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Schwardmann LS, Dransfeld AK, Schäffer T, Wendisch VF. Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for Sustainable Production of the Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acid Dipicolinic Acid. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040730. [PMID: 35456781 PMCID: PMC9024752 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid that mediates heat-stability and is easily biodegradable and non-toxic. Currently, the production of DPA is fossil-based, but bioproduction of DPA may help to replace fossil-based plastics as it can be used for the production of polyesters or polyamides. Moreover, it serves as a stabilizer for peroxides or organic materials. The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antifungal effects of DPA make it interesting for pharmaceutical applications. In nature, DPA is essential for sporulation of Bacillus and Clostridium species, and its biosynthesis shares the first three reactions with the L-lysine pathway. Corynebacterium glutamicum is a major host for the fermentative production of amino acids, including the million-ton per year production of L-lysine. This study revealed that DPA reduced the growth rate of C. glutamicum to half-maximal at about 1.6 g·L−1. The first de novo production of DPA by C. glutamicum was established by overexpression of dipicolinate synthase genes from Paenibacillus sonchi genomovar riograndensis SBR5 in a C. glutamicum L-lysine producer strain. Upon systems metabolic engineering, DPA production to 2.5 g·L−1 in shake-flask and 1.5 g·L−1 in fed-batch bioreactor cultivations was shown. Moreover, DPA production from the alternative carbon substrates arabinose, xylose, glycerol, and starch was established. Finally, expression of the codon-harmonized phosphite dehydrogenase gene from P. stutzeri enabled phosphite-dependent non-sterile DPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Schwardmann
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Aron K. Dransfeld
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Thomas Schäffer
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Technical Faculty and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (L.S.S.); (A.K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-5611
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Rattray JE, Chakraborty A, Li C, Elizondo G, John N, Wong M, Radović JR, Oldenburg TBP, Hubert CRJ. Sensitive quantification of dipicolinic acid from bacterial endospores in soils and sediments. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1397-1406. [PMID: 33264453 PMCID: PMC8048543 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endospore-forming bacteria make up an important and numerically significant component of microbial communities in a range of settings including soils, industry, hospitals and marine sediments extending into the deep subsurface. Bacterial endospores are non-reproductive structures that protect DNA and improve cell survival during periods unfavourable for bacterial growth. An important determinant of endospores withstanding extreme environmental conditions is 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (i.e. dipicolinic acid, or DPA), which contributes heat resistance. This study presents an improved HPLC-fluorescence method for DPA quantification using a single 10-min run with pre-column Tb3+ chelation. Relative to existing DPA quantification methods, specific improvements pertain to sensitivity, detection limit and range, as well as the development of new free DPA and spore-specific DPA proxies. The method distinguishes DPA from intact and recently germinated spores, enabling responses to germinants in natural samples or experiments to be assessed in a new way. DPA-based endospore quantification depends on accurate spore-specific DPA contents, in particular, thermophilic spores are shown to have a higher DPA content, meaning that marine sediments with plentiful thermophilic spores may require spore number estimates to be revisited. This method has a wide range of potential applications for more accurately quantifying bacterial endospores in diverse environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Rattray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Carmen Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gretta Elizondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nisha John
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michelle Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jagoš R Radović
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Casey R J Hubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
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3
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Novel salts of dipicolinic acid as viscosity modifiers for high concentration antibody solutions. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:682-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Hojnik N, Kristl M, Ferk G, Golobič A, Turel M, Jagličić Z, Drofenik M. Complexes of Eu(III), Tb(III) and Cu(II) with proton transfer compound between 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 2-aminobenzothiazole: characterization of the structures and physical properties. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1182632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuša Hojnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Kristl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Ferk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Amalija Golobič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matejka Turel
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zvonko Jagličić
- Institute of Mathematic, Physics and Mechanics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Drofenik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Materials Synthesis Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Nanomechanical Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Atomic Force Microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2988-2999. [PMID: 26969703 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00431-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study of structures and properties of bacterial spores is important to understanding spore formation and biological responses to environmental stresses. While significant progress has been made over the years in elucidating the multilayer architecture of spores, the mechanical properties of the spore interior are not known. Here, we present a thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of the nanomechanical properties of internal structures of Bacillus anthracis spores. We developed a nanosurgical sectioning method in which a stiff diamond AFM tip was used to cut an individual spore, exposing its internal structure, and a soft AFM tip was used to image and characterize the spore interior on the nanometer scale. We observed that the elastic modulus and adhesion force, including their thermal responses at elevated temperatures, varied significantly in different regions of the spore section. Our AFM images indicated that the peptidoglycan (PG) cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores consisted of rod-like nanometer-sized structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. Our findings may shed light on the spore architecture and properties. IMPORTANCE A nanosurgical AFM method was developed that can be used to probe the structure and properties of the spore interior. The previously unknown ultrastructure of the PG cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores was observed to consist of nanometer-sized rod-like structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. The variations in the nanomechanical properties of the spore section were largely correlated with its chemical composition. Different components of the spore materials showed different thermal responses at elevated temperatures.
