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Davidson I. Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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2
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van Senten JR, Fan TS, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Viral G protein-coupled receptors as modulators of cancer hallmarks. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104804. [PMID: 32278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which share structural homology to human chemokine receptors. These viral GPCRs include KSHV-encoded ORF74, EBV-encoded BILF1, and HCMV-encoded US28, UL33, UL78 and US27. Viral GPCRs hijack various signaling pathways and cellular networks, including pathways involved in the so-called cancer hallmarks as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. These hallmarks describe cellular characteristics crucial for transformation and tumor progression. The cancer hallmarks involve growth factor-independent proliferation, angiogenesis, avoidance of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, genetic instability and immune evasion amongst others. The role of beta herpesviruses modulating these cancer hallmarks is clearly highlighted by the proliferative and pro-angiogenic phenotype associated with KSHV infection which is largely ascribed to the ORF74-mediated modulation of signaling networks in host cells. For HCMV and Epstein-Bar encoded GPCRs, oncomodulatory effects have been described which contribute to the cancer hallmarks, thereby enhancing oncogenic development. In this review, we describe the main signaling pathways controlling the hallmarks of cancer which are affected by the betaherpesvirus encoded GPCRs. Most prominent among these involve the JAK-STAT, PI(3)K-AKT, NFkB and MAPK signaling nodes. These insights are important to effectively target these viral GPCRs and their signaling networks in betaherpesvirus-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Biotic concerns in generating molecular diagnosis matrixes for 4 avian viruses with emphasis on Marek's disease virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113708. [PMID: 31351169 PMCID: PMC7119753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The great advance in the field of diagnosis of avian viruses is reflecting the highly sophisticated molecular assays of the human and general virology in providing highly sensitive and fast methods of diagnosis. The present review will discuss the biotic factors and the complexities that became evident with the evolution of the novel molecular diagnostic assays with emphasis on 4 avian viruses, chicken anemia, infectious laryngotracheitis, turkey meningoencephalitis, but mainly on Marek's disease virus. To create a biologically meaningful diagnosis, attention should be dedicated to various biotic factors and not only of the diagnostic assay. Included among the important factors are, (a) the sample examined and the sampling strategy, (b) the outcomes of the pathogen amplification ex vivo, (c) the sampling time and its reflection on the disease diagnosis, (d) the impact of simultaneous multiple virus-infections regarding the ability to demonstrate all pathogens and inter- and intra-interactions between the pathogens. A concerted consideration of the relevant factors and the use of advanced molecular diagnostic assay would yield biologically significant diagnosis in real-time that would beneficiate the poultry industry.
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4
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Schönrich G, Abdelaziz MO, Raftery MJ. Herpesviral capture of immunomodulatory host genes. Virus Genes 2017; 53:762-773. [PMID: 28451945 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses have acquired numerous genes from their hosts. Although these homologs are not essential for viral replication, they often have important immunomodulatory functions that ensure viral persistence in the host. Some of these viral molecules are called virokines as they mimic cellular cytokines of their host such as interleukin-10 (cIL-10). In recent years, many viral homologs of IL-10 (vIL-10s) have been discovered in the genome of members of the order Herpesvirales. For some, gene and protein structure as well as biological activity and potential use in the clinical context have been explored. Besides virokines, herpesviruses have also captured genes encoding membrane-bound host immunomodulatory proteins such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. These viral MHC mimics also retain many of the functions of the cellular genes, in particular directly or indirectly modulating the activity of natural killer cells. The mechanisms underlying capture of cellular genes by large DNA viruses are still enigmatic. In this review, we provide an update of the advances in the field of herpesviral gene piracy and discuss possible scenarios that could explain how the gene transfer from host to viral genome was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mohammed O Abdelaziz
