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Turuvekere Vittala Murthy N, Agrahari V, Chauhan H. Polyphenols against infectious diseases: Controlled release nano-formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 161:66-79. [PMID: 33588032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Natural products have been used as a promising approach to counter the infectious diseases associated with these pathogens. The application of natural products and their derivatives especially polyphenolic compounds as antibacterial agents is an active area of research, and prior studies have successfully treated a variety of bacterial infections using these polyphenolic compounds. However, delivery of polyphenolic compounds has been challenging due to their physicochemical properties and often poor aqueous solubility. In this regard, nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery systems offer many advantages, including improving bioavailability and the controlled release of polyphenolic compounds. This review summarizes the pharmacological mechanism and use of nano-formulations in developing controlled release delivery systems of naturally occurring polyphenols in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibhuti Agrahari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professionals, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, United States.
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Aguilera-Correa JJ, Esteban J, Vallet-Regí M. Inorganic and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Human Viral and Bacterial Infections Prevention and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E137. [PMID: 33435597 PMCID: PMC7826792 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases hold third place in the top 10 causes of death worldwide and were responsible for more than 6.7 million deaths in 2016. Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field which is based on the application of nanotechnology for medical purposes and can be defined as the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment of diseases, including infectious diseases. One of the most used nanomaterials in nanomedicine are nanoparticles, particles with a nano-scale size that show highly tunable physical and optical properties, and the capacity to a wide library of compounds. This manuscript is intended to be a comprehensive review of the available recent literature on nanoparticles used for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases caused by different viruses, and bacteria from a clinical point of view by basing on original articles which talk about what has been made to date and excluding commercial products, but also by highlighting what has not been still made and some clinical concepts that must be considered for futures nanoparticles-based technologies applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Mehta PP, Ghoshal D, Pawar AP, Kadam SS, Dhapte-Pawar VS. Recent advances in inhalable liposomes for treatment of pulmonary diseases: Concept to clinical stance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mu LM, Ju RJ, Liu R, Bu YZ, Zhang JY, Li XQ, Zeng F, Lu WL. Dual-functional drug liposomes in treatment of resistant cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 115:46-56. [PMID: 28433739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of regular chemotherapy is significantly hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) and severe systemic toxicity. The reduced toxicity has been evidenced after administration of drug liposomes, consisting of the first generation of regular drug liposomes, the second generation of long-circulation drug liposomes, and the third generation of targeting drug liposomes. However, MDR of cancers remains as an unsolved issue. The objective of this article is to review the dual-functional drug liposomes, which demonstrate the potential in overcoming MDR. Herein, dual-functional drug liposomes are referring to the drug-containing phospholipid bilayer vesicles that possess a dual-function of providing the basic efficacy of drug and the extended effect of the drug carrier. They exhibit unique roles in treatment of resistant cancer via circumventing drug efflux caused by adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporters, eliminating cancer stem cells, destroying mitochondria, initiating apoptosis, regulating autophagy, destroying supply channels, utilizing microenvironment, and silencing genes of the resistant cancer. As the prospect of an estimation, dual-functional drug liposomes would exhibit more strength in their extended function, hence deserving further investigation for clinical validation.
