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Misra A, Chaudhary MK, Rawat P, Tripathi D, Barik SK, Srivastava S. Benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids rich extract of Coptis teeta Wall., exhibit potential efficacy in calcium-oxalate and uric-acid linked metabolic disorders. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106050. [PMID: 38838823 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Coptis teeta Wall., an endangered but valuable medicinal species having various folklore uses in Indian and Chinese Traditional system of medicine. Its distribution is restricted to India, China and Tibet. In India, C. teeta is traditionally used in joint disorders, urinary infections and inflammatory diseases, however the scientific validation is missing. Thus, the present study aims to validate the anti-lithiatic and anti-gout activity of C. teeta rhizome extract (CTME) through in-vitro biological assays. The metabolic fingerprinting of CTME through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (RP-HPLC-PDA) showed the presence of five benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloids, namely berberine (2.59%), coptisine (0.746%) jatrorrhizine (0.133%), palmatine (0.03%) and tetrahydropalmatine (0.003%). The anti-gout potency analysed via in-vitro xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition assay, followed by HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) mediated bio-autographic inhibition of XOD signifies that CTME exhibit strong inhibition of XOD (IC50: 3.014 μg/ml), insignificantly different (p > 0.05) from allopurinol (IC50: 2.47 μg/ml). The XOD bioautographic assay advocates that the efficacy is primarily due to berberine and coptisine alkaloids. The CTME has significant anti-lithiatic activity, and thereby limiting the progression of crystal nidus formation, mediated via inhibition of calcium oxalate crystals nucleation and aggregation. Additionally, the extract also exhibits potential effect on inhibition of oxidative stress associated inflammation, which plays crucial role in alleviating urolithiasis and gouty conditions. Validating the traditional claims of C. teeta will not only confirm its medicinal benefits for targeted pathological conditions but also enhance its industrial demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Misra
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mridul Kant Chaudhary
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Poonam Rawat
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Deepali Tripathi
- FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.
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Yang J, Albanyan H, Wang Y, Yang Y, Sahota A, Hu L. Development of convenient crystallization inhibition assays for structure-activity relationship studies in the discovery of crystallization inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1391-1399. [PMID: 37681210 PMCID: PMC10482073 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Kidney stone diseases are increasing globally in prevalence and recurrence rates, indicating an urgent medical need for developing new therapies that can prevent stone formation. One approach we have been working on is to develop small molecule inhibitors that can interfere with the crystallization process of the chemical substances that form the stones. For these drug discovery efforts, it is critical to have available easily accessible assay methods to evaluate the potential inhibitors and rank them for structure-activity relationship studies. Herein, we report a convenient, medium-to-high throughput assay platform using, as an example, the screening and evaluation of inhibitors of L-cystine crystallization for the prevention of kidney stones in cystinuria. The assay involves preparing a supersaturated solution, followed by incubating small volumes (<1 mL) of the supersaturated solution with test inhibitors for 72 hours, and finally measuring L-cystine concentrations in the supernatants after centrifugation using either a colorimetric or fluorometric method. Compared to traditional techniques for studying crystallization inhibitors, this miniaturized multi-well assay format is simple to implement, cost-effective, and widely applicable in determining and distinguishing the activities of compounds that inhibit crystallization. This assay has been successfully employed to discover L-cystine diamides as highly potent inhibitors of L-cystine crystallization such as LH708 with an EC50 of 0.058 μM, 70-fold more potent than L-CDME (EC50 = 4.31 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haifa Albanyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Amrik Sahota
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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Chemical Composition and Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Extracts from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Press-Cake and Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133973. [PMID: 35807240 PMCID: PMC9268273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnobotanical studies have reported the traditional medicinal uses of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. and Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels against kidney stone formation and other chronic kidney diseases. The present work is undertaken to study the litholytic activity and the inhibiting activity of calcium oxalate crystallization by bioactive compounds identified in Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels press-cake (residue of Argan oil) and in Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. The litholytic activity was studied in vitro on cystine and uric acid stones using a porous bag and an Erlenmeyer glass. The study of the inhibiting activity of calcium oxalate crystallization, was based on temporal measurements of the optical density, registered at a 620 nm wavelength for 30 min using an ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometer. The silylation method was performed to identify phytochemicals, followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) analysis. The results show significant litholytic activity of Argania Spinosa press-cake hydro-ethanolic extract on uric acid and cystine stones, respectively, with dissolution rates (DR) of 86.38% and 60.42% versus 3.23% and 9.48% for the hydro-ethanolic extract of Acacia senegal exudate. Furthermore, the percentages of nucleation inhibition are 83.78% and 43.77% (p ˂ 0.05) for Argania spinosa and Acacia senegal, respectively. The results point to the detection of 17 phytochemicals in Argania spinosa press-cake extract, the majority of which are phenolic acids and have potent anti-urolithiatic action.
