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Ji Y, Zhao X, Liu W. Detection of equine herpesvirus antibodies in large-scale donkey farms in Liaocheng area. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e70016. [PMID: 39268675 PMCID: PMC11393556 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus (EHV) can cause respiratory, reproductive and neurological diseases in equine animals, including donkeys. The main pathogens responsible for these diseases are EHV type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4. In this study, we collected serum samples from 230 donkeys on 27 large-scale donkey farms to detect EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibodies. We analyzed the presence of EHV antibodies based on region, age and season. RESULTS Out of the 27 farms, 62.96% (17/27) tested positive for EHV. Of the 230 donkeys tested, 2.61% (6/230) were positive only for EHV-1, 5.22% (12/230) were positive only for EHV-4, and 4.78% (11/230) were positive for both EHV-1 and EHV-4. The highest percentage of positive donkeys (21.28%) was found in Dong'e County. The seropositivity rate among donkeys aged 1-4 years was significantly higher compared to the group of donkeys aged 0-1 year (p < 0.05). Additionally, the positive rate was significantly higher in fall and winter compared to spring and summer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings indicate that large-scale donkey farms in the Liaocheng area have a high prevalence of EHV antibodies. Since Liaocheng is an important donkey trading market in Shandong Province, it is crucial to consider the risk of disease transmission based on our test results. This will help in early detection and prevention of EHV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Ji
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng, China
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2
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Izume S, Kirisawa R, Ohya K, Ohnuma A, Kimura T, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Mizutani T, Fukushi H. The full genome sequences of 8 equine herpesvirus type 4 isolates from horses in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:206-212. [PMID: 27840393 PMCID: PMC5289262 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) is one of the most important pathogens in horses. To clarify the key genes of the EHV-4 genome that cause abortion in female
horses, we determined the whole genome sequences of a laboratory strain and 7 Japanese EHV-4 isolates that were isolated from 2 aborted fetuses and nasal swabs
of 5 horses with respiratory disease. The full genome sequences and predicted amino acid sequences of each gene of these isolates were compared with of the
reference EHV-4 strain NS80567 and Australian isolates that were reported in 2015. The EHV-4 isolates clustered in 2 groups which did not reflect their
pathogenicity. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the genes did not reveal any genes that were associated with EHV-4-induced abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Izume
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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3
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Borchers K, Thein R, Sterner-Kock A. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:283-7. [PMID: 16706288 DOI: 10.2746/042516406776866462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Borchers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Maeda K, Kai K, Matsumura T. Genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-4 field isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:555-61. [PMID: 15997181 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease, equine rhinopneumonitis, in horses. Although the full sequence of EHV-4 has been reported, genomic differences among EHV-4 field isolates have not yet been characterized. In this study, the genomic diversity between 23 Japanese EHV-4 isolates was analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases (BamHI, BgIII, EcoRI, SacI, and SalI) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of the EHV-4 field isolates showed distinct differences which included mobility shifts of some fragments as well as loss and/or gain of fragments. Two EHV-4 genes containing repeat sequences, ORFs 24 and 71, were amplified by PCR and the amplified fragments were compared among the field isolates. The sizes of the amplified fragments varied among epizootiologically unrelated isolates, while the fragments of related isolates had the same size. The observed genomic diversity among EHV-4 field isolates may be a useful tool for epidemiological study of equine rhinopneumonitis by EHV-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Japan
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5
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Kirisawa R, Kobayashi T, Uematsu R, Ikeda A, Kuroiwa R, Urakami A, Iwai H. Growth of recombinant equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) replaced with passage-induced mutant gene 1 and gene 71 derived from an attenuated EHV-1 in cell cultures and in the lungs of mice. Vet Microbiol 2003; 95:159-74. [PMID: 12935744 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of passage-induced mutant genes 1 and 71 of an attenuated equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) with virulence was analysed by constructing nine recombinant EHV-1 viruses by homologous recombination. Gene 1 or/and gene 71 of a virulent EHV-1 strain, HH1, was replaced by a mutant gene 1 or/and 71 of an attenuated HH1 strain, BK343, respectively. The beta-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli was inserted within the gene 1 or 71 coding sequence of HH1 to inactivate the genes. Virus replications of these recombinant viruses in cell cultures were similar, but release of the gene 71-inactivated virus from infected cells was delayed compared to that of the other viruses. Plaque sizes of the recombinant viruses were similar to those of HH1, but those of BK343 were significantly smaller, indicating an effect of some unknown factor(s) on viral cell-to-cell spread. The growth abilities of the recombinant viruses with a mutant gene 1 or/and 71 in lungs of mice were similar to those of HH1, but those of gene 71-inactivated viruses were reduced to the level of BK343 and the titers were about 100-times lower than those of the other recombinant viruses. These results indicate that the mutant genes 1 and 71 of BK343 might not confer an attenuated nature to EHV-1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Viral/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/pathogenicity