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Devnarain N, Ramharack P, Soliman ME. Brain grants permission of access to Zika virus but denies entry to drugs: a molecular modeling perspective to infiltrate the boundary. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05918c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thein silicodesign of targeted Zika virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Devnarain
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
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Shpilberg O, Douer D, Goldschmied-Reouven A, Block C, Ben-Bassat I, Ramot B. Invasive Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Patients with Hematological Disorders. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 4:257-62. [PMID: 27463045 DOI: 10.3109/10428199109068074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Between 1983-1988, 72 patients with acute leukemia and 4 with aplastic anemia were treated in the Hematology Unit of The Chaim Sheba Medical Center. Ten patients with acute leukemia developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and 2 with aplastic anemia developed invasive aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. These infections were diagnosed during a period of profound neutropenia while these patients were receiving broad spectrum antibiotics. The diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis was based on positive sputum cultures in 4 cases and on the appearance of typical clinical and radiologic features in six. In 2 culture-positive and in one culture-negative patient, the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Thus, the diagnosis was definitive in 5 patients and probable in the remaining five patients. The 5 patients who achieved remission responded to antifungal treatment and recovered, while of the 5 who eventually died from the fungal infection, 4 did not achieve remission, and one died while in complete remission. In the 2 patients with aplastic anemia, aspergillosis was detected in cultures from necrotic nasal tissue. Both patients remained neutropenic, failed to respond to antifungal treatment and died within a short time after diagnosis. From this experience it appears that invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients is potentially curable if treated early by amphotericin B, provided that the neutrophil count recovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shpilberg
- a Institute of Hematology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - D Douer
- a Institute of Hematology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A Goldschmied-Reouven
- b Microbiology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - C Block
- b Microbiology Laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - I Ben-Bassat
- a Institute of Hematology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - B Ramot
- a Institute of Hematology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Namba
- Lipid Project Nippon Fine Chemical Co. Ltd. Takasago, Hyogo 676, Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Radiobiochemistry University of Shizuoka Yada, Shizuoka 422, Japan
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Cars O, Craig WA. Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics-Consequences for Dosing: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Stockholm, June 7–9, 1990. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/inf.1990.22.suppl-74.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Although most bacterial infectious diseases can be treated successfully with the remarkable array of antibiotics, the microbial pathogens continue to be one of the most critical health challenges worldwide. One of the common efforts in addressing this issue lies in improving the existing antibacterial delivery systems since inefficient delivery can lead to poor therapeutic outcome of the administered drug. Recently, nanoliposomal systems have been widely used as promising strategies to overcome these challenges due to their unique set of properties. This article tries to briefly summarize the current studies that have taken advantage of liposomal nanoparticles as carriers to deliver antibacterial agents. The reviewed investigations demonstrate the immense potential of liposomal nanoparticles as carriers for antibiotic delivery and highlight the latent promise in this class of vehicles for treatment of bacterial infections. The future of these promising approaches lies in the development of more efficient techniques for preparing liposomal nanoparticles with great potential in effective and selective targeting of antibiotics to bacterial cells for eradication as well as the highest safety for human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Immunology Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran and
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He J, Abdelraouf K, Ledesma KR, Chow DSL, Tam VH. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of liposomal polymyxin B in a murine pneumonia model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:559-64. [PMID: 24016799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymyxin B (PB) is increasingly used as the last treatment for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. In this study, serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) pharmacokinetics and the efficacy of a PB liposomal formulation were investigated. Two groups of 24 Swiss Webster mice were intravenously administered PB liposomes or PB aqueous solution at ca. 3 mg/kg. Serum and ELF samples were collected for up to 6 h to quantify major PB components. Three groups of neutropenic mice (n = 6/group) were infected with a clinical MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain followed by intravenous administration of PB liposomes or PB aqueous solution at 3 mg/kg every 6 h or sham (drug-free) liposomes every 6 h. Bacterial burden in animal lung tissues was quantified after 24 h of therapy and was compared using one-way ANOVA. Survival of infected animals over time (n = 10/group) was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. In the pharmacokinetic study, the AUC ratio in ELF between liposome and aqueous solution groups ranged from 4.6 to 11.1 for various major PB components. In the efficacy study, for strain PA 9019 a significantly lower bacterial burden was seen in the liposomal group (3.8 ± 0.7 vs. 7.9 ± 0.8 log(10)CFU/g in the aqueous solution group), which subsequently prolonged survival of infected animals. In this study, treatment with a PB liposomal formulation yielded higher drug penetration into pulmonary ELF, which resulted in superior efficacy. However, further investigations on the clinical utility of the PB liposomal formulation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, USA
