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Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Watanabe T, Komori A, Suganuma M. Cancer progression by the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters and endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04800-4. [PMID: 37097392 PMCID: PMC10374699 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Okadaic acid class of tumor promoters are transformed into endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET, and CIP2A in human cancers. This indicates that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of cancer progression in humans. It is important to study the roles of SET and CIP2A vis-à-vis their clinical significance on the basis of new information gathered from a search of PubMed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first part of this review introduces the carcinogenic roles of TNF-α and IL-1, which are induced by the okadaic acid class of compounds. The second part describes unique features of SET and CIP2A in cancer progression for several types of human cancer: (1) SET-expressing circulating tumor cells (SET-CTCs) in breast cancer, (2) knockdown of CIP2A and increased PP2A activity in chronic myeloid leukemia, (3) CIP2A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in erlotinib sensitive- and resistant-non-small cell lung cancer, (4) SET antagonist EMQA plus radiation therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma, (5) PP2A inactivation as a common event in colorectal cancer, (6) prostate cancer susceptibility variants, homeobox transcription factor (HOXB13 T) and CIP2A T, and (7) SET inhibitor OP449 for pre-clinical investigation of pancreatic cancer. In the Discussion, the binding complex of SET is briefly introduced, and overexpression of SET and CIP2A proteins is discussed in relation to age-associated chronic inflammation (inflammaging). CONCLUSION This review establishes the concept that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of human cancer progression and activation of PP2A activity leads to effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirota Fujiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Eisaburo Sueoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Watanabe
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Masami Suganuma
- Department of Strategic Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Schreidah CM, Ratnayake K, Senarath K, Karunarathne A. Microcystins: Biogenesis, Toxicity, Analysis, and Control. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2225-2246. [PMID: 32614166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and drinking water quality. Due to the growing environmental concerns they raise, a comprehensive review on microcystins' genesis, toxicity, and analytical methods for their quantitative determination is outlined. Genes, including the mcyABC cluster, regulate microcystin biogenesis. Bioanalytical experiments have identified key environmental factors, such as temperature and nitrogen availability, that promote microcystin production. Microcystin toxicity is explored based on its modulatory effects on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in specific tissues and organs. Additionally, biochemical mechanisms of chelation, transportation, resultant oxidative stress, and tumor promotion abilities of microcystins are also discussed. Various analytical methods to separate, detect, and quantify microcystins, including the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chromatographic platforms-linked tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for unequivocal structural identification, are also reviewed. Since control of microcystins in water is of great necessity, both water treatment and mechanisms of abiotic transformation and microbial degradation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine M Schreidah
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Watanabe T, Suganuma M. The concept of the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters is revived in endogenous protein inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A, SET and CIP2A, in human cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:2339-2349. [PMID: 30341686 PMCID: PMC6244643 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The okadaic acid class of tumor promoters, which are inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A), induced tumor promotion in mouse skin, rat glandular stomach, and rat liver. Endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A, were up-regulated in various human cancers, so it is vital to review the essential mechanisms of tumor promotion by the okadaic acid class compounds, together with cancer progression by SET and CIP2A in humans. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first part of this review introduces the okadaic acid class compounds and the mechanism of tumor promotion: (1) inhibition of PP1 and PP2A activities of the okadaic acid class compounds; (2) some topics of tumor promotion; (3) TNF-α gene expression as a central mediator in tumor promotion; (4) exposure to the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters in relation to human cancer. The second part emphasizes the overexpression of SET and CIP2A in cancer progression, and the anticancer activity of SET antagonists as follows: (5) isolation and characterization of SET; (6) isolation and characterization of CIP2A; (7) progression of leukemia with SET; (8) progression of breast cancer with SET and CIP2A; (9) progression of lung cancer with SET; (10) anti-carcinogenic effects of SET antagonists OP449 and FTY720; and also (11) TNF-α-inducing protein of Helicobacter pylori, which is a clinical example of the okadaic acid pathway. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A, is tightly linked to the progression of various human cancers, as well as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirota Fujiki
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501 Japan
| | - Eisaburo Sueoka
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501 Japan
| | - Tatsuro Watanabe
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501 Japan
| | - Masami Suganuma