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Farré D, Engel P, Angulo A. Novel Role of 3'UTR-Embedded Alu Elements as Facilitators of Processed Pseudogene Genesis and Host Gene Capture by Viral Genomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169196. [PMID: 28033411 PMCID: PMC5199112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the high abundance of Alu elements in the human genome, the interest for the functional significance of these retrotransposons has been increasing. Primate Alu and rodent Alu-like elements are retrotransposed by a mechanism driven by the LINE1 (L1) encoded proteins, the same machinery that generates the L1 repeats, the processed pseudogenes (PPs), and other retroelements. Apart from free Alu RNAs, Alus are also transcribed and retrotranscribed as part of cellular gene transcripts, generally embedded inside 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Despite different proposed hypotheses, the functional implication of the presence of Alus inside 3'UTRs remains elusive. In this study we hypothesized that Alu elements in 3'UTRs could be involved in the genesis of PPs. By analyzing human genome data we discovered that the existence of 3'UTR-embedded Alu elements is overrepresented in genes source of PPs. In contrast, the presence of other retrotransposable elements in 3'UTRs does not show this PP linked overrepresentation. This research was extended to mouse and rat genomes and the results accordingly reveal overrepresentation of 3'UTR-embedded B1 (Alu-like) elements in PP parent genes. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that the overrepresentation of 3'UTR-embedded Alus is particularly significant in PP parent genes with low germline gene expression level. Finally, we provide data that support the hypothesis that the L1 machinery is also the system that herpesviruses, and possibly other large DNA viruses, use to capture host genes expressed in germline or somatic cells. Altogether our results suggest a novel role for Alu or Alu-like elements inside 3'UTRs as facilitators of the genesis of PPs, particularly in lowly expressed genes. Moreover, we propose that this L1-driven mechanism, aided by the presence of 3'UTR-embedded Alus, may also be exploited by DNA viruses to incorporate host genes to their viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Ouyang P, Rakus K, van Beurden SJ, Westphal AH, Davison AJ, Gatherer D, Vanderplasschen AF. IL-10 encoded by viruses: a remarkable example of independent acquisition of a cellular gene by viruses and its subsequent evolution in the viral genome. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:245-262. [PMID: 24225498 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses have evolved strategies to deregulate the host immune system. These strategies include mechanisms to subvert or recruit the host cytokine network. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, its key features relate mainly to its capacity to exert potent immunosuppressive effects. Several viruses have been shown to upregulate the expression of cellular IL-10 (cIL-10) with, in some cases, enhancement of infection by suppression of immune functions. Other viruses encode functional orthologues of cIL-10, called viral IL-10s (vIL-10s). The present review is devoted to these virokines. To date, vIL-10 orthologues have been reported for 12 members of the family Herpesviridae, two members of the family Alloherpesviridae and seven members of the family Poxviridae. Study of vIL-10s demonstrated several interesting aspects on the origin and the evolution of these viral genes, e.g. the existence of multiple (potentially up to nine) independent gene acquisition events at different times during evolution, viral gene acquisition resulting from recombination with cellular genomic DNA or cDNA derived from cellular mRNA and the evolution of cellular sequence in the viral genome to restrict the biological activities of the viral orthologues to those beneficial for the virus life cycle. Here, various aspects of the vIL-10s described to date are reviewed, including their genetic organization, protein structure, origin, evolution, biological properties and potential in applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen UR, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Alain F Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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7