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Wasan KM, Lopez-Berestein G. Targeted liposomes in fungi: Modifying the therapeutic index of amphotericin b by its incorporation into negatively charged liposomes. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509012689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Sammour OA, Hassan HM. Enhancement of the antibacterial activity of ampicillin by liposome encapsulation. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549609029460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048909019923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Mantena RKR, Wijburg OLC, Vindurampulle C, Bennett-Wood VR, Walduck A, Drummond GR, Davies JK, Robins-Browne RM, Strugnell RA. Reactive oxygen species are the major antibacterials against Salmonella Typhimurium purine auxotrophs in the phagosome of RAW 264.7 cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:1058-73. [PMID: 18067606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intramacrophage survival appears to be a pathogenic trait common to Salmonellae and definition of the metabolic requirements of Salmonella within macrophages might provide opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. We show that loss of PurG function in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 leads to death of the bacterium in RAW264.7 cells, which was due to unavailability of purine nucleotides but not thiamine in the phagosome of RAW264.7 cells. Phagosomal escape of purG mutant restored growth, suggesting that the phagosomal environment, but not the cytosol, is toxic to Salmonella purine auxotrophs. NADPH oxidase inhibition restored the growth of purG mutant in RAW264.7 cells, implying that the Salmonella-containing vacuole acquires reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are lethal to purine auxotrophs. Under purine limiting conditions, purG mutant was unable to repair the damage caused by hydrogen peroxide or UV irradiation, suggesting that ROS-mediated DNA damage may have been responsible for the attenuated phenotype of purG mutant in RAW264.7 cells and in mice. These studies highlight the possibility of utilizing the Salmonella purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway as a prospective therapeutic target and also underline the importance of metabolic pathways in assembling a comprehensive understanding of the host-pathogen interactions inside phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha K R Mantena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Wiechens B, Neumann D, Grammer JB, Pleyer U, Hedderich J, Duncker GI. Retinal toxicity of liposome-incorporated and free ofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes. Int Ophthalmol 1999; 22:133-43. [PMID: 10548457 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006137100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ofloxacin (OFLX) is a fluoroquinolone-antibiotic with a broad antimicrobial spectrum that may have a potential role in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. However, its elimination half life after intravitreal injection is short. To prolong the intravitreal antibacterial level OFLX was incorporated into liposomes. This study was performed to investigate the retinal toxicity of liposome-incorporated and free OFLX. MATERIALS AND METHODS OFLX was incorporated into multilamellar large vesicles. 0.1 ml of this suspension (= 180.2 microg OFLX) was injected into the midvitreous of rabbit eyes (n = 6). Free OFLX in doses of 100 microg, 500 microg and 1,000 microg was injected into the midvitreous of a second group of rabbit eyes (n = 18). The other eye served as a control and received empty liposomes or normal saline solution, respectively. Before injection and at the end of follow-up an ERG was obtained. After a follow-up of 1 day, 14 and 28 days the animals were perfused with glutaraldehyde and the eyes were examined by light- and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The ERG as well as the histologic studies did not reveal any pathological changes after injection of liposome-incorporated OFLX compared to the control eyes. Significant reduction of the ERG was observed after 500 microg free OFLX in 2 out of 6 eyes after 1 and 14 days, respectively, and in 2 eyes 1 day after 1,000 microg free OFLX. Three days after injection of 1,000 microg OFLX the retina showed focal destruction in 1 out of 6 eyes. In another eye with the same dose 14 days after injection the photoreceptor outer segments showed disorganisation. CONCLUSION This study shows that liposome-incorporated OFLX did not have any retinal toxicity in this animal model. Free OFLX appears to have no retinal toxicity in rabbit eyes at a dose of 100 microg after intravitreal injection. Injection of higher doses resulted in ERG changes and marked retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wiechens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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Robinson AM, Creeth JE, Jones MN. The specificity and affinity of immunoliposome targeting to oral bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1369:278-86. [PMID: 9518649 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoliposomes have been prepared using antibodies raised to an antigenic determinant on the cell surface of the oral bacterium Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) in an investigation of their potential to reduce dental plaque. The N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) derivative of the antibodies were conjugated through the reactive m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (MBS) derivative of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) incorporated into liposomes. The degree of antibody conjugation to the liposomes was controlled by the percentage of DPPEMBS incorporated into the liposomes. The chemical modification of the antibodies did not affect the ability of the antibodies to bind to a S. oralis biofilm. However, the affinity of the immunoliposomes for S. oralis was much lower than that of the free antibody. The anti-oralis antibodies were highly specific for S. oralis. The anti-oralis immunoliposomes showed the greatest affinity for S. oralis, when targeted to a range of different oral bacterial biofilms. The immunoliposome targeting affinity for S. oralis was largely unaffected by the number of antibodies conjugated to the liposomal surface or by the net charge of the liposomal lipid bilayer. The immunoliposomes showed a greater affinity for S. oralis than 'naked' (bearing no antibody) liposomes. However, positively charged liposomes, incorporating stearylamine, adsorbed to S. oralis with greater affinities than the immunoliposomes. The immunoliposomes appeared to be physically stable over a period of 18 months, as judged by particle-size measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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di Martino L, Davidson RN, Giacchino R, Scotti S, Raimondi F, Castagnola E, Tasso L, Cascio A, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Bryceson AD. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children with liposomal amphotericin B. J Pediatr 1997; 131:271-7. [PMID: 9290615 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We used liposomal amphotericin B as first-choice treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in 106 immunocompetent children who acquired the infection in a temperate region of southern Europe (Italy) where Leishmania infantum visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. The aim of the study was to identify the minimum total dose of liposomal amphotericin B needed to cure the infection in children and reduce the period of hospitalization. We conclude that the optimal regimen in immunocompetent children with L. infantum visceral leishmaniasis to be a total dose of 18 mg/kg of liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg per day for 5 days, followed by 3 mg/kg administered as an outpatient regimen on day 10).