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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Akter S, Vehniäinen M, Kankaanpää HT, Lamminmäki U. Rapid and Highly Sensitive Non-Competitive Immunoassay for Specific Detection of Nodularin. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030058. [PMID: 28895936 PMCID: PMC5620649 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a cyclic penta-peptide hepatotoxin mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena, reported from the brackish water bodies of various parts of the world. It can accumulate in the food chain and, for safety reasons, levels of NOD not only in water bodies but also in food matrices are of interest. Here, we report on a non-competitive immunoassay for the specific detection of NOD. A phage display technique was utilized to interrogate a synthetic antibody phage library for binders recognizing NOD bound to an anti-ADDA (3-Amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4(E),6(E)-dienoic acid) monoclonal antibody (Mab). One of the obtained immunocomplex binders, designated SA32C11, showed very high specificity towards nodularin-R (NOD-R) over to the tested 10 different microcystins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF, -LW, -LA, -WR). It was expressed in Escherichia coli as a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) fusion protein and used to establish a time-resolved fluorometry-based assay in combination with the anti-ADDA Mab. The detection limit (blank + 3SD) of the immunoassay, with a total assay time of 1 h 10 min, is 0.03 µg/L of NOD-R. This represents the most sensitive immunoassay method for the specific detection of NOD reported so far. The assay was tested for its performance to detect NOD using spiked (0.1 to 3 µg/L of NOD-R) water samples including brackish sea and coastal water and the recovery ranged from 79 to 127%. Furthermore, a panel of environmental samples, including water from different sources, fish and other marine tissue specimens, were analyzed for NOD using the assay. The assay has potential as a rapid screening tool for the analysis of a large number of water samples for the presence of NOD. It can also find applications in the analysis of the bioaccumulation of NOD in marine organisms and in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Harri T Kankaanpää
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Hakuninmaantie 6, FI-00430 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Rastogi RP, Madamwar D, Incharoensakdi A. Bloom Dynamics of Cyanobacteria and Their Toxins: Environmental Health Impacts and Mitigation Strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1254. [PMID: 26635737 PMCID: PMC4646972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ecologically one of the most prolific groups of phototrophic prokaryotes in both marine and freshwater habitats. Both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of cyanobacteria are of considerable significance. They are important primary producers as well as an immense source of several secondary products, including an array of toxic compounds known as cyanotoxins. Abundant growth of cyanobacteria in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems due to increased anthropogenic eutrophication and global climate change has created serious concern toward harmful bloom formation and surface water contamination all over the world. Cyanobacterial blooms and the accumulation of several cyanotoxins in water bodies pose severe ecological consequences with high risk to aquatic organisms and global public health. The proper management for mitigating the worldwide incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is crucial for maintenance and sustainable development of functional ecosystems. Here, we emphasize the emerging information on the cyanobacterial bloom dynamics, toxicology of major groups of cyanotoxins, as well as a perspective and integrative approach to their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel UniversityAnand, India
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel UniversityAnand, India
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Magnelli V, Murer B, Biffo S, Mutti L, Burlando B. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces mesothelioma cell death via H2 O2 -dependent T-type Ca2+ channel opening. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2667-78. [PMID: 22564432 PMCID: PMC4118235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a highly aggressive, lethal tumour requiring the development of more effective therapies. The green tea polyphenol epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the growth of many types of cancer cells. We found that EGCG is selectively cytotoxic to MMe cells with respect to normal mesothelial cells. MMe cell viability was inhibited by predominant induction of apoptosis at lower doses and necrosis at higher doses. EGCG elicited H2O2 release in cell cultures, and exogenous catalase (CAT) abrogated EGCG-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis. Confocal imaging of fluo 3-loaded, EGCG-exposed MMe cells showed significant [Ca2+]i rise, prevented by CAT, dithiothreitol or the T-type Ca2+ channel blockers mibefradil and NiCl2. Cell loading with dihydrorhodamine 123 revealed EGCG-induced ROS production, prevented by CAT, mibefradil or the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Direct exposure of cells to H2O2 produced similar effects on Ca2+ and ROS, and these effects were prevented by the same inhibitors. Sensitivity of REN cells to EGCG was correlated with higher expression of Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels in these cells, compared to normal mesothelium. Also, Cav3.2 siRNA on MMe cells reduced in vitro EGCG cytotoxicity and abated apoptosis and necrosis. Intriguingly, Cav3.2 expression was observed in malignant pleural mesothelioma biopsies from patients, but not in normal pleura. In conclusion, data showed the expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in MMe tissue and their role in EGCG selective cytotoxicity to MMe cells, suggesting the possible use of these channels as a novel MMe pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, DiSIT, University of Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy.