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Toya Y, Hirasawa T, Ishikawa S, Chumsakul O, Morimoto T, Liu S, Masuda K, Kageyama Y, Ozaki K, Ogasawara N, Shimizu H. Enhanced dipicolinic acid production during the stationary phase in Bacillus subtilis by blocking acetoin synthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:2073-80. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacterial bio-production during the stationary phase is expected to lead to a high target yield because the cells do not consume the substrate for growth. Bacillus subtilis is widely used for bio-production, but little is known about the metabolism during the stationary phase. In this study, we focused on the dipicolinic acid (DPA) production by B. subtilis and investigated the metabolism. We found that DPA production competes with acetoin synthesis and that acetoin synthesis genes (alsSD) deletion increases DPA productivity by 1.4-fold. The mutant showed interesting features where the glucose uptake was inhibited, whereas the cell density increased by approximately 50%, resulting in similar volumetric glucose consumption to that of the parental strain. The metabolic profiles revealed accumulation of pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and the TCA cycle intermediates in the alsSD mutant. Our results indicate that alsSD-deleted B. subtilis has potential as an effective host for stationary-phase production of compounds synthesized from these intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Toya
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
| | - Takashi Hirasawa
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shu Ishikawa
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Onuma Chumsakul
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takuya Morimoto
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Japan
| | - Shenghao Liu
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Japan
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kageyama
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ozaki
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Japan
| | - Naotake Ogasawara
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, ALCA), Japan
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7
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Setlow P, Li L. Photochemistry and Photobiology of the Spore Photoproduct: A 50-Year Journey. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1263-90. [PMID: 26265564 PMCID: PMC4631623 DOI: 10.1111/php.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, a new thymine dimer was discovered as the dominant DNA photolesion in UV-irradiated bacterial spores [Donnellan, J. E. & Setlow R. B. (1965) Science, 149, 308-310], which was later named the spore photoproduct (SP). Formation of SP is due to the unique environment in the spore core that features low hydration levels favoring an A-DNA conformation, high levels of calcium dipicolinate that acts as a photosensitizer, and DNA saturation with small, acid-soluble proteins that alters DNA structure and reduces side reactions. In vitro studies reveal that any of these factors alone can promote SP formation; however, SP formation is usually accompanied by the production of other DNA photolesions. Therefore, the nearly exclusive SP formation in spores is due to the combined effects of these three factors. Spore photoproduct photoreaction is proved to occur via a unique H-atom transfer mechanism between the two involved thymine residues. Successful incorporation of SP into an oligonucleotide has been achieved via organic synthesis, which enables structural studies that reveal minor conformational changes in the SP-containing DNA. Here, we review the progress on SP photochemistry and photobiology in the past 50 years, which indicates a very rich SP photobiology that may exist beyond endospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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8
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Desnous C, Guillaume D, Clivio P. Spore Photoproduct: A Key to Bacterial Eternal Life. Chem Rev 2009; 110:1213-32. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0781972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Desnous
- ICSN, UPR CNRS 2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France and UMR CNRS 6229, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Guillaume
- ICSN, UPR CNRS 2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France and UMR CNRS 6229, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Clivio
- ICSN, UPR CNRS 2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France and UMR CNRS 6229, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
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9
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Crans DC, Trujillo AM, Bonetti S, Rithner CD, Baruah B, Levinger NE. Penetration of negatively charged lipid interfaces by the doubly deprotonated dipicolinate. J Org Chem 2009; 73:9633-40. [PMID: 19053583 DOI: 10.1021/jo801707y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that a negatively charged organic molecule penetrates the lipid interface in a reverse micellar system is examined using UV-vis absorption and NMR spectroscopy. The hypothesis that deprotonated forms of dipicolinic acid, H(2)dipic, such as Hdipic(-) and dipic(2-), can penetrate the lipid interface in a microemulsion is based on our previous finding that the insulin-enhancing anionic [VO(2)dipic](-) complex was found to reside in the hydrophobic layer of the reverse micelle (Crans et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4437-4445). Penetration of a polar and charged compound, namely Hdipic(-) or dipic(2-), into a hydrophobic environment is perhaps unexpected given the established rules regarding the fundamental properties of compound solubility. As such, this work has broad implications in organic chemistry and other disciplines of science. These studies required a comprehensive investigation of the different dipic species and their association in aqueous solutions at varying pH values. Combining the aqueous studies using absorption and NMR spectroscopy with those in microemulsions defines the differences observed in the heterogeneous environment. Despite the expected repulsion between the surfactant head groups and the dianionic probe molecule, these studies demonstrate that dipic resides deep in the hydrophobic portion of the reverse micellar interface. In summary, these results provide evidence that ionic molecules can reside in nonpolar locations in microheterogeneous environments. This suggests that additional factors such as solvation are important to molecule location. Documented ability to penetrate lipid surfaces of similar charge provides a rationale for why specific drugs with less than optimal hydrophobicity are successful even though they violate Lipinski's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80513, USA.