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Affiliation(s)
- L di Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute Giannina Gashni, Genoa, Italy
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Yang K, Clifton GL, Hayes RL. Gene therapy for central nervous system injury: the use of cationic liposomes: an invited review. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:281-97. [PMID: 9199395 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1997.14.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews general principles of gene therapy with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of cationic liposome-mediated neurotrophin gene transfer to treat central nervous system (CNS) injury. Current developments in studies of gene therapy for CNS injury are both impressive and promising. Ex vivo gene transfer into the CNS is relatively mature in animal studies following more than a decade of experimental studies. In vivo gene transfer into the CNS has gained more attention recently. Although progress has been made using viral vectors, rapid advances in transfection technologies employing cationic liposomes, together with the relatively low toxicity of these nonviral vector systems, suggest that liposomes may have significant potential for clinical applications. Although many investigators have recognized that gene therapy may be useful for treatment of certain genetic defect diseases or cancer, gene therapy for CNS injury is relatively novel. In contrast to genetic defect disorders, temporary induction of transgenes may have therapeutic applications for CNS injuries such as stroke and trauma. Employing gene transfer techniques to achieve therapeutically useful levels of expression of neurotrophins in the CNS could provide a new strategy for treatment of the traumatically injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yang
- Vivian L. Smith Center for Neurologic Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA
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19
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Sokolovic Z, Schüller S, Bohne J, Baur A, Rdest U, Dickneite C, Nichterlein T, Goebel W. Differences in virulence and in expression of PrfA and PrfA-regulated virulence genes of Listeria monocytogenes strains belonging to serogroup 4. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4008-19. [PMID: 8926062 PMCID: PMC174330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4008-4019.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes isolates belonging to serogroup 4 (subtypes 4a, 4ab, 4b, 4c, 4d, and 4e) exhibit different levels of virulence in mice. Molecular studies indicate that in comparison with the control strain EGD (serotype 1/2a), these strains differ in the expression of the PrfA-regulated virulence genes, including prfA itself. Strains of serotypes 4c, 4d, 4e, and especially 4a show a low level of invasiveness in Caco-2 cells, which correlates in part with the low level of expression of the inlA gene. All serotypes reach the cytoplasm, at the latest, 2 h postinfection and become surrounded by polymerized actin within the next hour, but actin tail formation by serotype 4a, 4c, 4d, and 4e strains is drastically reduced. The actA genes in these serogroup 4 strains are expressed in minimum essential medium and within the phagocytic cell line J774. However, the amounts and (in part) the sizes of the ActA proteins in these strains differ under these conditions. The reduced actin tail formation by serotype 4a, 4c, 4d, and 4e strains may be due to the low level of in vivo expression of ActA. In addition, the loss of one repeat unit in the ActA proteins of serotype 4a and 4e strains may also contribute to the less efficient actin tail formation observed with these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sokolovic
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie), University of Würzburg, Germany
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Trafny EA, Stepińska M, Antos M, Grzybowski J. Effects of free and liposome-encapsulated antibiotics on adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to collagen type I. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2645-9. [PMID: 8592995 PMCID: PMC163005 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.12.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adherence of 27 clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to collagen type I was investigated by using a solid-phase assay. The influence of free antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B) and liposome-entrapped antibiotics (amikacin and polymyxin B) on bacterial attachment to collagen type I was examined. The greatest inhibitory effect was shown for free and liposomal amikacin, which decreased the attachment of 74 and 100% of tested strains, respectively. The mean percent attachment (+/- standard deviation) in the presence of free amikacin was 65.7% (+/- 12.0%) as measured by solid-phase assay. In the presence of liposomal amikacin, the attachment ranged from 17.3% (+/- 6.0%) to 42.1% (+/- 9.4%), depending on the antibiotic solvent. In contrast, polymyxin B, even at a subinhibitory concentration, enhanced attachment of all P. aeruginosa isolates to collagen. Liposomal polymyxin B displayed a protective effect only when the encapsulated drug was of a low concentration. Application of liposome-encapsulated amikacin may be advantageous in injured tissues in which extracellular matrix structures become exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Trafny
- Microbiology Department, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tollemar