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Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Antiurolithiatic Activity of Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St.- Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi Along with Its Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5037-5059. [PMID: 35687306 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St.- Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. In this study, we report the antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of chloroform fraction (CF) from P. gangeticus roots. For the chemical profiling, HPTLC, FT-IR, and GC-MS techniques of the CF were carried out, and phytochemical investigation was revealed that stigmasterol (45.06%) is one of the major components present in the fraction. The nucleation and aggregation assays were used to evaluate the in vitro antiurolithiatic activity at various concentration (2-10 mg/mL) of the CF. The results showed that the chloroform fraction had dose-dependent effects on Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation. In both the assays, the maximum concentration of 10 mg/mL has shown better results. This concentration resulted significant increase in CaOx crystal nucleation along with the reduction of crystal size and the inhibition of crystal aggregation. Further, the CF showed stronger antioxidant (DPPH, NO, SOD, TRC) potential with an IC50 values of 415.9327, 391.729, 275.971, and 419.14 µg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial evaluation displayed effective results in the Agar well diffusion assay against selective urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus). A maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) 12.33 ± 1.05 mm for K pneumonia and minimum ZOI of 8.46 ± 0.27 mm for S. aureus were obtained. Further, the ADME-PK property of the stigmasterol was investigated, and it was found to pass the Lipinski and Ghose rules, supporting the drug-likeliness. This is the first record of the antiurolithiatic potential of P. gangeticus along with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings give an insight into the effective drug development and treatment for kidney stones in future.
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Adhikari A, Bhattacharya S, Bose S, Ray M, Indu R, Banerjee S. Prospective experimental studies of some herbs used in urinary disorders in Unani medicine. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chmiel JA, Stuivenberg GA, Alathel A, Gorla J, Grohe B, Razvi H, Burton JP, Bjazevic J. High-Throughput in vitro Gel-Based Plate Assay to Screen for Calcium Oxalate Stone Inhibitors. Urol Int 2021; 106:616-622. [PMID: 34883484 DOI: 10.1159/000519842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kidney stones are a common medical condition that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Approximately, ∼80% of urinary calculi are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx). There is a growing interest toward identifying therapeutic compounds that can inhibit the formation of CaOx crystals. However, some chemicals (e.g., antibiotics and bacterial metabolites) may directly promote crystallization. Current knowledge is limited regarding crystal promoters and inhibitors. Thus, we have developed an in vitro gel-based diffusion model to screen for substances that directly influence CaOx crystal formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used double diffusion of sodium oxalate and calcium chloride-loaded paper disks along an agar medium to facilitate the controlled formation of monohydrate and dihydrate CaOx crystals. A third disk was used for the perpendicular diffusion of a test substance to assess its influence on CaOx crystal formation. RESULTS We confirmed that citrates and magnesium are effective inhibitors of CaOx crystals. We also demonstrated that 2 strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are able to promote crystal formation. While the other tested uropathogens and most antibiotics did not change crystal formation, ampicillin was able to reduce crystallization. CONCLUSION We have developed an inexpensive and high-throughput model to evaluate substances that influence CaOx crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Chmiel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Research Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerrit A Stuivenberg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Research Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdulaziz Alathel
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaswanth Gorla
- Lawson Research Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernd Grohe
- Lawson Research Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Razvi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy P Burton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Research Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bjazevic
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Heirangkhongjam MD, Ngaseppam IS. Rhus chinensis Mill.: A medicinal plant with promising inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization, an in-vitro study. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Khan A, Bashir S, Khan SR. Antiurolithic effects of medicinal plants: results of in vivo studies in rat models of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis-a systematic review. Urolithiasis 2021; 49:95-122. [PMID: 33484322 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urolithiasis is one of the oldest diseases affecting humans, while plants are one of our oldest companions providing food, shelter, and medicine. In spite of substantial progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment options are still limited, often expensive for common people in most parts of the world. As a result, there is a great interest in herbal remedies for the treatment of urinary stone disease as an alternative or adjunct therapy. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been carried out to understand the efficacy of herbs in reducing stone formation. We adopted PRISMA guidelines and systematically reviewed PubMed/Medline for the literature, reporting results of various herbal products on in vivo models of nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis. The Medical Subject Heading Terms (Mesh term) "Urolithiasis" was used with Boolean operator "AND" and other related Mesh Unique terms to search all the available records (July 2019). A total of 163 original articles on in vivo experiments were retrieved from PubMed indexed with the (MeshTerm) "Urolithiasis" AND "Complementary Therapies/Alternative Medicine, "Urolithiasis" AND "Plant Extracts" and "Urolithiasis" AND "Traditional Medicine". Most of the studies used ethylene glycol (EG) to induce hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis in rats. A variety of extraction methods including aqueous, alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic of various plant parts ranging from root bark to fruits and seeds, or a combination thereof, were utilized. All the investigations did not study all aspects of nephrolithiasis making it difficult to compare the efficacy of various treatments. Changes in the lithogenic factors and a reduction in calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition in the kidneys were, however, considered favorable outcomes of the various treatments. Less than 10% of the studies examined antioxidant and diuretic activities of the herbal treatments and concluded that their antiurolithic activities were a result of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and/or diuretic effects of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samra Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Menon S, Al Mamari HK, Al Zaabi HH, Al Ajmi ZS, Al Haddabi LH, Jayachandran VP, Shinisha CB. Evaluation of the effect of Moringa peregrina bark on the crystal habit and size of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in different stages of crystallization using experimental and theoretical methods. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Moringa peregrina bark extract is found to successfully retard the nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and distort their shape, a mechanism for which is proposed using molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Menon
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hajar Khalfan Al Mamari
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hajar Hassan Al Zaabi
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zainab Sulaiman Al Ajmi
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Laila Hamed Al Haddabi
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - V. P. Jayachandran
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - C. B. Shinisha
- University of Technology & Applied Sciences (Higher College of Technology)
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
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Kain D, Kumar S. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles of Achillea millefolium L. and their activities. F1000Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26446.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Achillea millefolium L. is an herbal aromatic plant of family Asteraceae reported to have various medicinal activities in the literature. The current study evaluated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium as an effective strategy for targeted treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis. Methods: A. millefolium was collected from Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, and its inflorescence extracted in water by maceration. Chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method using 0.1% chitosan, different concentrations of the cross-linking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and different concentrations of A. millefolium extract (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%). Characterization of AMCSNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial screening of AMCSNPs was performed by well-diffusion method. Antiurolithiatic screening of AMCSNPs was done by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The best chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were obtained with 0.1% chitosan, 1% STPP and 20% A. millefolium. These AMCSNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition of 30±0.5 mm using the well-diffusion method against both Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and maximum antiurolithiatic activity with 68% inhibition shown at aggregation stage. Conclusions: The current study suggests that AMCSNPs are an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis.
