 year population group to 100% in persons older than 60 years (1), indicating that worldwide human populations at all ages are at risk of brain infection by the olfactory nerve route. In addition, both primary infection and reactivation of latent DNA in the brain may lead to damage of neurons in the brain involved in memory, learning, and behavior, as observed in infected, acyclovir-treated mice (3). The current introduction of a live apathogenic varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine to immunize children against chickenpox (4) may suggest that the time is ripe for immunization of children and adults against HSV-1 infections, especially infections by the olfactory nerve route, to prevent potential brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Ibrahim MA, Chain BM, Katz DR. The injured cell: the role of the dendritic cell system as a sentinel receptor pathway. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1995; 16:181-6. [PMID: 7734045 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A major unresolved paradox in immunology remains: how do we avoid harm, despite the abundant opportunities for induction of immune responses against self-proteins? Here, Mohammad Ibrahim, Benjamin Chain and David Katz extend Janeway's proposed explanation, arguing that adaptive immune responses are initiated not only by conserved microbial products, but also by microenvironmental tissue injury. They suggest that the key step is local dendritic cell activation, followed by upregulation of T-cell costimulatory molecules on these cells, and migration, leading to antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ibrahim
- Dept of Immunology, University College London Medical School, UK
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David D, Stram Y, Yadin H, Trainin Z, Becker Y. Foot and mouth disease virus replication in bovine skin Langerhans cells under in vitro conditions detected by RT-PCR. Virus Genes 1995; 10:5-13. [PMID: 7483289 DOI: 10.1007/bf01724292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The replication of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was studied in isolated bovine skin Langerhans cells (LC), in keratinocytes from epidermal cell suspension, and in migrating LC obtained from cultured bovine epidermal sheets in vitro. Viral RNA replication in infected cells was determined by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the negative FMDV RNA strand and by the plaque forming assay of FMDV. It was established that bovine skin LC, keratinocytes, and migratory bovine LC infected with FMDV strain 01 Geshur supported virus replication. This RT-PCR method to detect the negative strand of FMDV RNA in migratory bovine skin LC may be useful for determining FMD virus replication in tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D David
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Becker Y. An analysis of the role of skin Langerhans cells (LC) in the cytoplasmic processing of HIV-1 peptides after "peplotion" transepidermal transfer and HLA class I presentation to CD8+ CTLs--an approach to immunization of humans. Virus Genes 1995; 9:133-47. [PMID: 7732659 DOI: 10.1007/bf01702656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Skin Langerhans cells (LC) are antigen-presenting cells capable of expressing MHC class I and class II molecules on the plasma membrane. This molecular activity was reviewed to combine the knowledge of peptide presentation by MHC and HLA class I and class II molecules to prime CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and CD4+ T helper cells, respectively. The possible utilization of the skin dendritic cells for the development of antiviral CTLs and antibodies by synthetic peptides modeled according to the motifs of peptides that naturally interact with the peptide binding grooves of the various HLA haplotypes is discussed and evaluated. It may be possible that the introduction of synthetic viral peptides with motifs to fit the HLA class I haplotypes of a human population to the skin dendritic cells will prime selectively the cellular or the humoral immune responses. This approach may provide a new vaccination technique that applies synthetic virus peptides as vaccines for the immunization of humans. The neuropeptide CGRP interacts with LC and modulates antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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McFadden G, Kane K. How DNA viruses perturb functional MHC expression to alter immune recognition. Adv Cancer Res 1994; 63:117-209. [PMID: 8036987 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Randolph SE, Nuttall PA. Nearly right or precisely wrong? Natural versus laboratory studies of vector-borne diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994; 10:458-62. [PMID: 15275510 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(94)90154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies that compare experimental vector-borne disease systems incorporating elements of natural pathogen-vector-host interactions with model systems using unnatural associations have highlighted quantitative, and even qualitative, differences in the results. Here, Sarah Randolph and Pat Nuttall argue that the use of mathematical models to explore epidemiological processes and patterns depends on accurate parameter values obtained from natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Randolph
- Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3PS
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Abstract
Langerhans cells are part of a vast system of potent antigen-presenting cells known under the name of dendritic cells. During the last decade, much has been learned on dendritic cell involvement in the immune response to infectious diseases. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of the role played by Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of DNA and RNA virus infections. These data may form the basis for the development of innovative approaches in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sprecher
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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