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Griffin BD, Gram AM, Mulder A, Van Leeuwen D, Claas FHJ, Wang F, Ressing ME, Wiertz E. EBV BILF1 evolved to downregulate cell surface display of a wide range of HLA class I molecules through their cytoplasmic tail. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1672-84. [PMID: 23315076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution of herpesviruses and their hosts has driven the development of both host antiviral mechanisms to detect and eliminate infected cells and viral ploys to escape immune surveillance. Among the immune-evasion strategies used by the lymphocryptovirus (γ(1)-herpesvirus) EBV is the downregulation of surface HLA class I expression by the virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1, thereby impeding presentation of viral Ags and cytotoxic T cell recognition of the infected cell. In this study, we show EBV BILF1 to be expressed early in the viral lytic cycle. BILF1 targets a broad range of HLA class I molecules, including multiple HLA-A and -B types and HLA-E. In contrast, HLA-C was only marginally affected. We advance the mechanistic understanding of the process by showing that the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of EBV BILF1 is required for reducing surface HLA class I expression. Susceptibility to BILF1-mediated downregulation, in turn, is conferred by specific residues in the intracellular tail of the HLA class I H chain. Finally, we explore the evolution of BILF1 within the lymphocryptovirus genus. Although the homolog of BILF1 encoded by the lymphocryptovirus infecting Old World rhesus primates shares the ability of EBV to downregulate cell surface HLA class I expression, this function is not possessed by New World marmoset lymphocryptovirus BILF1. Therefore, this study furthers our knowledge of the evolution of immunoevasive functions by the lymphocryptovirus genus of herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Griffin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Engel P, Angulo A. Viral Immunomodulatory Proteins: Usurping Host Genes as a Survival Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 738:256-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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van Beurden SJ, Forlenza M, Westphal AH, Wiegertjes GF, Haenen OLM, Engelsma MY. The alloherpesviral counterparts of interleukin 10 in European eel and common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1211-1217. [PMID: 21907290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10) like open reading frames have been identified in several pox- and herpesviruses, including the fish herpesviruses Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) IL-10 was sequenced, in order to compare European eel and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IL-10 with their alloherpesviral counterparts. Homology between the virus and host IL-10 amino acid sequences is low, which is confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. However, the three dimensional structures of the fish and alloherpesviral IL-10 proteins as predicted by modeling are highly similar to human IL-10. Closely related AngHV-1 and CyHV-3 are expected to have obtained their viral IL-10 genes independently in the course of coexistence with their respective hosts. The presence and structural conservation of these alloherpesviral IL-10 genes suggest that they might play an important role in the evolution of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
All life must survive their corresponding viruses. Thus antiviral systems are essential in all living organisms. Remnants of virus derived information are also found in all life forms but have historically been considered mostly as junk DNA. However, such virus derived information can strongly affect host susceptibility to viruses. In this review, I evaluate the role viruses have had in the origin and evolution of host antiviral systems. From Archaea through bacteria and from simple to complex eukaryotes I trace the viral components that became essential elements of antiviral immunity. I conclude with a reexamination of the 'Big Bang' theory for the emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates by horizontal transfer and note how viruses could have and did provide crucial and coordinated features.
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11
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Viral ancestors of antiviral systems. Viruses 2011; 3:1933-58. [PMID: 22069523 PMCID: PMC3205389 DOI: 10.3390/v3101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All life must survive their corresponding viruses. Thus antiviral systems are essential in all living organisms. Remnants of virus derived information are also found in all life forms but have historically been considered mostly as junk DNA. However, such virus derived information can strongly affect host susceptibility to viruses. In this review, I evaluate the role viruses have had in the origin and evolution of host antiviral systems. From Archaea through bacteria and from simple to complex eukaryotes I trace the viral components that became essential elements of antiviral immunity. I conclude with a reexamination of the ‘Big Bang’ theory for the emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates by horizontal transfer and note how viruses could have and did provide crucial and coordinated features.