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gouin E, Mengaud J, Cossart P. The virulence gene cluster of Listeria monocytogenes is also present in Listeria ivanovii, an animal pathogen, and Listeria seeligeri, a nonpathogenic species. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3550-3. [PMID: 8039927 PMCID: PMC302991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.8.3550-3553.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most known Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes cluster within a 9.6-kb chromosomal region. This region is flanked on one end by two uncharacterized open reading frames (ORF A and ORF B) and ldh, an ORF presumably encoding the L. monocytogenes lactate dehydrogenase (J.-A. Vazquez-Boland, C. Kocks, S. Dramsi, H. Ohayon, C. Geoffroy, J. Mengaud, and P. Cossart, Infect. Immun. 60:219-230, 1992). We report here that the other end is flanked by prs, and ORF homologous to phosphoribosyl PPi synthetase genes. ORF B and prs were detected in all Listeria species and thus delimit the virulence region. This virulence gene cluster was detected exclusively in hemolytic Listeria species, Listeria ivanovii, an animal pathogen, and Listeria seeligeri, a nonpathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gouin
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 1300, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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23
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Guillod F, Greiner J, Riess JG. Synthesis of double-tailed (perfluoroalkyl)alkyl phosphosugars: new components for drug-carrying and -targeting systems. Carbohydr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Abstract
In recent years, new formulations of the original amphotericin B preparation (Fungizone) have been devised in order to overcome toxicity problems that frequently occur. These preparations represent an improved method of drug delivery, with an increased therapeutic index and a decrease in toxicity to mammalian cell membranes. The new formulations have different physico-chemical characteristics and differ in pharmacokinetic parameters. Their effects must be compared with conventional amphotericin B to ascertain potential roles in future antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gates
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of London, U.K
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25
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Ding JW, Andersson R, Hultberg B, Soltesz V, Bengmark S. Modification of reticuloendothelial function by muramyl dipeptide-encapsulated liposomes in jaundiced rats treated with biliary decompression. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28:53-62. [PMID: 8430273 DOI: 10.3109/00365529309096045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rats with 2 weeks of biliary obstruction, with and without 1 week of concomitant biliary decompression relieving the jaundice, were treated with physiologic saline, free muramyl dipeptide (MDP), placebo liposomes, or liposome-encapsulated MDP. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) function was evaluated by blood clearance of intravenously injected 125I-labelled Escherichia coli. The corrected phagocytic index (alpha) after 1 week of biliary decompression returned to normal levels in animals treated with MDP liposomes, whereas RES function was impaired (P < 0.05) in all other jaundiced and biliary-decompressed groups. In the biliary-decompressed, MDP-liposome-treated group, hepatic uptake of radiolabelled bacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and renal entrapment of bacteria was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in all other jaundiced and biliary-decompressed groups. We conclude that treatment with MDP liposomes improves the otherwise impaired RES function in rats with biliary obstruction and biliary decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ding
- Dept of Surgery, Lund University, Sweden
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26
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Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Lokerse AF, ten Kate MT, Melissen PM, van Vianen W, van Etten EW. Liposomes as carriers of antimicrobial agents or immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 12 Suppl 1:S61-7. [PMID: 8477767 DOI: 10.1007/bf02389881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of antimicrobial agents by means of liposomes is under investigation and may be of importance in the treatment of infections that prove refractory to conventional forms of antimicrobial treatment. The ability to achieve a significantly longer residence time of liposomes in plasma and limited uptake of liposomes by the mononuclear phagocyte system opens up new areas of investigation and potential therapeutic application. By manipulating the liposomal composition, rates of uptake and intracellular degradation can be influenced and thereby the rates at which liposome-encapsulated agents are released and become available to exert their therapeutic action. With respect to the targeting of macrophage modulators at the mononuclear phagocyte system by means of liposomes for maximal stimulation of the nonspecific antimicrobial resistance, experimental evidence is now available of the potential usefulness of liposomes as carriers of these agents. This approach may also be of importance for the potentiation of treatment of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Bakker-Woudenberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Therapy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Lammerding AM, Glass KA, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Doyle MP. Determination of virulence of different strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua by oral inoculation of pregnant mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3991-4000. [PMID: 1476441 PMCID: PMC183216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.12.3991-4000.