1
|
Breitenbach JE, El-Sheikh ESA, Harrison RL, Rowley DL, Sparks ME, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Popham HJR. Determination and analysis of the genome sequence of Spodoptera littoralis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Res 2012; 171:194-208. [PMID: 23219924 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Spodoptera littoralis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV), a pathogen of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm S. littoralis, was subjected to sequencing of its entire DNA genome and bioassay analysis comparing its virulence to that of other baculoviruses. The annotated SpliMNPV genome of 137,998 bp was found to harbor 132 open reading frames and 15 homologous repeat regions. Four unique genes not present in SpltMNPV were identified, as were 14 genes that were absent or translocated by comparison. Bioassay analysis of experimentally infected Spodoptera frugiperda revealed an extended killing time for SpliMNPV as compared to S. frugiperda MNPV (SfMNPV), but a level of mortality similar to that caused by infection with SfMNPV and superior to that of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV). Although extensive similarity was observed between the genome structure and predicted translation products of SpliMNPV and Spodoptera litura MNPV (SpltMNPV), genetic distances between isolates of SpliMNPV and SpltMNPV suggest that they are in fact different species of genus Alphabaculovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Breitenbach
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toprak U, Gürkan MO, Bayram S. Impact of a Turkish isolate and a plaque-purified variant of SpliNPV-B on larval stage development of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Boisd. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:564-8. [PMID: 17437256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses can alter the development and physiological status of their insect hosts. In the present study, two Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedroviruses (SpliNPV-TR1 and SpliNPV-M2) were examined in terms of their effect on the stage development of S. littoralis at two doses/concentrations by inoculation of neonates or third instars. Both isolates had an acute pathological effect on neonates. However, larval development was prolonged (6-36 h) by either infection when neonates were infected. When third-instar larvae were inoculated, no mortality occurred until insects moulted to later stages. When the isolates were compared, more mortality occurred in the fifth instar with SpliNPV-M2 than with SpliNPV-TR1, whereas less mortality occurred in the sixth instar with SpliNPV-M2 than with SpliNPV-TR1. However, none of the isolates demonstrated a dose effect. Larvae died at 108-198 h post-inoculation at all infections, and none of them pupated. Larval development was retarded (0-126 h) for each stage when third-instar larvae were inoculated. Consequently, SpliNPV-M2 would be a more effective control agent than SpliNPV-TR1 for control of S. littoralis since it kills larvae at earlier developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110 Dişkapi/Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simón O, Williams T, López-Ferber M, Caballero P. Virus entry or the primary infection cycle are not the principal determinants of host specificity of Spodoptera spp. nucleopolyhedroviruses. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2845-2855. [PMID: 15448346 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multicapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) of Spodoptera exigua (SeMNPV), Spodoptera frugiperda (SfMNPV), and Spodoptera littoralis (SpliNPV) are genetically similar (78 % similarity) but differ in their degree of host specificity. Infection by each of the three NPVs in these three Spodoptera host species was determined by oral inoculation of larvae with occlusion bodies (OBs) or intrahaemocoelic injection with occlusion derived virions (ODVs). RT-PCR analysis of total RNA from inoculated insects, targeted at immediate early (ie-0), early (egt, DNA polymerase), late (chitinase) and very late genes (polyhedrin), indicated that each of the NPVs initiated an infection in all three host species tested. SpliMNPV produced a fatal NPV disease in both heterologous hosts, S. frugiperda and S. exigua, by oral inoculation or injection. SfMNPV was lethal to heterologous hosts, S. exigua and S. littoralis, but infected larvae did not melt and disintegrate, and progeny OBs were not observed. SeMNPV was able to replicate in heterologous hosts and all genes required for replication were present in the genome, as the virus primary infection cycle was observed. However, gene expression was significantly lower in heterologous hosts. SeMNPV pathogenesis in S. frugiperda and S. littoralis was blocked at the haemocoel transmission stage and very nearly cleared. SeMNPV mixtures with SpliMNPV or SfMNPV did not extend the host range of SeMNPV; in all cases, only the homologous virus was observed to proliferate. It is concluded that entry and the primary virus infection cycle are not the only, or the major determinants, for SeMNPV infection of heterologous Spodoptera species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Simón
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Trevor Williams
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Ferber
