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Kazak L, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J. Ionization potentials of Mg N ( N = 7-56) clusters formed by spontaneous collapse of magnesium foam in helium nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23350-23356. [PMID: 36134466 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ionization potentials of magnesium clusters (MgN, N = 7-56) are determined by doping ultracold helium nanodroplets (HeM, M ≈ 52 000) with Mg atoms. Inspecting the particle size distributions resulting from non-resonant, short-wavelength, single-photon ionization gives evidence that beyond a certain ensemble size, the developing foam structure undergoes a spontaneous collapse on the way to the laser interaction region. As a result, hot Mg clusters form in the relaxation process. The spontaneous collapse manifests in a substantial change in the size distributions, when recording mass spectra at wavelengths shorter than 272 nm. Tracing individual MgN signals as a function of laser photon energy allows extraction of size-specific ionization potentials, which for small clusters show a good agreement with results obtained from density functional theory simulations. The further development is compared to calculations based on the liquid drop model. However, even when quantum effects are included, the simple scaling law is not able to reproduce the development of the ionization potentials. The results suggest that small neutral magnesium clusters behave as non-metallic. The comparison to electron affinities and band gaps obtained from photoemission experiments on MgN- provides information on the charge state dependence of the non-metal-to-metal transition and properties like the Mulliken electron negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Kazak
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Department "Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Department "Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Reprint of: UPS of buckminsterfullerene and other large clusters of carbon. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu G, Yang M, Guo X, Wang J. Comparative DFT study of N2 and no adsorption on vanadium clusters Vn (n = 2-13). J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Harding DJ, Davies RDL, Mackenzie SR, Walsh TR. Oxides of small Rhodium clusters: Theoretical investigation of experimental reactivities. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2981810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Smirnov VV, Tyurina LA. Clusters of IIA and IIIA groups metals: synthesis and reactivity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1994v063n01abeh000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kaldor A, Cox DM, Zakin MR. Molecular Surface Chemistry: Reactions of Gas-Phase Metal Clusters. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470122693.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jena P, Castleman AW. Clusters: a bridge across the disciplines of physics and chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10560-9. [PMID: 16835306 PMCID: PMC1636021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601782103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- *Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Andersson M, Rosén A. Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on free platinum clusters. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1507585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bell RC, Zemski KA, Justes DR, Castleman AW. Formation, structure and bond dissociation thresholds of gas-phase vanadium oxide cluster ions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1329643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Atoms and small molecules react with transition metal clusters in ways that are analogous to the physisorption and chemisorption reactions observed on the corresponding extended metal surface. However, often underlying these similarities are size-dependent variations in the reaction mechanisms and rates, the interpretation of which requires a detailed understanding of the structures of both the bare metal cluster substrates and the cluster-molecule complexes. Although polyatomic transition metal clusters cannot be characterized by the traditional methods of molecular spectroscopy, the combination of other physical and chemical probes can provide qualitative and semiquantitative structural information. These techniques, when combined with equilibrium geometries calculated using ab initio or semiempirical methods, provide a detailed picture of the structural origin of metal cluster reactivity and its variation with size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Lievens P, Thoen P, Bouckaert S, Bouwen W, Vanhoutte F, Weidele H, Silverans RE, Navarro-Vázquez A, von Ragué Schleyer P. Ionization potentials of LinO (2⩽n⩽70) clusters: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Holmgren L, Rosén A. Vanadium clusters: Reactivity with CO, NO, O2, D2, and N2. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Saito N, Koyama K, Tanimoto M. The stability of multiply charged vanadium, niobium and tantalum clusters. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)01300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB. Photoionization studies of manganese clusters: Ionization potentials for Mn7 to Mn64. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lafleur RD, Parnis JM, Rayner DM. Gas‐phase niobium cluster reactivity with isobutane. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bouarab S, Vega A, Alonso JA, Iñiguez MP. Tight-binding study of the ionization of iron clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:3003-3006. [PMID: 9986185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Yang DS, James AM, Rayner DM, Hackett PA. Pulsed field ionization zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of the vanadium dimer molecule. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hu Z, Shen B, Zhou Q, Deosaran S, Lombardi JR, Lindsay DM, Harbich W. Raman spectra of mass‐selected vanadium dimers in argon matrices. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Henry CR, Chapon C, Duriez C. Adsorption ? desorption kinetics on epitaxially oriented palladium clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01448326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nakajima A, Kishi T, Sone Y, Nonose S, Kaya K. Reactivity of positively charged cobalt cluster ions with CH4, N2, H2, C2H4, and C2H2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01448334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cox DM, Fayet P, Brickman R, Hahn MY, Kaldor A. Abnormally large deuterium uptake on small transition metal clusters. Catal Letters 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00765311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fayet P, Kaldor A, Cox DM. Palladium clusters: H2, D2, N2, CH4, CD4, C2H4, and C2H6 reactivity and D2 saturation studies. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Barišin D, Batinić-Haberle I, Jovaniáć P. Aging of Pyrotechnic Composition. The reliability of x-ray diffraction data for estimation of the quality of signal mix. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.19890140608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nonose S, Sone Y, Kikuchi N, Fuke K, Kaya K. Reaction of vanadium and cobalt clusters with ethylene and acetylene. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nonose S, Sone Y, Onodera K, Sudo S, Kaya K. Reactivity study of alloy clusters made of aluminum and some transition metals with hydrogen. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)85232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zakin MR, Cox DM, Kaldor A. Gas‐phase rhodium cluster chemistry: Influence of adsorbate electronic structure on reaction rate. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.455234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zakin MR, Brickman RO, Cox DM, Kaldor A. Size‐selective dehydrogenation of benzene by gas‐phase niobium cluster ions (Nb+x). J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Chelikowsky JR, Chou MY. Ab initio pseudopotential-local-density description of the structural properties of small carbon clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 37:6504-6507. [PMID: 9943901 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.37.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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O’Brien SC, Heath JR, Curl RF, Smalley RE. Photophysics of buckminsterfullerene and other carbon cluster ions. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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