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Wood J, Hay A. Geoffrey C Schild (1935-2017). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017. [PMCID: PMC5705685 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Wood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; Potters Bar Herts UK
| | - Alan Hay
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza; Visiting Scientist; The Francis Crick Institute; London UK
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2
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Stech J, Mettenleiter TC. Virulence determinants of high-pathogenic avian influenza viruses in gallinaceous poultry. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry worldwide. Moreover, they repeatedly lead to severe, even fatal disease in humans, raising concerns about their pandemic potential. HPAIV have evolved from circulating low-pathogenic precursors in several independent events by spontaneous acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein. Remarkably, in nature, HPAIV are confined to the HA serotypes H5 and H7 from the 16 HA serotypes known in birds. However, experimental introduction of a polybasic cleavage site into non-H5/H7 HA may result in a highly pathogenic phenotype, indicating that emergence of HPAIV with novel serotypes is conceivable, but requires further adaptation to the chicken host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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3
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La Gruta N, Kelso A, Brown LE, Chen W, Jackson DC, Turner SJ. Role of CD8(+) T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 3:523-37. [PMID: 20477341 DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Continued circulation of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has many people worried that an influenza pandemic is imminent. Compounding this is the realization that H5N1 vaccines based on current influenza vaccine technology (designed to generate protective antibody responses) may be suboptimal at providing protection. As a consequence, there is recent interest in vaccine strategies that elicit cellular immunity, particularly the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, in an effort to provide protection against a potential pandemic. A major issue is the lack of information about the precise role that these 'hitmen' of the immune system have in protecting against both pandemic and seasonal influenza. We need to know more about how the induction and maintenance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes after influenza infection can impact protection from further infection. The challenge is then to use this information in the design of vaccines that will protect against pandemic influenza and will help optimize CD8(+) killer T-cell responses in other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Novel means of viral antigen identification: improved detection of avian influenza viruses by proximity ligation. J Virol Methods 2009; 163:116-22. [PMID: 19751768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of avian influenza in different parts of the world have caused major economic losses for the poultry industry, affected wildlife seriously and present a significant threat even to human public health, due to the risk for zoonotic transmission. The ability to recognize avian influenza viruses (AIVs) early is of paramount importance to ensure that appropriate measures can be taken quickly to contain the outbreak. In this study, the performance of a proximity ligation assay (PLA) for the detection of AIV antigens in biological specimens was evaluated. It is shown that PLA: (i) as a novel principle of highly sensitive antigen detection is extending the arsenal of tools for the diagnosis of AIV; (ii) is very specific, nearly as sensitive as a commonly used reference real-time PCR assay, and four orders of magnitude more sensitive than a sandwich ELISA, utilizing the same antibody; (iii) avoids the necessity of nucleic acids extraction, which greatly facilitates high-throughput implementations; (iv) allows the use of inactivated samples, which safely can be transported from the field to diagnostic laboratories for further analysis. In summary, the results demonstrate that PLA is suited for rapid, accurate and early detection of AIV.
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5
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Yacoub A, Kiss I, Zohari S, Hakhverdyan M, Czifra G, Mohamed N, Gyarmati P, Blomberg J, Belák S. The rapid molecular subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:157-61. [PMID: 19026689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved nucleotide stretches flanking the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza type A viruses were utilised for generating PCR amplicons from a broad range of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in a one-step real-time SYBR Green RT-PCR assay. The nucleotide sequencing of the amplified PCR products simultaneously reveals both the HA subtype and the pathotype of the AIV isolates, as we demonstrated in case of H5 subtype viruses. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by investigating 66 strains of AIV and nine heterologous pathogens, including influenza B, C and various avian pathogenic viruses. This assay enables a general HA subtype identification and pathotype determination of AIV isolates providing a useful alternative tool for avian influenza diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yacoub
- The National Veterinary Institute and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, OIE Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-Based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Ulls väg 2B, SE 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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6