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A pregnant mouse model was developed to follow the course of infection after peroral inoculation with six different strains of Listeria monocytogenes and one strain of Listeria innocua. Tissues were sampled and analyzed by microbiologic and histologic methods for 5 days postinoculation. In gnotobiotic pregnant BALB/c mice, L. monocytogenes Scott A (SA), serotype 4b, colonized the gastrointestinal tract, translocated to the livers and spleens of mice by day 1 postinoculation, and multiplied in these tissues until day 4. Infection of the placental tissues occurred by days 3 and 4 and was followed by infection of the fetuses. Little damage of colonic and cecal tissues was evident by histologic examination. Livers and spleens showed a cellular immune response; a similar immune response was not detected in the placentas or fetuses. A rough variant of L. monocytogenes SA which was as virulent as the parent strain in mice when injected intraperitoneally was less virulent perorally and did not consistently infect the fetuses. L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113, serotype 3a, did not colonize the gastrointestinal tract, nor was it isolated from any internal tissue. L. monocytogenes strains of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b behaved like the SA strain in this mouse model. L. innocua colonized the gastrointestinal tract and translocated to the livers and spleens but did not survive in these organs and rapidly disappeared without infecting placental and fetal tissues. In comparison with gnotobiotic mice, conventional pregnant mice inoculated with L. monocytogenes strains showed less consistent infection. These results suggest that the gnotobiotic pregnant mouse is a useful model for detecting differences in virulence relating to colonization, invasiveness, and uteroplacental infection which cannot be detected by intraperitoneal inoculation of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lammerding
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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28
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Di Rocco PH, Nacucchio MC, Sordelli DO, Mancuso F, Hooke AM. The effect of liposomal cefoperazone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a granulocytopenic mouse model of acute lung infection. Infection 1992; 20:360-4. [PMID: 1293058 DOI: 10.1007/bf01710685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of liposomal cefoperazone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated in a granulocytopenic mouse model of acute lung infection. Granulocytopenia was induced in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Mice were challenged by exposure to an aerosol containing P. aeruginosa and were treated i.p. with liposomal cefoperazone prepared by the dehydration-rehydration method. The half-life of free cefoperazone in the lungs following i.p. administration of the liposomal drug was significantly lengthened (13 min vs. 261 min), and the cefoperazone activity in the lungs remained above the MIC longer after administration of liposomal cefoperazone than after treatment with cefoperazone. Liposomal cefoperazone was more effective than cefoperazone alone in preventing death of granulocytopenic mice from lethal pulmonary challenge with P. aeruginosa (75% vs. 38% survival, p = 0.031). Finally, P. aeruginosa was cleared faster from the lungs of mice treated with liposomal cefoperazone when compared with those treated with cefoperazone. This study shows that incorporation of cefoperazone into liposomes enhances the activity of the antibiotic against P. aeruginosa in a granulocytopenic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Di Rocco
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Janknegt R, de Marie S, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Crommelin DJ. Liposomal and lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992; 23:279-91. [PMID: 1395361 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199223040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B remains a very important drug for the treatment of fungal infections despite its toxicity. Encapsulation of amphotericin B into liposomes appears to reduce the toxic effects and to improve the clinical efficacy, allowing higher dosages to be given. The exact mechanism behind the reduced toxicity is not yet known. Amphotericin B is widely distributed after intravenous administration as the deoxycholate solubilisate. The highest concentrations are found in the liver, spleen and kidney. Protein binding and binding to the tissues is very high. The fate of the drug in the body is not known in detail. Renal and biliary excretion are both low and no metabolites have been identified. The drug is still detectable in the liver, spleen and kidney for as long as 1 year after stopping therapy. The pharmacokinetics of the different liposomal amphotericin B or lipid complexes of amphotericin B, which were recently developed, are quite diverse. A number of these preparations, such as amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), 'AmBisome' and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) are in clinical development. Their pharmacokinetics depend to a large extent on the composition and particle size of the liposomes or lipid complexes. Relatively large structures such as ABLC are rapidly taken up by the mononuclear phagocyte system, whereas smaller liposomes remain in the circulation for prolonged periods. In all studies only the total amphotericin B (both free and liposome- or lipid-associated) concentrations were determined. There is a need for studies correlating clinical efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphotericin B with the pharmacokinetic properties of these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Janknegt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