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Abu Zarin M, Tan JS, Murugan P, Ahmad R. Investigation of potential anti-urolithiatic activity from different types of Musa pseudo-stem extracts in inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:317. [PMID: 33076892 PMCID: PMC7574319 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The banana or scientifically referred to as Musa sp., is one of the most popular fruits all over the world. Almost all parts of a banana tree, including the fruits, stem juice, and flowers are commonly used as traditional medicine for treating diarrhoea (unripe), menorrhagia, diabetes, dysentery, and antiulcerogenic, hypoglycemic, antilithic, hypolipidemic conditions, plus antioxidant actions, inflammation, pains and even snakebites. The study carried out was to evaluate in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity from different types of Musa pseudo-stems. Methods Observing anti-urolithiathic activity via in vitro nucleation and aggregation assay using a spectrophotometer followed by microscopic observation. A total of 12 methanolic extracts were tested to determine the potential extracts in anti-urolithiasis activities. Cystone was used as a positive control. Results The results manifested an inhibition of nucleation activity (0.11 ± 2.32% to 55.39 ± 1.01%) and an aggregation activity (4.34 ± 0.68% to 58.78 ± 1.81%) at 360 min of incubation time. The highest inhibition percentage in nucleation assay was obtained by the Musa acuminate x balbiciana Colla cv “Awak Legor” methanolic pseudo-stem extract (2D) which was 55.39 ± 1.01%at 60 min of incubation time compared to the cystone at 30.87 ± 0.74%. On the other hand,the Musa acuminate x balbiciana Colla cv “Awak Legor” methanolic bagasse extract (3D) had the highest inhibition percentage in the aggregation assay incubated at 360 min which was obtained at 58.78 ± 1.8%; 5.53% higher than the cystone (53.25%).The microscopic image showed a great reduction in the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals formation and the size of crystals in 2D and 3D extracts, respectively, as compared to negative control. Conclusions The results obtained from this study suggest that the extracts are potential sources of alternative medicine for kidney stones disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazni Abu Zarin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.,Laboratory Vaccines and Immunotherapeuthics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rosma Ahmad
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Narula S, Tandon S, Kumar D, Varshney S, Adlakha K, Sengupta S, Singh SK, Tandon C. Human kidney stone matrix proteins alleviate hyperoxaluria induced renal stress by targeting cell-crystal interactions. Life Sci 2020; 262:118498. [PMID: 32991878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of urinary oxalate also known as hyperoxaluria, increase the likelihood of kidney stone formation through enhanced calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization. The management of lithiatic renal pathology requires investigations at the initial macromolecular stages. Hence, the current study was designed to unravel the protein make-up of human kidney stones and its impact on renal cells' altered proteome, induced as the consequence of CaOx injury. CaOx kidney stones were collected from patients; stones were pooled for entire cohort, followed by protein extraction. Immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and flow-cytometric analysis revealed the promising antilithiatic activity of kidney stone matrix proteins. The iTRAQ analysis of renal cells showed up-regulation of 12 proteins and down-regulation of 41 proteins due to CaOx insult, however, this differential expression was normalized in the presence of kidney stone matrix proteins. Protein network analysis revealed involvement of up-regulated proteins in apoptosis, calcium-binding, inflammatory and stress response pathways. Moreover, seven novel antilithiatic proteins were identified from human kidney stones' matrix: Tenascin-X-isoform2, CCDC-144A, LIM domain kinase-1, Serine/Arginine receptor matrix protein-2, mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, volume-regulated anion channel subunit-LRRC8A and BMPR2. In silico analysis concluded that these proteins exert antilithiatic potential through crystal binding, thereby inhibiting the crystal-cell interaction, a pre-requisite to initiate inflammatory response. Thus, the outcomes of this study provide insights into the molecular events of CaOx induced renal toxicity and subsequent progression into nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Narula
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Swati Varshney
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Adlakha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Shrawan Kumar Singh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Chanderdeep Tandon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India.