- Horse Diseases/immunology
- Horse Diseases/virology
- Horses
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Sequence Alignment
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Kirisawa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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6
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van Maanen C, Vreeswijk J, Moonen P, Brinkhof J, de Boer-Luijtze E, Terpstra C. Differentiation and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory, and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections in The Netherlands. Vet Q 2000; 22:88-93. [PMID: 10789516 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2000.9695031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV1). Two appeared type-specific, while the other eight were directed against epitopes common to both EHV1 and EHV4. Two MAbs directed against the glycoprotein gp2 recognized linear epitopes, as demonstrated by Western blotting. With pools of type-specific MAbs, 282 field isolates were typed in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). From a total of 254 fetal or neonatal isolates, 244 (96%) were typed as EHV1, whereas 14 out of 15 (93%) respiratory tract isolates were typed as EHV4. Surprisingly, 3 out of 13 isolates (23%) originating from horses with neurological disease were typed as EHV4. No antigenic differences were found among 75 randomly selected EHV1 field isolates, using the panel of ten MAbs and six additional MAbs, directed against gp2, gB, or gC. Typing by restriction endonuclease analysis with BamHI corresponded completely with that of MAb analysis. There was a remarkable degree of uniformity in BamHI restriction patterns, with 90% of the investigated EHV1 isolates belonging to the 1P electropherotype. Among 30 randomly selected EHV1 isolates we could not identify the EHV1.1B electropherotype, which has been the predominant electropherotype in Kentucky since 1982. Mobility differences were seen in fragments originating from the repeat regions. These differences were not caused by heterologous cell passage, since all viruses were passaged in equine cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van Maanen
- Animal Health Service, Deventer, The Netherlands
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7
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Galosi CM, Norimine J, Echeverría MG, Oliva GA, Nosetto EO, Etcheverrigaray ME, Tohya Y, Mikami T. Diversity of genomic electropherotypes of naturally occurring equine herpesvirus 1 isolates in Argentina. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:771-4. [PMID: 9698821 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of 10 equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strains isolated in Argentina from 1979 to 1991, and a Japanese HH1 reference strain were compared by restriction endonuclease analysis. Two restriction enzymes, BamHI and BglII, were used and analysis of the electropherotypes did not show significant differences among isolates obtained from horses with different clinical signs. This suggests that the EHV-1 isolates studied, which circulated in Argentina for more than 10 years, belong to a single genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galosi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, Argentina
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Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus). Adv Virus Res 1995; 45:153-90. [PMID: 7793324 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B S Crabb
- Centre for Equine Virology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Bonass WA, Hudson WA, Elton DM, Killington RA, Halliburton IW. Inter- and intra-strain genomic variation in equine herpesvirus type 1 isolates. Arch Virol 1994; 134:169-78. [PMID: 8279952 DOI: 10.1007/bf01379115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Restriction enzyme digests of DNA from 22 unselected isolates of EHV-1 were analysed by hybridization with cloned DNA fragments covering the genome. In addition to a small amount of inter-strain variation, heterogeneity within strains was observed, caused by loss of specific restriction endonuclease sites in the DNA of a proportion of the virus particles of any one stock. Fifteen strains demonstrated the same intra-strain variation involving loss of the BamHI L-M site which was shown to lie within coding sequence for the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. This particular mutation may therefore be selected for by passage in RK13 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bonass
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, U.K
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10
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Kirisawa R, Ohmori H, Iwai H, Kawakami Y. The genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-1 strains isolated in Japan. Arch Virol 1993; 129:11-22. [PMID: 8385910 DOI: 10.1007/bf01316881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The DNAs from nine Japanese field isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) were analyzed by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Bam HI and Southern hybridization. Comparing restriction profiles among the EHV-1 strains, there was no considerable difference between isolates before and after vaccine application, but some minor variations in the mobility of Bam HI fragments were observed. To identify these variable fragments, all genomic DNA sequences of the Japanese prototype of EHV-1 have been cloned as Bam HI restriction fragments into the plasmid pUC-18. Physical maps of the virus DNA were constructed by a combination of Southern blot analysis and double enzyme digestion of the cloned fragments. By using these cloned fragments as probes in Southern blot analysis, the areas of heterogeneity observed among the field EHV-1 isolates were located in both terminals of UL, the center of UL, IR, US and TR regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kirisawa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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11