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30
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Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Lokerse AF, ten Kate MT, Storm G. Enhanced localization of liposomes with prolonged blood circulation time in infected lung tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1138:318-26. [PMID: 1532911 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90010-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In an experimental model of unilateral pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in rats we investigated whether intravenous administration of liposomes with prolonged blood circulation time resulted in significant localization of liposomes in infected lung tissue. Liposomes (100 nm) composed of hydrogenated phosphatidylinositol:hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (molar ratio, 1:10:5) radiolabeled with gallium-67-deferoxamine showed relatively long blood circulation time. The degree of localization of these long circulating liposomes in the infected left lung was significantly higher compared to that of localization of 110 nm egg phosphatidylglycerol:egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (molar ratio, 1:10:5) liposomes which exhibited relatively short blood circulation time. At 16 h after administration of the long circulating liposomes (when 10% of the injected dose was still present in the bloodstream) localization of liposomes in the infected left lung was increased up to 10-fold compared to the left lung of uninfected rats, and appeared to be highly correlated with the intensity of the infection. In the uninfected right lung the localization of long circulating liposomes was not increased. The degree of localization of liposomes in the infected tissue is dependent on the residence time of liposomes in the blood compartment. The extent of localization of long circulating liposomes in infected tissue appeared to be dependent on the liposomal dose administered.
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31
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Melissen PM, van Vianen W, Rijsbergen Y, Bakker-Woudenberg IA. Free versus liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamide in treatment of experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 1992; 60:95-101. [PMID: 1729201 PMCID: PMC257508 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.1.95-101.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of free and liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamide (MTPPE) on resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice was investigated. It was shown that administration of MTPPE, at 24 h before bacterial inoculation, led to a dose-dependent antibacterial resistance in terms of increased clearance of bacteria from the blood and bacterial killing in various organs. The lowest effective dose of MTPPE was 50 micrograms per mouse. Administration of liposome-encapsulated MTPPE was also effective at a dose of 25 micrograms per mouse. The time of administration of both free and liposome-encapsulated MTPPE, with respect to the appearance of bacteria in the blood, was very important and indicated that repeated administration is necessary to obtain protection for a prolonged period. In view of the toxicity of MTPPE, it was an important observation that repeated administration of MTPPE in the liposome-encapsulated form also produced antibacterial resistance. Administration of free and liposome-encapsulated MTPPE resulted in increased numbers of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the blood of uninfected mice and prevented leukopenia in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Melissen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Therapy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
Liposomes were first described nearly a quarter of a century ago and have been useful models for studying the physical chemistry of lipid bilayers and the biology of the cell membrane. It was also realised that they might be used as vehicles for the delivery of drugs but clinical applications have been slow to emerge. Proposed clinical uses have included vaccine adjuvancy, gene transfer and diagnostic imaging but the major effort has been in the development of liposomes as targetable drug carriers in the treatment of malignancy. Although based on good in vitro data and animal studies, the strategies have been mostly impractical due to the predominant but unwanted uptake by the reticuloendothelial system and the limited extent of extravasation. The same features have nonetheless been turned to advantage in the case of amphotericin B which has recently become the first liposomally formulated agent to be licensed for parenteral use. Liposomal doxorubicin is currently also being evaluated in clinical trials. The early evidence suggests that while liposomal encapsulation may not greatly enhance their efficacy the toxicity of these agents is greatly attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gray
- Department of Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK
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33