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Gautam M, Datt N, Chahota RK. Assessment of calcium oxalate crystal inhibition potential, antioxidant activity and amino acid profiling in horse gram ( Macrotyloma uniflorum): high altitude farmer's varieties. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:402. [PMID: 32879839 PMCID: PMC7443191 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum collected from different Himalayan regions of Himachal Pradesh, India were screened for inhibition potential of calcium oxalate crystals along with their antioxidant and amino acid profiling. Aqueous, ethanol, 50% ethanol extracts were tested using agar-gel overlay, nucleation, and artificial urine methods in comparison to marketed products. The aqueous extract of Sundernagar and Rampur seeds showed highest inhibition potential (9.0 ± 0.81 mm) than alcohol and hydroalcohol. Sundernagar seeds (aqueous extract) also showed maximum inhibition (45 ± 1.2 and 24 ± 0.88%) in nucleation and artificial urine assay, respectively. The Tris-buffer (pH. 8.0) extract of dry seeds showed more inhibition with low protein than high protein germinated seeds. The findings revealed that horse gram protein is not alone responsible for CaOx-crystals inhibition but its secondary metabolites may also contribute. Among all samples, buffer and aqueous extracts showed maximum activity, followed by hydroalcohol and alcohol. Further, TLC and UPLC method were used to monitor the presence of amino acids in aqueous and Cystone extracts. Sundernagar seeds contain 11 amino acids with additional arginine, aspargine, and methionine. Moreover, higher antioxidant potential was observed in seeds of high altitude, which relates the factors of altitudinal variation in secondary metabolism of plants. Therefore, this study will help in the development of economical and more reliable plant based nutraceuticals for kidney stone problems and related health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Gautam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062 H.P India
| | - Naveen Datt
- Department of Soil Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chahota
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062 H.P India
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Dias ÊR, Freire Dias TDLM, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Branco A. Flavonoid-rich fraction from Pleroma pereirae (Melastomataceae): Effects on calcium oxalate crystallization, antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. Eur J Integr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Sehgal A, Nasrul S. Antilithogenic potential of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea. Pharmacognosy Res 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_67_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zaki S, Jahan N, Kalim M, Islam G. In vitro antilithiatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on calcium oxalate crystallization. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 17:273-281. [PMID: 30992200 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study examines the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on crystallization of calcium oxalate. METHODS The antilithiatic effect of various concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. zeylanicum was investigated at various stages of stone formation, using Cystone as a standard reference drug. The effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by measuring the change in turbidity over time, during crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, in the metastable solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The slope from the change in turbidity over time was measured using a spectrophotometer at 620 and 214 nm in respective tests. The inhibition rate was estimated by comparing turbidity in the presence and absence of extract. Crystals formed under experimental conditions were observed under a light microscope, and number and shape of the crystals were assessed in a randomly selected field. Phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of the extract was also carried out. RESULTS C. zeylanicum significantly reduced crystal nucleation at concentrations of 4, 8 and 10 mg/mL (P < 0.001). The inhibition percentage of crystal growth was between 28.30% and 92.46% in the presence of C. zeylanicum extract and from 20.76% to 64.15% with various concentrations of Cystone. The maximum inhibition of crystal growth was obtained from C. zeylanicum at 2 mg/mL (92.46%). Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number and size of crystals. In the aggregation assay, the inhibition percentage of C. zeylanicum was between 16.27% and 100%, while Cystone was from -214.68% to 100% at different concentrations. The highest (100%) inhibition of aggregation was found at 4 mg/mL of both the test and standard drugs. CONCLUSION We found that C. zeylanicum hydro-alcoholic extract has notable inhibitory effects on various stages of crystallization, in terms of turbidity of solution, as well as the crystal size, number and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zaki
- Department of Ilmus Saidla (Pharmacy), Glocal College of Unani Medicine, Glocal University, Saharanpur 247001, UP, India.
