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The utilization and digestion of cellulose by the rumen ciliate Diploplastron affine. Eur J Protistol 2019; 68:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Volland JM, Schintlmeister A, Zambalos H, Reipert S, Mozetič P, Espada-Hinojosa S, Turk V, Wagner M, Bright M. NanoSIMS and tissue autoradiography reveal symbiont carbon fixation and organic carbon transfer to giant ciliate host. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:714-727. [PMID: 29426952 PMCID: PMC5854253 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The giant colonial ciliate Zoothamnium niveum harbors a monolayer of the gammaproteobacteria Cand. Thiobios zoothamnicoli on its outer surface. Cultivation experiments revealed maximal growth and survival under steady flow of high oxygen and low sulfide concentrations. We aimed at directly demonstrating the sulfur-oxidizing, chemoautotrophic nature of the symbionts and at investigating putative carbon transfer from the symbiont to the ciliate host. We performed pulse-chase incubations with 14C- and 13C-labeled bicarbonate under varying environmental conditions. A combination of tissue autoradiography and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with transmission electron microscopy was used to follow the fate of the radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon, respectively. We show that symbiont cells fix substantial amounts of inorganic carbon in the presence of sulfide, but also (to a lesser degree) in the absence of sulfide by utilizing internally stored sulfur. Isotope labeling patterns point to translocation of organic carbon to the host through both release of these compounds and digestion of symbiont cells. The latter mechanism is also supported by ultracytochemical detection of acid phosphatase in lysosomes and in food vacuoles of ciliate cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of freshly collected ciliates revealed that the vast majority of ingested microbial cells were ectosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Volland
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network "Chemistry meets Microbiology" and Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helena Zambalos
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research (CIUS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Piran, Slovenia
| | | | - Valentina Turk
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Piran, Slovenia
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network "Chemistry meets Microbiology" and Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Diaz HL, Barr KN, Godden KR, Plank JE, Zapata I, Schappacher AN, Wick MP, Firkins JL. Eukaryotic inhibitors or activators elicit responses to chemosensory compounds by ruminal isotrichid and entodiniomorphid protozoa. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2254-69. [PMID: 24534498 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate potential signaling pathways regulating rumen protozoal chemotaxis using eukaryotic inhibitors potentially coordinated with phagocytosis as assessed by fluorescent bead uptake kinetics. Wortmannin (inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase), insulin, genistein (purported inhibitor of a receptor tyrosine kinase), U73122 (inhibitor of phospholipase C), and sodium nitroprusside (Snp, nitric oxide generator, activating protein kinase G) were preincubated with mixed ruminal protozoa for 3h before assessing uptake of fluorescent beads and chemosensory behavior to glucose, peptides, and their combination; peptides were also combined with guanosine triphosphate (GTP; a chemorepellent). Entodiniomorphids were chemoattracted to both glucose and peptides, but chemoattraction to glucose was increased by Snp and wortmannin without effect on chemoattraction to peptides. Rate of fluorescent bead uptake by an Entodinium caudatum culture decreased when beads were added simultaneously with feeding and incubated with wortmannin (statistical interaction). Wortmannin also decreased the proportion of mixed entodiniomorphids consuming beads. Isotrichid protozoa exhibited greater chemotaxis to glucose but, compared with entodiniomorphids, were chemorepelled to peptides. Wortmannin increased chemotaxis by entodiniomorphids but decreased chemotaxis to glucose by isotrichids. Motility assays documented that Snp and wortmannin decreased net swimming speed (distance among 2 points per second) but not total swimming speed (including turns) by entodiniomorphids. Wortmannin decreased both net and total swimming behavior in isotrichids. Results mechanistically explain the isotrichid migratory ecology to rapidly take up newly ingested sugars and subsequent sedimentation back to the ventral reticulorumen. In contrast, entodiniomorphids apparently integrate cellular motility with feeding behavior to consume small particulates and thereby stay associated and pass with the degradable fraction of rumen particulates. These results extend findings from aerobic ciliate models to explain how rumen protozoa have adapted physiology for their specific ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Diaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K N Barr
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K R Godden
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J E Plank
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - I Zapata
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - A N Schappacher
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M P Wick
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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Miltko R, Belzecki G, Michalowski T. Chitinolytic enzymes of the rumen ciliate Eudiplodinium maggii. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:317-9. [PMID: 22528307 PMCID: PMC3389239 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of rumen ciliates to digest chitin is clearly recognized. We investigated the chitinolytic system of the rumen ciliate Eudiplodinium maggii. The ciliates were grown in a selectively faunated sheep. They were isolated from the rumen and purified by sedimentation. A crude enzyme preparation was prepared following incubation of ciliates with antibiotics. This was done in order to reduce their contamination with intracellular bacteria. The activity of particular enzymes was examined by quantification of the products released from specific substrates. It was stated that the optimum conditions for the detected activities varied between 4.5 and 5.5 pH, and 45 and 55 °C. β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase was found as an enzyme of the highest activity (4.2 μmol/l released product per mg protein per h). The activities of endochitinase and exochitinase were almost two times lower than that of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Zymographic studies revealed the presence of two endochitinases, two exochitinases and two β-N-acetylglucosaminidases in the examined preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miltko
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna near Warsaw, Poland.