- Laboratoire de Patologie Comparée, UMR 5087, INRA-CNRS-Université de Montpellier II, 30380 Saint Christol-Lez-Ales, France
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen CB, Cooper D, Short SM, Myers JH, Suttle CA. DNA polymerase gene sequences indicate western and forest tent caterpillar viruses form a new taxonomic group within baculoviruses. J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 81:131-47. [PMID: 12507483 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses infect larval lepidopterans, and thus have potential value as microbial controls of agricultural and forest pests. Understanding their genetic relatedness and host specificity is relevant to the risk assessment of viral insecticides if non-target impacts are to be avoided. DNA polymerase gene sequences have been demonstrated to be useful for inferring genetic relatedness among dsDNA viruses. We have adopted this approach to examine the relatedness among natural isolates of two uncharacterized caterpillar-infecting baculoviruses, Malacosoma californicum pluviale nucleopolyhedrovirus (McplMNPV) and Malacosoma disstria nucleopolyhedrovirus (MadiMNPV), which infect two closely related host species with little to no cross-infectivity. We designed two degenerate primers (BVP1 and BVP2) based on protein motifs conserved among baculoviruses. McplMNPV and MadiMNPV viral DNA was obtained from naturally infected caterpillars collected from geographically distinct sites in the Southern Gulf Islands and Prince George regions of British Columbia, Canada. Sequencing of 0.9 kb PCR amplicons from six McplMNPV and six MadiMNPV isolates obtained from a total of eight sites, revealed very low nucleotide variation among McplMNPV isolates (99.2-100% nucleotide identity) and among MadiMNPV isolates (98.9-100% nucleotide identity). Greater nucleotide variation was observed between viral isolates from the two different caterpillar species (only 84.7-86.1% nucleotide identity). Both maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses support placement of McplMNPV and MadiMNPV in a clade that is distinct from other groups of baculoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cydney B Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, BC, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manzán MA, Lozano ME, Sciocco-Cap A, Ghiringhelli PD, Romanowski V. Identification and characterization of the ecdysteroid UDP-glycosyltransferase gene of Epinotia aporema granulovirus. Virus Genes 2002; 24:119-30. [PMID: 12018702 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014564331383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ecdysteroid UDP-glycosyltransferase (egt) gene of Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV) was cloned sequenced and its biological activity was assessed. It encodes a protein of 446 amino acids. Direct evidence that the cloned gene encodes an active EGT protein was obtained by transient expression assays in insect cells. The upstream untranslated region of the egt gene exhibits several consensus early promoter elements. Accordingly, the gene is expressed early upon infection of Epinotia aporema larvae and the EGT activity remains high until later times post infection. Sequence analyses indicate the presence of clusters of amino acid residues conserved among all the baculoviral EGTs, although their relation with proper protein folding, ligand binding and catalytic activity remain to be assessed. Phylogenetic trees consistently cluster the granulovirus EGTs separating them clearly from the nucleopolyhedroviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Manzán
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caradoc-Davies KM, Graves S, O'Reilly DR, Evans OP, Ward VK. Identification and in vivo characterization of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus Ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase. Virus Genes 2001; 22:255-64. [PMID: 11450943 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011149819931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Epiphyas postvittana Nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoMNPV) contains an ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene. The egt gene was completely sequenced and surrounding open reading frames identified. EppoMNPV egt is 1479 nucleotides in length encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 55 kDa. Analysis of upstream sequence revealed dual TATA boxes and two CGT upstream activating region motifs. Mapping of the 5' terminus of the egt transcript identified a major transcript produced from an adenine residue 29 nucleotides downstream from the distal TATA box. No transcript was detected from a late promoter motif (GTAAG). Characterization of egt transcripts showed that poly-adenylation occurs at the 3' terminus. EppoMNPV egt transcripts were first detected in infected Epiphyas postvittana larvae by Northern hybridization at 9 h post-infection (hpi) and EGT enzyme activity was detected at 9 hpi in haemolymph from infected larvae. EppoMNPV EGT can conjugate the sugars from both UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose to ecdysone in vitro. Localization assays performed using radiolabelled ecdysone demonstrated that the conjugation of glucose or galactose, from the respective UDP-sugar, led to the prevention of the uptake of ecdysone by SF-21 cells. We propose that EGT functions to prevent the uptake of ecdysone or 20-hydroxyecdysone by metabolite and target cells respectively.