| | - Nasreen Jahan
- Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohd Kalim
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Ghausia Islam
- Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India
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Nirala RK, Dutta P, Malik MZ, Dwivedi L, Shrivastav TG, Thakur SC. In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Betulin on Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:586-596. [PMID: 30933658 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1568321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The medicinal plant Betula alba has been used for prevention and treatment of kidney stones. Betulin is one of the main phytochemicals of Betula alba. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and antiurolithiatic activity of betulin in vitro and in silico. For antioxidant activity, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing capacity, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay, and superoxide radical scavenging assay were studied. Method: In order to study antiurolithiatic activity, three assays such as crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of oxalate crystal in urine were performed. In silico experiments were performed by using AutoDock 4.2 tools in order to establish affinity of phytochemicals toward antioxidant enzyme and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and 9). Results: The results obtained clearly demonstrate the significant scavenging activity of betulin and cystone against DPPH, NO, and superoxide radicals in comparison to standard antioxidant L-ascorbate (L-AA). It has also been observed that betulin has the capacity to inhibit the crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation in comparison to cystone. On the other hand, betulin and L-AA showed strong affinity toward antioxidant enzymes and matrix metalloproteinase as determined by in silico experiments. Conclusions: From this, it may be concluded that the antiurolithiatic activity of betulin is, at least in part, mediated by its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar Nirala
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India.,Reproductive Bio-Medicine, The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare , New Delhi , India
| | - Pratuyasha Dutta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India.,Reproductive Bio-Medicine, The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare , New Delhi , India
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Lalita Dwivedi
- School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Tulsidas G Shrivastav
- Reproductive Bio-Medicine, The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare , New Delhi , India
| | - Sonu Chand Thakur
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
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Phytochemical screening and inhibitory activity of oxalocalcic crystallization of Arbutus unedo L. leaves. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01011. [PMID: 30560210 PMCID: PMC6290092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the experimental verification of the efficiency of Arbutus unedo L. leaves against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of the plant. This study consists of measuring, using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ = 620 nm corresponding to the crystals formation. The latter have been characterized by microscopic observation using an optical microscope, and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results suggest a greater effectiveness of the plant infusion with respect to the hydroalcoholic extract against crystallization or nucleation at percentages of 69.41 ± 0.24 or 19.76 ± 0.27% and at 93.92 ± 2.61 and 45.16 ± 3.06% against the aggregation, for both the infusion and the hydroalcoholic extract respectively. A. unedo leaves is a very promising and effective remedy against the crystallization of calcium oxalate and especially in the aggregation stage.
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Yousefi Ghale-Salimi M, Eidi M, Ghaemi N, Khavari-Nejad RA. Inhibitory effects of taraxasterol and aqueous extract of Taraxacum officinale on calcium oxalate crystallization: in vitro study. Ren Fail 2018; 40:298-305. [PMID: 29619876 PMCID: PMC6014465 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2018.1455595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We investigated and compared the effects of taraxasterol, aqueous extract of T. officinale (AET) aerial part, and potassium citrate (PC) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization in vitro. Materials and methods: CaOx crystallization was induced by adding sodium oxalate to synthetic urine. Taraxasterol (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 12.5 μg/mL), extract (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/mL), and PC (100, 150, 200 and 350 mg/mL) were subjected to anti-crystallization activities. The absorbance and %inhibition of nucleation of CaOx crystals were evaluated by spectrophotometer at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min and the number and morphology of crystals were studied by light microscopy after 60 min. Results: Presence of taraxasterol, extract and PC decreased absorbance in experimental samples compared to control, significantly. The nucleation of crystals is inhibited by taraxasterol, extract, and PC (26–64, 55–63 and 60–70%, respectively). The number of CaOx crystals were decreased in presence of taraxasterol (p < .01), extract (p < .001), and PC (p < .001) in a dose-dependent manner. Presence of taraxasterol, extract, and PC decreased the number of CaC2O4 monohydrate, while increased CaC2O4 dihydrate crystals, significantly. Also, the diameter of CaC2O4 dihydrate crystals was decreased in presence of taraxasterol, extract and PC, significantly. Conclusions: This research indicated that taraxasterol and extract have anti-crystallization activities and effectiveness of the extract is more potent than taraxasterol. It could be because of another constituent in the extract with the synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Yousefi Ghale-Salimi
- a Department of Biology , College of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Eidi
- b Department of Biology , College of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University , Varamin-Pishva , Iran
| | - Nasser Ghaemi
- c School of Chemistry , College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Khavari-Nejad
- a Department of Biology , College of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
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Kachkoul R, Sqalli Houssaini T, Miyah Y, Mohim M, El Habbani R, Lahrichi A. The study of the inhibitory effect of calcium oxalate monohydrate's crystallization by two medicinal and aromatic plants: Ammi visnaga and Punica granatum. Prog Urol 2018; 28:156-165. [PMID: 29325926 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary lithiasis is a recurrent disease defined by the presence of calculi in the urinary tract. Most urinary calculi have as a major component calcium oxalate which occurs mainly in two crystalline forms: Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite). The target behind, this work is to study the inhibiting effect of the calcium oxalate's crystallization by the extract of the Ammi visnaga and the Punica granatum. METHODS The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with both the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the extracts of the two plants. This study consists in measurement, with the UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ equal to 620nm corresponding to the formation of the crystals due to the mixing of metastable solutions of calcium and oxalate. The characterization of the crystals is carried out in parallel by both the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and the observation of the crystals with the help of an optical microscope. In this respect, the inhibition percentages were calculated from the turbidity slopes in the presence and absence of the extract. RESULTS The results obtained were more effective, especially for Punica granatum with percentages of 97.8±0.12 and 83.46±1.34% against nucleation and aggregation, respectively, the order of Ammi visnaga was as follow: 73.25±0.81 and 59.44±3.3%. Thus, all correlation coefficients are greater than 0.95 and all coefficients of variation are less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS The prevention and treatment of urinary lithiasis and especially in the case of recurrence by plants remains an alternative choice for medical methods. This study justified the efficacy of the plants Ammi visnaga and in particular Punica granatum against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kachkoul
- Laboratory of biochemistry, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco.