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Nagesha HS, McNeil JR, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ. Cloning and restriction endonuclease mapping of the genome of an equine herpesvirus 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus), strain 405/76. Arch Virol 1992; 124:379-87. [PMID: 1318713 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purified virion DNA of an Australian isolate of equine herpesvirus 4(EHV 4.405/76) was digested with restriction enzymes and the DNA fragments were cloned into pUC19. The resulting recombinant plasmid library, representing 92% of the virus genome, was used in hybridization analyses to construct restriction maps for BamHI, EcoRI, and SalI for the EHV4 genome. The results show that the genome of EHV 4.405/76 was approximately 145 kb and comprised a unique long (UL) region of 112 kb and a unique short (US) region of 12.4 kb. US is flanked by an internal and terminal repetitive sequence (IRS and TRS) of about 10.3 kb. The BamHI and EcoRI restriction maps are similar to those previously published for an English isolate EHV 4.1942 strain although some differences such as location of an additional fragment and changes in positions of two other small fragments were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Nagesha
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Studdert MJ, Crabb BS, Ficorilli N. The molecular epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 1 (equine abortion virus) in Australasia 1975 to 1989. Aust Vet J 1992; 69:104-11. [PMID: 1320856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of 57 isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) from abortion, perinatal foal mortalities and encephalitis from 15 epidemics that occurred in Australasia between 1975 and 1989 were examined using the enzymes Bam HI, EcoRI and Bgl II. There was a remarkable degree of uniformity in the restriction patterns; mobility differences were observed in only 14 of 52 (27%) of the fragments. Twelve of these 14 fragments were located within the repeat structures that bracket the unique short region of the genome or were located at the left terminus of the 150 kilobase pair genome. Based on the Bam HI fingerprints the commonest virus identified in our study was EHV1.IP (P is for prototype strain). There was a single notable exception in that the Bam HI fingerprints of all 8 isolates from one of 3 Victorian farms that experienced abortion in 1989 resembled a variant EHV1.IB that was identified as a cause of abortion in Central Kentucky in 1970 to 1974. We present evidence that EHV1.IB caused abortion in California in 1964 and has remained unaltered in its Bam HI restriction pattern. No antigenic differences were found among 4 distantly related EHV1 isolates, including the variant IB, using a panel of 5 monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein C (gC), a glycoprotein recognised to be highly variable. The uniformity of these unrelated EHV1 isolates is further evidence for a recent origin for EHV1 and may help to explain the natural history of this virus in the horse in which it seems to be a cause of serious epidemics of abortion and perinatal mortality, and less commonly of encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Studdert
- Equine Virus Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
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13
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14
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Browning GF, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ. Asinine herpesvirus genomes: comparison with those of the equine herpesviruses. Arch Virol 1988; 101:183-90. [PMID: 2845891 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two previously unknown and distinct herpesviruses were isolated from donkeys. One, with the characteristics of a betaherpesvirus, was isolated from the leukocytes of an apparently healthy donkey, while the second, an alphaherpesvirus, was recovered from the nasal cavity of donkeys given high doses of corticosteroids, and caused rhinitis in two seronegative weanling donkeys when they were intranasally infected. Few, if any, restriction endonuclease fragments were shared by the donkey betaherpesvirus, equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV 2) or EHV 5, a second distinctly different equine betaherpesvirus, nor by the donkey alphaherpesvirus, EHV 1, EHV 4, or EHV 3. In Southern blot analysis the donkey betaherpesvirus showed low levels of sequence similarity to both EHV 2 and EHV 5, while the donkey alphaherpesvirus and EHV 1 shared a moderate degree of sequence similarity, less similarity with EHV 4 and very low level of sequence similarity with EHV 3. These two isolates appear prototypic of two previously unrecorded herpesviruses for which the names asinine herpesvirus 2 and 3 are suggested for the betaherpesvirus and the alphaherpesvirus respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Browning
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Meyer H, Hübert PH. Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an attenuated vaccine strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Vet Microbiol 1988; 18:95-101. [PMID: 2847404 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(88)90119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The production and differentiation of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the Rac-H strain of EHV-1 used as an attenuated live vaccine to prevent rhinopneumonitis and abortion is described. Seven different antigenic sites were detected by the 15 mabs produced. EHV-1 specific mabs as well as EHV-1 and -4 common mabs could be established, allowing easy typing of EHV isolates. One mab recognized the vaccine strain only. This reaction was used to investigate a possible involvement of the vaccine strain in cases of abortion. Common antigenic determinants with EHV-1,-3,-4 and BHV-1 could also be detected, indicating the presence of highly-conserved epitopes of alpha-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, F.R.G
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Meyer H, Hübert PH, Eichhorn W. Changes in restriction enzyme pattern of the equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) strain Rac H DNA during attenuation. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1987; 34:310-3. [PMID: 2823507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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