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12
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Abstract
Herpesviruses have evolved several effective strategies to counter the host immune response. Chief among these is inhibition of the host MHC class I antigen processing and presentation pathway, thereby reducing the presentation of virus-derived epitopes on the surface of the infected cell. This review summarizes the mechanisms used by herpesviruses to achieve this goal, including shut-down of MHC class I molecule synthesis, blockage of proteasome-mediated peptide generation and prevention of TAP-mediated peptide transport. Furthermore, herpesvirus proteins can retain MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, or direct their retrograde translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum or endocytosis from the plasma membrane, with subsequent degradation. The resulting down-regulation of cell surface MHC class I peptide complexes thwarts the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells. The subversion of the natural killer cell response by herpesvirus proteins and microRNAs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Griffin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Villarreal LP. The source of self: genetic parasites and the origin of adaptive immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1178:194-232. [PMID: 19845639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stable colonization of the host by viruses (genetic parasites) can alter the systems of host identity and provide immunity against related viruses. To attain the needed stability, some viruses of prokaryotes (P1 phage) use a strategy called an addiction module. The linked protective and destructive gene functions of an addiction module insures both virus persistence but will also destroy cells that interrupt this module and thereby prevent infection by competitors. Previously, I have generalized this concept to also include persistent and lytic states of virus infection, which can be considered as a virus addiction module. Such states often involve defective viruses. In this report, I examine the origin of the adaptive immune system from the perspective of a virus addiction module. The likely role of both endogenous and exogenous retroviruses, DNA viruses, and their defective elements is considered in the origin of all the basal components of adaptive immunity (T-cell receptor, RAG-mediated gene rearrangement, clonal lymphocyte proliferation, antigen surface presentation, apoptosis, and education of immune cells). It is concluded that colonization by viruses and their defectives provides a more coherent explanation for the origin of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Villarreal
- Center for Virus Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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14
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Maussang D, Vischer HF, Leurs R, Smit MJ. Herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors as modulators of cellular function. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:692-701. [PMID: 19570946 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.057091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are widespread pathogens involved in proliferative diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cardiovascular diseases. During evolution, homologs of human chemokine receptors were integrated into the HHV genomes. In addition to binding endogenous chemokines, these viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) have acquired the ability to signal in a constitutive manner. Ligand-induced and ligand-independent and autocrine and paracrine signaling properties of vGPCRs modify the functions of the expressing cells and lead to transformation and escape from immune surveillance. Furthermore, cross-talk or heterodimerization with endogenous chemokine receptors represent other ways for vGPCRs to modify intracellular signaling and cellular functions. As such, these viral receptors seem to play a prominent role during viral pathogenesis and life cycle and thus represent innovative antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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15
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Jayawardane G, Russell GC, Thomson J, Deane D, Cox H, Gatherer D, Ackermann M, Haig DM, Stewart JP. A captured viral interleukin 10 gene with cellular exon structure. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2447-2455. [PMID: 18796712 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a novel, captured and fully functional viral interleukin (IL)-10 homologue ((OvHV)IL-10) from the gammaherpesvirus ovine herpesvirus 2. Unlike IL-10 homologues from other gammaherpesviruses, the (OvHV)IL-10 peptide sequence was highly divergent from that of the host species. The (OvHV)IL-10 gene is unique amongst virus captured genes in that it has precisely retained the original cellular exon structure, having five exons of similar sizes to the cellular counterparts. However, the sizes of the introns are dramatically reduced. The (OvHV)IL-10 protein was shown to be a non-glycosylated, secreted protein of M(r) 21 000 with a signal peptidase cleavage site between amino acids 26 and 27 of the nascent peptide. Functional assays showed that (OvHV)IL-10, in a similar way to ovine IL-10, stimulated mast cell proliferation and inhibited macrophage inflammatory chemokine production. This is the first example of a captured herpesvirus gene retaining the full cellular gene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamini Jayawardane
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | | | | | - David Deane
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 0PZ, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | | | - David M Haig
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 0PZ, UK