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Fouchier RA, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Van Der Kemp L, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD. Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4096-101. [PMID: 11060074 PMCID: PMC87547 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4096-4101.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently raised awareness of the threat of a new influenza pandemic has stimulated interest in the detection of influenza A viruses in human as well as animal secretions. Virus isolation alone is unsatisfactory for this purpose because of its inherent limited sensitivity and the lack of host cells that are universally permissive to all influenza A viruses. Previously described PCR methods are more sensitive but are targeted predominantly at virus strains currently circulating in humans, since the sequences of the primer sets display considerable numbers of mismatches to the sequences of animal influenza A viruses. Therefore, a new set of primers, based on highly conserved regions of the matrix gene, was designed for single-tube reverse transcription-PCR for the detection of influenza A viruses from multiple species. This PCR proved to be fully reactive with a panel of 25 genetically diverse virus isolates that were obtained from birds, humans, pigs, horses, and seals and that included all known subtypes of influenza A virus. It was not reactive with the 11 other RNA viruses tested. Comparative tests with throat swab samples from humans and fecal and cloacal swab samples from birds confirmed that the new PCR is faster and up to 100-fold more sensitive than classical virus isolation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fouchier
- National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Crawford J, Wilkinson B, Vosnesensky A, Smith G, Garcia M, Stone H, Perdue ML. Baculovirus-derived hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections by avian H5 and H7 subtypes. Vaccine 1999; 17:2265-74. [PMID: 10403594 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses were engineered to express hemagglutinin (HA) genes of recent avian influenza (AI) isolates of the H5 and H7 subtypes. The proteins were expressed as either intact (H7) or slightly truncated versions (H5). In both cases purified HA proteins from insect cell cultures retained hemagglutination activity and formed rosettes in solution, indicating proper folding. Although immunogenic in this form, these proteins were more effective when administered subcutaneously in a water-in-oil emulsion. One or two-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) White Rock chickens, free of maternal AI antibodies, responded with variable serum HI titers, but in some cases the titers were comparable to those achieved using whole virus preparations. Vaccination of three-week-old chickens with 1.0 microg of protein per bird generated a more consistent serum antibody response with an average geometric mean titer (GMT) of 121 (H5) and 293 (H7) at 21 days postvaccination. When challenged with highly pathogenic strains of the corresponding AI subtypes, the vaccinated birds were completely protected against lethal infection and in some cases exhibited reduced or no cloacal shedding at 3 days postinfection. Vaccine protocols employing these recombinant HA proteins will not elicit an immune response against internal AI proteins and thus will not interfere with epidemiological surveys of natural influenza infections in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Crawford
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Ellis
- Vaccine Research and Development, Astra Research Center Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Gruen LC, Kortt AA, Nice E. Determination of relative binding affinity of influenza virus N9 sialidases with the Fab fragment of monoclonal antibody NC41 using biosensor technology. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:319-25. [PMID: 8223570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relative binding affinities of influenza virus N9 sialidase from term and whale with the Fab fragment of monoclonal antibody NC41 were determined using biosensor technology (Pharmacia BIAcoreTM). The apparent association and dissociation rate constants were measured in real time for the interaction of the Fab with both sialidases, the Fab being immobilised on the sensor surface. Although three-dimensional structural studies have shown that there are no apparent structural differences between the term and whale N9 sialidase epitopes to which the NC41 Fab binds, the apparent binding constant for the interaction with tern N9 sialidase was approximately 2.4-fold higher than that with whale N9 sialidase. The kinetic analysis showed that the association rate constant for the binding of whale N9 sialidase was higher than that for tern N9 sialidase (12.0 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 compared to 4.3 x 10(4) M-1 s-1) and the dissociation rate constants for the whale N9-sialidase-Fab complex were approximately 6-fold higher than for the tern N9-sialidase-Fab complex. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of the dissociation reaction showed that it was composed of two stages, an initial, faster rate followed by a late, slower rate. The values of the relative affinity constants calculated using the initial dissociation rate constant were similar to the values measured at equilibrium in the BIAcore and those determined in true solution equilibrium studies using sedimentation equilibrium. The late, slower, dissociation rate constant yielded affinity constants significantly higher than those obtained by true solution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gruen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Biomolecular Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Gruen LC, McInerney TL, Webster RG, Jackson DC. Binding affinity of influenza virus N9 neuraminidase with Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies NC10 and NC41. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:255-9. [PMID: 8397785 DOI: 10.1007/bf01028188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation has been applied to determine the affinity and stoichiometry of the interaction between Fab fragments, derived from monoclonal antibodies NC10 and NC41, with influenza virus neuraminidase N9 isolated from either tern or whale. Although the two neuraminidase epitopes recognized by NC10 and NC41 Fab overlap, crystallographic studies have shown that the modes of binding of each Fab are different. The sedimentation equilibrium experiments described here reveal that the binding affinities are also different, with NC10 Fab binding more strongly to each neuraminidase. Furthermore, comparison of the affinity of binding of each antibody fragment reveals a stronger interaction with tern neuraminidase than with whale neuraminidase. Although the respective epitopes recognized by each antibody on the two antigens are similar, this technique shows that they do nevertheless possess sufficient differences to affect significantly the binding of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gruen