| | - T Sqalli Houssaini
- Department of nephrology, university hospital Hassan II, BP 1835, Atlas, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco; Laboratory of molecular bases in human pathology and therapeutic tools, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - Y Miyah
- Laboratory of catalysis, materials and environment, school of technology, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 2427 Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - M Mohim
- Laboratory of molecular bases in human pathology and therapeutic tools, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
| | - R El Habbani
- Laboratory of material engineering and environment, faculty of sciences dhar mahraz, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1796, Fèz-Atlas, Morocco
| | - A Lahrichi
- Laboratory of biochemistry, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, university Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez, Morocco
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Narula S, Tandon S, Singh SK, Tandon C. Kidney stone matrix proteins ameliorate calcium oxalate monohydrate induced apoptotic injury to renal epithelial cells. Life Sci 2016; 164:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vaitheeswari S, Sriram R, Brindha P, Kurian GA. Studying inhibition of calcium oxalate stone formation: an in vitro approach for screening hydrogen sulfide and its metabolites. Int Braz J Urol 2015. [PMID: 26200543 PMCID: PMC4752143 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is one of the most common urinary tract diseases and is of high prevalence. The present study proposes to evaluate the antilithiatic property of hydrogen sulfide and its metabolites like thiosulfate & sulfate in an in vitro model. Materials and Methods: The antilithiatic activity of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaSH), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) on the kinetics of calcium oxalate crystal formation was investigated both in physiological buffer and in urine from normal and recurrent stone forming volunteers. The stones were characterized by optical and spectroscopic techniques. Results: The stones were characterized to be monoclinic, prismatic and bipyramidal habit which is of calcium monohydrate and dihydrate nature. The FTIR displayed fingerprint corresponding to calcium oxalate in the control while in NaSH treated, S=O vibrations were visible in the spectrum. The order of percentage inhibition was NaSH>Na2S2O3>Na2SO4. Conclusion: Our study indicates that sodium hydrogen sulfide and its metabolite thiosulfate are inhibitors of calcium oxalate stone agglomeration which makes them unstable both in physiological buffer and in urine. This effect is attributed to pH changes and complexing of calcium by S2O32-and SO42- moiety produced by the test compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vaitheeswari
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India.,Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India
| | - R Sriram
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India.,Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India
| | - P Brindha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India.,Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India.,Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, T. N, India
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Sujatha D, Singh K, Vohra M, Kumar KV, Sunitha S. Antilithiatic Activity of phlorotannin rich extract of Sarghassum Wightii on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiais - InVitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Int Braz J Urol 2015; 41:511-20. [PMID: 26200544 PMCID: PMC4752144 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urolithiasis is a common urological disorder responsible for serious human affliction and cost to the society with a high recurrence rate. The aim of the present study was to systematically evaluate the phlorotannin rich extract of Sargassum wightii using suitable in vitro and in vivo models to provide scientific evidence for its antilithiatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To explore the effect of Sargassum wightii on calcium oxalate crystallization, in vitro assays like crystal nucleation, aggregation and crystal growth were performed. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis was induced in male Sprague dawley rats using a combination of gentamicin and calculi producing diet (5% ammonium oxalate and rat pellet feed). The biochemical parameters like calcium, oxalate, magnesium, phosphate, sodium and potassium were evaluated in urine, serum and kidney homogenates. Histopathological studies were also done to confirm the biochemical findings. RESULTS The yield of Sargassum wightii extract was found to be 74.5 gm/kg and confirmed by quantitative analysis. In vitro experiments with Sargassum wightii showed concentration dependent inhibition of calcium oxalate nucleation, aggregation and growth supported by SEM analysis. In the in vivo model, Sargassum wightii reduced both calcium and oxalate supersaturation in urine, serum and deposition in the kidney. The biochemical results were supported by histopathological studies. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that Sargassum wightii has the ability to prevent nucleation, aggregation and growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Sargassum wightii has better preventive effect on calcium oxalate stone formation indicating its strong potential to develop as a therapeutic option to prevent recurrence of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Sujatha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Kiranpal Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Mursalin Vohra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - K. Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - S. Sunitha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India
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Evaluation of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds on inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. J Herb Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aggarwal KP, Tandon S, Singh SK, Tandon C. 2D map of proteins from human renal stone matrix and evaluation of their effect on oxalate induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39:128-36. [PMID: 23489505 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2013.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteins constitute a major portion of the organic matrix of human calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stones and the matrix is considered to be important in stone formation and growth. The present study evaluates the effect of these proteins on oxalate injured renal epithelial cells accompanied by a 2D map of these proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteins were isolated from the matrix of kidney stones containing CaOx as the major constituent using EGTA as a demineralizing agent. The effect of more than 3kDa proteins from matrix of human renal (calcium oxalate) CaOx stones was investigated on oxalate induced cell injury of MDCK renal tubular epithelial cells. A 2D map of >3kDa proteins was also generated followed by protein identification using MALDI-TOF MS. RESULTS The >3kDa proteins enhanced the injury caused by oxalate on MDCK cells. Also, the 2D map of proteins having MW more than 3kDa suggested the abundance of proteins in the matrix of renal stone. CONCLUSION Studies indicate that the mixture of >3kDa proteins in the matrix of human renal stones acts as promoter of calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and growth as it augments the renal epithelial cell injury induced by oxalate. The effect of promoters masks the inhibitors in the protein mixture thereby leading to enhanced renal cell injury. 2D map throws light on the nature of proteins present in the kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat- 173234, Solan HP, India
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Kumar Bagepalli Srinivasa A, Kuruba L, Khan S, Saran GS. Antiurolithiatic activity of gokhsuradi churan, an ayurvedic formulation by in vitro method. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:477-9. [PMID: 24312883 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gokhsuradi churna is an ayurvedic formulation, was investigate for antiurolithiatic activity. METHODS Calcium oxalate crystallization was induced by the addition of 0.01M sodium oxalate solutions in synthetic urine and nucleation method. RESULTS The effect of Gokhsuradi Churna exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of on calcium oxalate crystallization and nucleation. CONCLUSION The present studies suggest that Gokhsuradi churna has a potential inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization exhibited and nucleation. Gokhsuradi Churna showed potent antiurolethiatic activity.