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Tumor promoters: from chemicals to inflammatory proteins. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1603-14. [PMID: 23756937 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The classic two-stage chemical carcinogenesis in rodents is not directly linked to multistage carcinogenesis in humans. In light of our findings that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an endogenous tumor promoter and that TNF-α-inducing protein (Tipα) of Helicobacter pylori stimulates progression of cancer and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, we think it is necessary to re-examine the concept of tumor promoter, from chemicals to inflammatory proteins. TOPICS AND RESULTS This paper begins with "inflammation," discovered by Virchow, studies of Yamagiwa and Tsutsui, and briefly reviews numerous topics, such as (1) the classic concept of tumor promoter, (2) tumor promotion on mouse skin induced by protein kinase C activators and okadaic acid class compounds, (3) organ specificity of tumor promoters, presenting numerous tumor promoters in various organs, (4) unique tumor promotion induced by inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in mouse skin, rat glandular stomach, and rat liver, (5) the significant role of TNF-α in tumor-promoting inflammation, (6) progression induced by Tipα of H. pylori, and (7) enhancement of cancer treatment efficacy with the combination of anticancer drugs and green tea catechins, to inhibit tumor-promoting inflammation. CONCLUSION Human cancer development involves both durable genetic changes caused by carcinogens and proinflammatory cytokines, and simultaneous inflammation in progression induced by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Wong PS, Vogel CF, Kokosinski K, Matsumura F. Arylhydrocarbon receptor activation in NCI-H441 cells and C57BL/6 mice: possible mechanisms for lung dysfunction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:210-7. [PMID: 19372248 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0228oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is known for its ability to bind aromatic-containing compounds, which starts a molecular cascade involving the induction of cytochrome P450s and inflammatory cytokines. Our hypothesis is that many inhaled environmental toxicant components activate these inflammatory pathways via an initial binding to the AhR. To test this possibility, we treated Clara cell-derived NCI-H441 cells with the AhR agonist, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and demonstrated that AhR activation increased the expression of both cytochrome P450 s and inflammatory markers. We also found increased mucin 5AC production with TCDD treatment. Similar results were observed in NCI-H441 cells treated with urban dust particles. Mucin 5AC expression was highly correlated with increased-expression cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-1beta, thus implicating these two inflammatory markers as possible conduits for AhR-mediated mucin production. We hypothesize that this increase in mucin 5AC production is a result of inflammation-induced differentiation of our epithelial cell to a mucin-producing cell. This theory is supported by morphological changes observed in the cells, as well as decreased expression of Clara cell secretory protein (CC10). In an in vivo C57BL/6 mouse model, TCDD increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, mucin 5AC, and a number of matrix metalloproteases in whole-lung samples. These changes were not seen in mice in which AhR signaling was repressed. These markers from the whole-lung samples have been correlated to onset of bronchitis, asthma, small airways disease, and fibrosis, and their increased expression further implicates AhR activation in producing the molecular environment for the development of lung injury to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Wong
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Carvalho Pinto-Silva CR, Ferreira JF, Costa RHR, Belli Filho P, Creppy EE, Matias WG. Micronucleus induction in mussels exposed to okadaic acid. Toxicon 2003; 41:93-7. [PMID: 12467666 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some toxins present in the marine environment are capable of inducing mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity. Among these toxins, okadaic acid (OA) is gaining considerable interest since it induces DNA based modifications at low concentrations and accumulates in filter-feeding marine animals, including those used for human consumption. This study aims to evaluate the genotoxicity of OA in the haemocytes of the mussel Perna perna, using the micronucleus assay. Fifty-four mussels were separated into three groups of 18 animals. One group received 0.3 microg of OA diluted in 10 microl of ethanol and ultrapure water while the other groups were considered as controls and were exposed to a solvent plus seawater mixture. A significantly higher frequency of micronuclei was observed in haemocytes from the OA-exposed group. There were no statistical differences between the two control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Carvalho Pinto-Silva
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Toxicological Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Creppy EE, Traoré A, Baudrimont I, Cascante M, Carratú MR. Recent advances in the study of epigenetic effects induced by the phycotoxin okadaic acid. Toxicology 2002; 181-182:433-9. [PMID: 12505348 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a phycotoxin produced by dinoflagellates. It accumulates in the digestive tracts of shellfish causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in consumers. OA is a tumour promoter, and an inhibitor of both protein phosphatases and protein synthesis. OA induces DNA adducts, suggesting it may be carcinogenic. Since the Ames test without S(9) was negative, but a mutagenesis test was positive in mammalian cells, the question as to whether its molecular mechanism is genotoxic or epigenetic became unavoidable. Therefore, experiments were performed to search for epigenetic effects, since evidence for DNA-adduct formation using the gamma-(32)P-ATP post-labelling method was not obtained. We found that OA is a potent inducer of lipid peroxidation in human intestinal cells (Caco-2) at low concentrations (0.75-7.5 ng/ml versus IC50 of 15 ng/ml) with increased rates of 8-OH-dG and m(5)dC formation causing CG to AT transversion mutations and gene deregulation, respectively. The transcription and translation of connexin 43-specific mRNA were inhibited, and 3H-uridine incorporation in RNA was concomitantly increased. Consequently gap junction intracellular communication (GJIC) was inhibited, making possible cellular anarchic proliferation. Higher OA concentrations also disorganized the cellular cytoskeleton, since both actin and tubulin formations were impaired. Our results suggest that OA may induce tumours via an epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Ekué Creppy
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratory of Toxicology and Applied Hygiene, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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