| | - James P Stewart
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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16
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Davidson I, Shkoda I, Perk S. Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2456-2460. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is found worldwide in poultry and wild birds. FWPV is a natural example of recombination between viruses, as reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) fragments have been found in all poultry FWPVs and these are implicated in virulence alteration. We aimed to determine the commonality of this phenomenon and analysed FWPVs collected from 128 poultry flocks and birds over the last 10 years. Various fragments of both viruses were amplified and sequenced at the FWPV integration site, located between FWPV open reading frames 201 and 203. Seven isolates were found to contain no REV insertions, including fragments of the REV env, gag and 5′ REV-long terminal repeat (LTR). We demonstrate here for the first time, the existence of poultry FWPVs without REV inserts (two from chickens, one from turkey FWPV and four from wild birds). The REV inserts were heterogeneous in size. In addition to poultry and wild bird isolates, three FWPV vaccine virus strains were examined and found to contain only remnant REV-LTR and no REV envelope gene fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Irena Shkoda
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Shimon Perk
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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17
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Davidson I, Silva RF. Creation of diversity in the animal virus world by inter-species and intra-species recombinations: lessons learned from poultry viruses. Virus Genes 2007; 36:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Shackelton LA, Holmes EC. The evolution of large DNA viruses: combining genomic information of viruses and their hosts. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12:458-65. [PMID: 15381195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Shackelton
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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19
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Borenshtain R, Witter RL, Davidson I. Persistence of chicken herpesvirus and retroviral chimeric molecules upon in vivo passage. Avian Dis 2003; 47:296-308. [PMID: 12887189 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0296:pochar]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mareks disease virus (MDV), a herpesvirus, and avian leucosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), a retrovirus, were used for experimental coinfection of chickens. Chimeric molecules having sequences of both viruses were detected by the hotspot-combined polymerase chain reaction (HS-cPCR) system. The detection of chimeric molecules provided evidence for avian retroviral inserts in the herpesvirus genome. The persistence of chimeric molecules on in vivo passage served to indicate the infectivity of the recombinant virus. The evaluation of formation and persistence of the chimeric molecules was performed in two trials involving three in vivo passages. The chimeric molecules were identified according to the primer sets, their product length, and pattern. The persistence of chimeric molecules on in vivo passages served as an indication of their ability to replicate in and infect chickens. In the first experimental passage, MDV and ALV-J prototype strains, MD11 and HC-1, were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into 1-day-old chicks. The second trial included two passages. Passage II chicks were injected i.p. and passage III chickens were in contact with the chickens of passage II. For passage II, enriched white blood cells from blood samples of chickens from the first trial that had chimeric molecules were injected i.p. into 1-day-old chicks. For passage III, uninfected chicks were included together with the infected chicks. Synthesis evidence for the various species of chimeric molecules was assessed in the tissues of birds of the second trial. DNA was extracted from blood and feathers and analyzed by the hotspot-combined PCR and by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. To overcome the limits of detection, three amplification assays followed by hybridization of the products to specific viral probes were conducted. A variety of chimeric molecules were detected in low concentrations. Five species of chimeric molecules were characterized in blood, tumors, and feathers. Chimeric molecules were detected in 18 of 36 dually infected birds from the first trial and in 14 of 21 dually infected birds from the second trial. The findings show that, in four out of seven groups of the second trial, the chimeric molecule species persisted on passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Borenshtain
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 12, Israel 50250
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Holzerlandt R, Orengo C, Kellam P, Albà MM. Identification of new herpesvirus gene homologs in the human genome. Genome Res 2002; 12:1739-48. [PMID: 12421761 PMCID: PMC187546 DOI: 10.1101/gr.334302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that use many cellular pathways during their replication. Large DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses, have captured a repertoire of cellular genes to block or mimic host immune responses, apoptosis regulation, and cell-cycle control mechanisms. We have conducted a systematic search for all homologs of herpesvirus proteins in the human genome using position-specific scoring matrices representing herpesvirus protein sequence domains, and pair-wise sequence comparisons. The analysis shows that approximately 13% of the herpesvirus proteins have clear sequence similarity to products of the human genome. Different human herpesviruses vary in their numbers of human homologs, indicating distinct rates of gene acquisition in different lineages. Our analysis has identified new families of herpesvirus/human homologs from viruses including human herpesvirus 5 (human cytomegalovirus; HCMV) and human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; KSHV), which may play important roles in host-virus interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Databases, Genetic