Collapse
|
7
|
Levin DB, Huang J. Spodoptera littoralis type B nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of a grasshopper cell line. J Invertebr Pathol 1999; 74:184-92. [PMID: 10486231 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1999.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined that the type B nucleopolyhedrovirus of the Egyptian cottonworm, Spodoptera littoralis (SpliNPV), can infect a cell line derived from a grasshopper. We compared the infectivity of SpliNPV in two lepidopteran cell lines (Sf9 and Md210) and in a cell line (MSE4) derived from the western migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Both Sf9 and MSE4 cells were permissive for SpliNPV replication and supported production of viable progeny. Md210 cells were nonpermissive for SpliNPV, and although the virus entered into these cells, they supported neither viral replication nor production of viable progeny. Infection of MSE4 cells with SpliNPV resulted in cytopathic effects within 48 h post infection and complete destruction of the cells within 5 days. Both virions and polyhedra were detected within virus-infected MSE4 cells by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular virions were detected in the culture medium and were infectious to Sf9 cells, indicating that the MSE4 cells supported production of viable virus progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Levin
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang J, Levin DB. Identification and functional analysis of a putative non-hr origin of DNA replication from the Spodoptera littoralis type B multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 8):2263-2274. [PMID: 10466826 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative non-hr origin of DNA replication was identified in the Spodoptera littoralis multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) genome by transient replication assays. The putative SpliNPV ori was mapped to the PstI-J fragment between 75.1-77.9 map units in the SpliNPV genome. While the DNA sequence of the putative SpliNPV ori aligned with regions within the non-hr oris of Autographa californica, Orgyia pseudotsugata and Spodoptera exigua multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses, it has limited DNA sequence identity with these elements. The sequence of the putative SpliNPV non-hr ori fragment contains a unique distribution of imperfect palindromes, multiple direct repeats and putative transcription factor-binding sites. Transient expression assays indicated that the putative SpliNPV ori fragment repressed SpliNPV lef-3 promoter-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression. However, the putative SpliNPV ori fragment itself was capable of directing luciferase expression in the absence of a recognizable baculovirus promoter element in an orientation-independent fashion, suggesting that DNA sequence motifs within its sequence can activate transcription. Gel mobility shift analyses confirmed that proteins within nuclear extracts from both uninfected and virus-infected cells bound with specificity to the putative SpliNPV ori fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N51
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N51
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bulach DM, Kumar CA, Zaia A, Liang B, Tribe DE. Group II nucleopolyhedrovirus subgroups revealed by phylogenetic analysis of polyhedrin and DNA polymerase gene sequences. J Invertebr Pathol 1999; 73:59-73. [PMID: 9878291 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1998.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two major clades, designated Groups I and II, of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) from lepidopteran hosts have been previously identified. To reveal more detailed relationships, a series of DNA polymerase nucleotide sequences from the taxa MbMNPV, SeMNPV, HzSNPV, HearNPV, SpltNPV, BusuNPV, and OranNPV have been determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. This technique enabled gene sequence determination using microliter samples of NPV-infected insect cadavers. Polyhedrin genes from HearNPV, OranNPV, SeMNPV, and SpltNPV were also isolated and sequenced using a similar approach. These sequences, together with other database entries, were aligned for positional homology of peptide sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA polymerase molecular sequence alignments supports LdMNPV as a taxon of Group II and three Group II subclades, designated A, B, and C. Comparison of DNA polymerase trees with those estimated from occlusion protein molecular sequences enabled identification of three subclades of Group II. These are Subgroup II-A [MbMNPV, LeseNPV, MacoNPV, PaflNPV, SeMNPV, SpltNPV (India isolate), SfMNPV]; Subgroup II-B [SpliNPV, SpltNPV (Japan isolate), SpltNPV (Queensland isolate), and possibly HzSNPV, HearNPV, and ManeNPV], and Subgroup II-C [OpSNPV, OranNPV (S-type), BusuNPV (S-type), and possibly EcobNPV (S-type)]. Notably, all Subgroup II-A taxa are from noctuid hosts. Correlations of virus and host evolution within Group II taxa are discussed. The methods and data developed in this study will allow rapid sequencing of NPV DNA polymerase genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Bulach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen X, Hu Z, Jehle JA, Zhang Y, Vlak JM. Analysis of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene of Heliothis armigera single-nucleocapsid baculovirus. Virus Genes 1998; 15:219-25. [PMID: 