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Peeping into human renal calcium oxalate stone matrix: characterization of novel proteins involved in the intricate mechanism of urolithiasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69916. [PMID: 23894559 PMCID: PMC3722206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of patients suffering from urolithiasis represents one of the major challenges which nephrologists face worldwide today. For enhancing therapeutic outcomes of this disease, the pathogenic basis for the formation of renal stones is the need of hour. Proteins are found as major component in human renal stone matrix and are considered to have a potential role in crystal-membrane interaction, crystal growth and stone formation but their role in urolithiasis still remains obscure. METHODS Proteins were isolated from the matrix of human CaOx containing kidney stones. Proteins having MW>3 kDa were subjected to anion exchange chromatography followed by molecular-sieve chromatography. The effect of these purified proteins was tested against CaOx nucleation and growth and on oxalate injured Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) renal epithelial cells for their activity. Proteins were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF MS) followed by database search with MASCOT server. In silico molecular interaction studies with CaOx crystals were also investigated. RESULTS Five proteins were identified from the matrix of calcium oxalate kidney stones by MALDI-TOF MS followed by database search with MASCOT server with the competence to control the stone formation process. Out of which two proteins were promoters, two were inhibitors and one protein had a dual activity of both inhibition and promotion towards CaOx nucleation and growth. Further molecular modelling calculations revealed the mode of interaction of these proteins with CaOx at the molecular level. CONCLUSIONS We identified and characterized Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Ras GTPase-activating-like protein, UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2, RIMS-binding protein 3A, Macrophage-capping protein as novel proteins from the matrix of human calcium oxalate stone which play a critical role in kidney stone formation. Thus, these proteins having potential to modulate calcium oxalate crystallization will throw light on understanding and controlling urolithiasis in humans.
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Saha S, Verma RJ. Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation in vitro by an extract of Bergenia ciliata. Arab J Urol 2013; 11:187-92. [PMID: 26558080 PMCID: PMC4443001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of an extract obtained from the rhizomes of Bergenia ciliata (Saxifragaceae) on the inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallisation in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hydro-alcoholic extract (30:70, v/v) of rhizomes of B. ciliata was prepared at different concentrations (1-10 mg/mL). The crystallisation of CaOx monohydrate (COM) was induced in a synthetic urine system. The nucleation and aggregation of COM crystals were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The rates of nucleation and aggregation were evaluated by comparing the slope of the turbidity of a control system with that of one exposed to the extract. The results were compared with a parallel study conducted with a marketed poly-herbal combination, Cystone, under identical concentrations. Crystals generated in the urine were also analysed by light microscopy. Statistical differences and percentage inhibitions were calculated and assessed. RESULTS The extract of B. ciliata was significantly more effective in inhibiting the nucleation and aggregation of COM crystals in a dose-dependent manner than was Cystone. Moreover, the extract induced more CaOx dihydrate crystals, with a significant reduction in the number and size of COM crystals. CONCLUSION An extract of the traditional herb B. ciliata has an excellent inhibitory activity on crystalluria and therefore might be beneficial in dissolving urinary stones. However, further study in animal models of urolithiasis is needed to evaluate its potential anti-urolithiatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Zoology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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Kovacevic L, Lu H, Lakshmanan Y. Urinary turbidity as a marker of crystallization: Is spectrophotometric assessment useful? Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 45:1009-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aggarwal KP, Tandon S, Naik PK, Singh SK, Tandon C. Novel antilithiatic cationic proteins from human calcium oxalate renal stone matrix identified by MALDI-TOF-MS endowed with cytoprotective potential: an insight into the molecular mechanism of urolithiasis. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 415:181-90. [PMID: 23123287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No substantial work has been conducted to date in context to cationic proteins with antilithiatic activity. We explored the antilithiatic cationic proteins present in human calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones and also examined their molecular interactions with calcium oxalate crystals in silico. METHODS Proteins were isolated from the matrix of human CaOx containing kidney stones. Proteins having MW>3 kDa were subjected to cation exchange chromatography followed by molecular-sieve chromatography. The effect of these purified cationic proteins was tested against CaOx nucleation and growth and on oxalate injured MDCK cells for their activity. Proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular interaction studies with COM crystals in silico were also investigated. RESULTS Three antilithiatic cationic proteins were identified as histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, inward rectifier K channel and protein Wnt-2 (MW~53, ~44, and ~42 kDa respectively) by MALDI-TOF MS based on database search with MASCOT server. Further molecular modeling calculations revealed the mode of interaction of these proteins with CaOx at the molecular level. CONCLUSION We identified histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, inward rectifier K channel and protein Wnt-2 as novel antilithiatic proteins which play a vital role in the kidney function and have been associated with various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanu Priya Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan-173234 HP, India