- Databases, Protein
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genome, Human
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transformation, Genetic/genetics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Holzerlandt
- Wohl Virion Centre, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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Hirai K, Sakaguchi M. Polyvalent recombinant Marek's disease virus vaccine against poultry diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 255:261-87. [PMID: 11217427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hirai
- Department of Tumor Virology, Division of Virology and Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Brosius J. RNAs from all categories generate retrosequences that may be exapted as novel genes or regulatory elements. Gene 1999; 238:115-34. [PMID: 10570990 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While the significance of middle repetitive elements had been neglected for a long time, there are again tendencies to ascribe most members of a given middle repetitive sequence family a functional role--as if the discussion of SINE (short interspersed repetitive elements) function only can occupy extreme positions. In this article, I argue that differences between the various classes of retrosequences concern mainly their copy numbers. Consequently, the function of SINEs should be viewed as pragmatic such as, for example, mRNA-derived retrosequences, without underestimating the impact of retroposition for generation of novel protein coding genes or parts thereof (exon shuffling by retroposition) and in particular of SINEs (and retroelements) in modulating genes and their expression. Rapid genomic change by accumulating retrosequences may even facilitate speciation [McDonald, J.F., 1995. Transposable elements: possible catalysts of organismic evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 123-126.] In addition to providing mobile regulatory elements, small RNA-derived retrosequences including SINEs can, in analogy to mRNA-derived retrosequences, also give rise to novel small RNA genes. Perhaps not representative for all SINE/master gene relationships, we gained significant knowledge by studying the small neuronal non-messenger RNAs, namely BC1 RNA in rodents and BC200 RNA in primates. BC1 is the first identified master gene generating a subclass of ID repetitive elements, and BC200 is the only known Alu element (monomeric) that was exapted as a novel small RNA encoding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology/Molecular Neurobiology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
The evolution of viruses is reviewed within the perspective of the concepts on the evolution of the lipid membrane bound vesicular structures in the prebiotic soup through the ideas on evolution of cells during the RNA World and the transition into the DNA World. The ancient Archeae bacteria and their retrons that carry the bacterial reverse transcriptase gene and their unique protein splicing capability provide an indication of the evolutionary path for retroviruses and, independently, for RNA and DNA viruses of the prokaryotic Archeae bacteria and the eukaryotic yeast and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Endoh D, Ito M, Cho KO, Kon Y, Morimura T, Hayashi M, Kuwabara M. Retroviral sequence located in border region of short unique region and short terminal repeat of Md5 strain of Marek's disease virus type 1. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:227-35. [PMID: 9524948 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 246-base pair (bp) retroviral sequence, which was homologous to a long terminal repeat of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV), was detected and cloned from Md5 strain (Md5) of Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV1) by representational difference analysis (RDA). The retroviral sequence was thought to be located in the border region of short unique region (U(s) and short terminal repeat (TRs), but did not exist in the border region of U(s) and the inverted short repeat (IRs) of the Md5 genome. A cloned fragment of the US/TRs border region of the Md5 genome showed a construction of U-E'-R-U'-E-TRs with the regions designated as follows: E, expanded TRs reported by Jones et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 3855, 1993]; E', a partial copy of the expanded TRs; R, the retroviral sequence detected in Md5 genome; U, TRs-end sequence of U(s); U', a partial copy of TRs-end sequence of U(s). The sequence unit indicated as E'-R-U' was thought to be heterogeneously repeated in the Md5 genome. Since this retroviral sequence reportedly did not exist in the original stock of Md5, the retroviral sequence is thought to be inserted in the Md5 genome without experimental co-infection of avian cells with retrovirus and MDV1. These results suggest that RDA could be useful for the detection of retroviral sequences in the herpesvirus genome.
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MESH Headings
- Alpharetrovirus/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Fibroblasts
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/classification
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/pathogenicity
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- D Endoh
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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