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Hug P, Sleight RG. Liposomes for the transformation of eukaryotic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1097:1-17. [PMID: 1859848 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of human disease is a method of treatment under active development. DNA-loaded liposomes exhibit great promise for use in this field. Liposome-based transfection vectors have many inherent advantages that will likely lead to their wide in vivo use. Vectors with low toxicity and a high degree of targetability can now be easily prepared. These vectors are also free of the length constraints governing retroviral vectors. In this review we discuss recent developments in the use of liposomes for transfection of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hug
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0524
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34
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Boggs JM, Chang NH, Goundalkar A. Liposomal amphotericin B inhibits in vitro T-lymphocyte response to antigen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:879-85. [PMID: 1854170 PMCID: PMC245123 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.5.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of free amphotericin B (as Fungizone) and amphotericin B (AMB) incorporated into liposomes on the proliferation of lymphocytes were determined. Freshly obtained guinea pig and rat antigen-specific lymphocytes were compared with rat T-lymphocyte cell lines cultured for a long period of time. Incorporation of AMB into multilayered vesicles significantly reduced its effect relative to that of Fungizone on cultured T-cell lines, as reported by others for mammalian cells. In contrast, the effects on freshly obtained antigen-specific lymphocytes were different. Fungizone inhibited proliferation of antigen-specific lymph node cells freshly obtained from immunized guinea pigs at fungicidal concentrations, and incorporation into multilayered lipid vesicles did not have much of a protective effect. Higher concentrations of Fungizone were required to inhibit proliferation of fresh rat lymph node cells, but incorporation into multilayered lipid vesicles still did not have much of a protective effect. Some T lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation of guinea pigs and in the lymph nodes of rats were more resistant to liposomal AMB than another more sensitive T-lymphocyte population was. Proliferation of lymphocytes in response to mitogens was inhibited less than that in response to specific antigen was. Thus, sensitivity to AMB depended on the species, the strength of the stimulus used to activate the lymphocytes, and on some other property of the lymphocytes, possibly their state of differentiation. Regardless of the reason for the difference in effects on freshly obtained lymph node lymphocytes and cultured line cells, the former may be more relevant to effects in vivo and should be considered in a complete evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of these forms of the drug. Incorporation into sonicated unilamellar vesicles had more of a protective effect, while equimolar drug-lipid complexes had even more of a protective effect. These forms of AMB might have less of an immunosuppressive potential than multilayered vesicles containing low amounts of AMB do.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Boggs
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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van den Broek PJ. Activity of antibiotics against microorganisms ingested by mononuclear phagocytes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10:114-8. [PMID: 1864273 DOI: 10.1007/bf01964422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The data available on the activity of antibiotics against microorganisms ingested by mononuclear phagocytes are reviewed. The antibacterial activity of penicillins against Staphylococcus aureus is enhanced by human monocytes. This enhancement is possibly brought about by a peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme that is produced and secreted by monocytes. Aminoglycosides affect bacteria ingested by mononuclear phagocytes, but their intracellular activity is limited as compared with that of non-phagocytosed bacteria. Clindamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin are effective against intracellular bacteria. The first three of these antibiotics do not show enhanced activity against phagocytosed bacteria, contrary to what might be expected from their high cell-associated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J van den Broek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Lagacé J, Dubreuil M, Montplaisir S. Liposome-encapsulated antibiotics: preparation, drug release and antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microencapsul 1991; 8:53-61. [PMID: 1908898 DOI: 10.3109/02652049109021857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ticarcillin- and tobramycin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were shown to have a markedly increased sensitivity to antibiotics enclosed in liposomes. This was demonstrated by growth inhibition of two resistant P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of the liposome-enclosed ticarcillin and tobramycin at 2 per cent and 20 per cent of their respective minimum inhibitory concentration. The liposome-enclosed antibiotic was as effective against the beta-lactamase-producing strain as against the non-beta-lactamase producing strain. Entrapment efficiency of the two antibiotics with the dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method was largely superior to other methodologies used. Kinetic studies with DRV demonstrated that tobramycin and ticarcillin-loaded liposomes still contained 83 per cent and 67 per cent of drug respectively after 24 h at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lagacé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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