9482587 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007976420021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene was identified from the single (S) nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of Heliothis armigera (HearNPV). In baculovirus-infected insects the viral enzyme (EGT) plays a pivotal role in abrogating the insect molting process. The open reading frame of the egt gene is 1545 nucleotides long, encoding a putative protein of 515 amino acids with a Mr of 59.1. The 5'-noncoding region contains a putative early (CAGT) and late (TAAG) motif for transcription initiation, a transcription enhancer sequence (CGTCGC) and two TATA boxes. A putative polyA signal, AATAAA, was found downstream of the translation stop codon. A putative signal peptide of 21 residues was present at the N-terminus of the EGT. The HearNPV egt gene has a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to the egt genes of Buzura suppressaria SNPV and Spodoptera exigua MNPV. The HearNPV EGT shares ten conserved motifs with other EGTs. A phylogenetic tree of twelve baculovirus EGTs was constructed by using maximum parsimony analysis, suggesting that SNPVs do not form a separate clade within the baculovirus family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faktor O, Kamensky B. Genomic localization and nucleotide sequence of a lef-8 gene of the Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Genes 1997; 15:9-15. [PMID: 9354263 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007942510506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A gene similar to lef-8 of the Autographa californica (Ac) nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV) was identified in the Spodoptera littoralis (Spli) MNPV. The SpliMNPV lef-8-like gene was localized on the genomic map between 26.9 and 29 map units and is flanked by a chitinase gene and p47 gene. This gene arrangement differs from that of similar genes in the AcMNPV genome, where the lef-8 gene is located about 62 kbp from the chitinase gene and about 7 kbp from the p47 gene. Sequence analyses of the lef-8 gene revealed an ORF of 2730 nucleotides, predicted to encode a protein with Mr 104876. The putative protein is 60.9% identical to the AcMNPV LEF-8 and contains an identical sequence of a conserved motif of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Sequences downstream of the lef-8 gene contain two sequence repeats which resemble a repeated motif of the SpliMNPV enhancer element and other repetitive sequences from the viral genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Faktor
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu ZH, Broer R, Westerlaken J, Martens JW, Jin F, Jehle JA, Wang LM, Vlak JM. Characterization of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene of a single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of Buzura suppressaria. Virus Res 1997; 47:91-7. [PMID: 9037741 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(96)01406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A putative ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene was identified in the single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of Buzura suppressaria (BusuNPV). This is the first egt gene to be characterized in a SNPV, suggesting that egt genes are prevalent in nucleopolyhedroviruses and possibly in all baculoviruses. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene is 1539 nucleotides (nt) long, encoding a putative protein (EGT) of 513 amino acids (aa) with a M of 58922. The 5' noncoding region contains three possible TATA boxes. A polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, was found downstream of the translation stop codon. A putative signal peptide of 16 residues was present at the N-terminus of the EGT. The BusuNPV egt gene has a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to multiple nucleocapsid (M) NPV egt genes, the highest being to the Spodoptera exigua MNPV egt. A phylogenetic tree of eleven known EGTs was constructed using maximum parsimony analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z H Hu
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Faktor O, Raviv D. A polymerase chain reaction for the detection of nucleopolyhedroviruses in infected insects: the fate of the Spodoptera littoralis virus in Locusta migratoria. J Virol Methods 1996; 61:95-101. [PMID: 8882942 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SlNPV) is a potential pest control agent of Spodoptera spp. As part of our studies to establish the use of this virus, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed for the detection of viral DNA in infected insects. PCR amplification of the polyhedrin sequences enabled the detection of low levels of viral DNA directly from viral occlusion bodies or from total larval DNA. The use of different sets of synthetic DNA primers allowed us to differentiate between SlNPV and the Autographa californica NPV (AcNPV) and to identify a new AcNPV variant isolated from a cotton pest, Pectinophora gossypiella NPV. The PCR method was also used to test for the possible infection of Locusta migratoria larvae by SlNPV, reported by Bensimon et al., 1987. The progress of SlNPV infection in L. migratoria larvae was monitored by PCR for 2 weeks. The reaction revealed decreasing amounts of viral DNA in infected larvae. During this time, no signs of disease were observed in the infected locusts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Faktor
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|