- CSIRO Division of Biomolecular Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Kawaoka Y, Yamnikova S, Chambers TM, Lvov DK, Webster RG. Molecular characterization of a new hemagglutinin, subtype H14, of influenza A virus. Virology 1990; 179:759-67. [PMID: 2238469 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90143-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two influenza A viruses whose hemagglutinin (HA) did not react with any of the reference antisera for the 13 recognized HA subtypes were isolated from mallard ducks in the USSR. Antigenic analysis by hemagglutination inhibition and double immunodiffusion tests showed that the HAs of these viruses are similar to each other but distinct from the HAs of other influenza A viruses. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that these HA genes differ from each other by only 21 nucleotides. However, they differ from all other HA subtypes at the amino acid level by at least 31% in HAI. Thus, we propose that the HAs of these viruses [A/Mallard/Gurjev/263/82 (H14N5) and A/Mallard/Gurjev/244/82 (H14N6) belong to a previously unrecognized subtype, and are designated H14. Unlike any other HAs of influenza viruses, the H14 HAs contained lysine at the cleavage site between HA1 and HA2 instead of arginine. Experimental infection of domestic poultry and ferrets with A/Mallard/Gurjev/263/82 (H14N5) showed that the virus is avirulent for these animals. Based on comparative sequence analysis of different HA genes, it is suggested that differences of 30% or more at the amino acid level in HA1 constitute separate subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of representatives of each HA subtype showed that H14 is one of the most recently diverged lineages while H8 and H12 branched off early during the evolution of the HA subtypes. These latter two subtypes (H8 and H12) have been isolated very infrequently in recent years, suggesting that these old subtypes may be disappearing from the influenza reservoirs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawaoka
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Memphis, Tennessee 38101
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13
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Alexander DJ. Ecological Aspects of Influenza a Viruses in Animals and Their Relationship to Human Influenza: A Review. Med Chir Trans 1982; 75:799-811. [PMID: 6752410 PMCID: PMC1438138 DOI: 10.1177/014107688207501010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Rott R, Orlich M, Scholtissek C. Differences in the multiplication at elevated temperature of influenza virus recombinants pathogenic and nonpathogenic for chicken. Virology 1982; 120:215-24. [PMID: 7101726 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Influenza A virus of serotype Hav1 Neq1 (H7N7 by the 1980 revised influenza typing system proposed by WHO experts) was repeatedly isolated from lung and brain tissues taken from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) found suffering from pneumonia on Cape Cod Peninsula (U.S.A.) in the winter of 1979-1980. The seal isolates, although of a serotype identical to some fowl plaque virus strains, were harmless to chickens and turkeys in transmission experiments. An earlier human infection by a Hav1 Neq1 influenza virus and the serologic relatedness of this avian serotype with the equine 1 serotype are cited in support of the view that influenza viruses with these antigenic characteristics seem to have a facility to pass from birds to mammals.
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Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Rodriguez RJ. Influenza A viruses: combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes isolated from animals and other sources. Arch Virol 1981; 67:191-201. [PMID: 6164356 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Fang R, Min Jou W, Huylebroeck D, Devos R, Fiers W. Complete structure of A/duck/Ukraine/63 influenza hemagglutinin gene: animal virus as progenitor of human H3 Hong Kong 1968 influenza hemagglutinin. Cell 1981; 25:315-23. [PMID: 6169439 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Alexander D, Spackman D. Characterisation of influenza a viruses isolated from turkeys in england during March‐May 1979. Avian Pathol 1981; 10:281-93. [PMID: 18770142 DOI: 10.1080/03079458108418477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Franciosi C, D'Aprile P, Alexander D, Petek M. Influenza a virus infections in commercial turkeys in north east Italy. Avian Pathol 1981; 10:303-11. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458108418479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yagyu K, Yanagawa R, Matsuura Y, Noda H. Contact infection of mink with influenza A viruses of avian and mammalian origin. Arch Virol 1981; 68:143-5. [PMID: 6264896 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Alexander DJ, Parsons G. Protection of chickens against challenge with virulent influenza A viruses of Hav5 subtype conferred by prior infection with influenza A viruses of Hsw1 subtype. Arch Virol 1980; 66:265-9. [PMID: 6255899 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prior infection of six-week-old chickens with influenza A viruses of Hsw1 haemagglutinin subtype and irrelevant neuraminidase subtypes reduced the deaths and sickness in groups of those birds challenged with A/tern/s. Africa/61 (Hav5Nav2/3) and A/chicken/Scotland/59 (Hav5N1).
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