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Profousová I, Mihaliková K, Laho T, Váradyová Z, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Kišidayová S. The ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, contributes to polysaccharide hydrolytic activities in the chimpanzee colon. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:339-43. [PMID: 21818613 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Entodiniomorphid ciliates are intestinal protists inhabiting the colons of African great apes. The participation of intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates in ape hindgut digestion has been proposed, but little data have been available to support the hypothesis. We measured the specific activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, inulinase, and α-amylase against different polysaccharides in the feces of captive chimpanzees and evaluated the participation of the entodiniomorphid ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, in these activities. T. abrassarti contributed to the total fecal hydrolytic activities of CM-cellulase by 16.2%, α-amylase by 5.95%, and xylanase by 0.66%. Inulinase activity in T. abrassarti samples was not measurable at reaction conditions used. The ciliates, T. abrassarti, actively participate in the chimpanzee hindgut fermentation of fiber and starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Profousová
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bełzecki G, Miltko R, Michałowski T, Simůnek J, Kopecný J. Chitinolytic activity of the sheep rumen ciliate Diploplastron affine. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:201-3. [PMID: 18661291 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation of the rumen ciliate Diploplastron affine growth medium with commercial chitin stimulated growth of ciliates and the density of their population was positively correlated with chitin doses (r = 0.95; p < 0.01). The cell-free extracts prepared from bacteria-free ciliates degraded chitin to N-acetyl-D: -glucosamine and chitobiose. Three exochitinases, two endochitinases and two beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases were identified in the cell-free extract of protozoa. The molar mass of exochitinases was 80, 65 and 30 kDa, and endochitinases 75 and 50 kDa; the molar mass of one of the identified beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases was 45 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bełzecki
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland.
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Béra-Maillet C, Devillard E, Cezette M, Jouany JP, Forano E. Xylanases and carboxymethylcellulases of the rumen protozoaPolyplastron multivesiculatum,Eudiplodinium maggiiandEntodiniumsp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 244:149-56. [PMID: 15727834 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglucanase and xylanase activities of three rumen protozoa, Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Eudiplodinium maggii, and Entodinium sp. were compared qualitatively by zymograms and quantitatively by measuring specific activities against different polysaccharides. A set of carboxymethylcellulases and xylanases was produced by the large ciliates whereas no band of activity was observed for Entodinium sp. in zymograms. Specific activity of endoglucanases from P. multivesiculatum (1.3 micromol mg prot(-1) min(-1)) was twice that of E. maggii, whereas xylanase specific activity (4.5 micromol mg prot(-1) min(-1)) was only half. Very weak activities were observed for Entodinium sp. A new xylanase gene, xyn11D, from P. multivesiculatum was reported and its gene product compared to 33 other family 11 xylanases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that xylanase sequences from rumen protozoa are closely related to those of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Béra-Maillet
- Unité de Microbiologie, INRA, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Williams AG, Lloyd D. Biological Activities of Symbiotic and Parasitic Protozoa and Fungi in Low-Oxygen Environments. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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