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10
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Uçar İ, Karabulut B, Bulut A, Büyükgüngör O. Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of (2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine)-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato)copper(II) monohydrate. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Douki T, Setlow B, Setlow P. Photosensitization of DNA by dipicolinic acid, a major component of spores of Bacillus species. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:591-7. [PMID: 16052264 DOI: 10.1039/b503771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA in spores of Bacillus species exhibits a relatively novel photochemistry, as 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine (spore photoproduct (SP)) is by far the major UV photoproduct whereas cyclobutane dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs) are the major photoproducts in growing cells. Dehydration and more importantly complexation of DNA by alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP) have been shown to partly explain the photochemistry of spore DNA. The large amount ( approximately 10% of dry weight) of the spore's dipicolinic acid (DPA) also has been shown to play a role in spore DNA photochemistry. In the present work we showed by exposing spores of various strains of B. subtilis to UVC radiation that DPA photosensitizes spore DNA to damage and favors the formation of SP. The same result was obtained in either the presence or absence of the alpha/beta-type SASP that saturate the spore chromosome. Addition of DPA to dry films of isolated DNA or to frozen solutions of thymidine also led to a higher yield of SP and increased ratio of CPDs to 6-4PPs; DPA also significantly increased the yield of CPDs in thymidine exposed to UVC in liquid solution. These observations strongly support a triplet energy transfer between excited DPA and thymine residues. We further conclude that the combined effects of alpha/beta-type SASP and DPA explain the novel photochemistry of DNA in spores of Bacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Douki
- Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, CEA/DSM/Departément de Rechevche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France.
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Leuschner RGK, Lillford PJ. Effects of hydration on molecular mobility in phase-bright Bacillus subtilis spores. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 1):49-55. [PMID: 10658651 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-1-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mobility of 31P and 13C in dormant Bacillus subtilis spore samples with different water concentrations was investigated by high-resolution solid-state NMR. Lowest molecular mobility was observed in freeze-dried preparations. Rehydration to a 10% weight increase resulted in increases in molecular motions and addition of excess water furthered this effect. A spore slurry which had been freeze-dried displayed after addition of excess water similar NMR spectra to native wet preparations. Dipicolinic acid (DPA), which is mainly located in the core, was detected at all hydration levels in 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) but not in single-pulse magic angle spinning (SPMAS) spectra, indicating that hydration had no effect on its mobility. The molecular mobility of 31P, present mainly in core-specific components, was strongly dependent on hydration. This result suggests reversible water migration between inner spore compartments and the environment, whereas 13C spectra of DPA indicate that it is immobilized in a water-insoluble network in the core. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that freeze-dried spores were significantly longer and narrower than fully hydrated spores and had a 3% smaller volume.
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13
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Matano Y, Yasuda Y, Tochikubo K. Evidence that dipicolinic acid is covalently bound to specific macromolecules in spores of Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Setlow B, Setlow P. Dipicolinic Acid Greatly Enhances Production of Spore Photoproduct in Bacterial Spores upon UV Irradiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:640-3. [PMID: 16348882 PMCID: PMC202161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.2.640-643.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the spore photoproduct (SP) (5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine) in DNA of dormant spores of
Bacillus subtilis
upon UV irradiation is due to binding of α/β-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP). However, the yield of SP as a function of UV fluence is ∼15-fold higher in spores than in an α/β-type-SASP-DNA complex in vitro. The yield of SP as a function of UV fluence in forespore DNA from mutants which make α/β-type SASP but not dipicolinic acid (DPA) was 10 to 20 times lower than that in dormant spores. Furthermore, the yield of SP as a function of UV fluence in an α/β-type-SASP-DNA complex in vitro was increased sixfold by DPA. These data provide further support for the idea that the high DPA level in dormant spores increases the yield of SP as a function of UV fluence and thereby sensitizes spores to UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Setlow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305
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15
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Lundin RE, Sacks LE. High-resolution solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of bacterial spores: identification of the alpha-carbon signal of dipicolinic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:923-8. [PMID: 3132103 PMCID: PMC202574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.4.923-928.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-abundance solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for bacterial spores for the first time by using the technique of cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A resonance at about 150 ppm, detectable in spore samples having a Mn content of less than 0.05%, was consistent with an identification as the alpha-carbon signal of calcium dipicolinate; this signal was missing from a spore sample treated with acid to release dipicolinate and from a spore coat preparation. Carbohydrate peaks were particularly intense in spores and coat preparations of Bacillus macerans. Signals ascribable to beta-hydroxybutyrate were prominent in a B. cereus sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Lundin
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California 94710
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