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Patel PK, Patel MA, Vyas BA, Shah DR, Gandhi TR. Antiurolithiatic activity of saponin rich fraction from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (Solanaceae) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:160-170. [PMID: 22981722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A well-known traditional herb Solanum xanthocarpum is widely used in India for the management of different ailments including urolithiasis. This study was designed to rationalize the use of Solanum xanthocarpum in kidney stone and to investigate its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The saponin rich fraction prepared from fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum (SXS) was evaluated for antiurolithiatic activity by in vitro and in vivo studies. In ethylene glycol (EG, 0.75% in drinking water for 28 days) induced urolithiasis model, two different experimental doses (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, p.o., for 28 days) of saponin rich fraction were selected by dose fixation study. After 28 days, various biochemical parameters were measured in urine, serum and kidney homogenate. Kidneys were also subjected to histopathological analysis. RESULTS In vitro calcium oxalate crystal (CaOx) nucleation as well as aggregation was inhibited in artificial urine solution by SXS. The lithogenic treatment caused polyuria, damage renal function and oxidative stress, manifested as increased malondialdehyde, depleted reduced glutathione and decreased antioxidant enzyme catalase activities of the kidneys, which were prevented by simultaneous administration with SXS. Lithogenic treatment also caused crystalluria, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, hypocitrauria, and hypomagnesaemia. Deposition of CaOx in renal tissue and cellular injury were seen in histopathology. Co-administration of SXS had potential to prevent these pathological changes due to lithogenic treatment. Moreover, SXS raised level of glycosaminoglycan, a stone inhibitor macromolecule found in urine which decreased. CONCLUSION The antiurolithiatic activity in Solanum xanthocarpum is mediated possibly through the inhibition of CaOx crystal formation and its effect on the urinary concentration of stone-forming constituents and nephrolithiasis inducing factors and this study rationalizes its medicinal use in urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras K Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Maliba Pharmacy College, Bardoli-Mhuva Road, Tarsadi, Bardoli, District-Surat, Gujarat 394350, India.
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Ghalayini IF, Al-Ghazo MA, Harfeil MNA. Prophylaxis and therapeutic effects of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) on renal stone formation in Balb/c mice. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 37:259-66; discussion 267. [PMID: 21557843 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382011000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prophylactic potential of herbal decoction from Rubus idaeus, a medicinal plant widely used in the Middle East to treat kidney stones, by assessing the effect of administration in experimentally induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was based on administration of glyoxylate and/or herbal treatments simultaneously for 12 days, followed by histological and biochemical tests. Group I was used as a negative control. Group II was only given daily intra-abdominal injection of glyoxylate (80 mg/Kg). Group III and IV were given 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day of aqueous extract of R. idaeus by gavage, respectively in addition to glyoxylate injection. To examine the effect of anti-oxidants on hyperoxaluria-induced changes in kidney, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant levels were assessed. RESULTS Significant reductions were obtained in the urinary oxalate, calcium and phosphorus values in the herbal-treated groups relative to untreated animals while creatinine excretion increased. Serum oxalate, calcium and creatinine were significantly reduced, while phosphorus was not significantly changed. Kidney content of calcium was higher in the untreated group. Mice in treated groups at 12 days had significantly more superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase (GSH) and G6PD activities than the untreated group. Hyperoxaluria-induced generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls was significantly prevented in the treated groups. R. idaeus had a significantly high content of vitamin E in the herbal treated groups. The histology showed more CaOx deposition in the kidneys of untreated animals. CONCLUSION Rubus idaeus has an impressive prophylactic effect on CaOx stones in nephrolithic mice. There is a possible role of lipid peroxidation in CaOx stone formation which may has a relationship with the major risk factors in urine including oxalate, calcium, phosphorus and MDA. Further experimental studies are required to elucidate the chemical constituents of the active ingredients of this interesting plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim F Ghalayini
- Urology Division, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology-Irbid, Jordan.
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Tayal S, Duggal S, Bandyopadhyay P, Aggarwal A, Tandon S, Tandon C. Cytoprotective role of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula on renal epithelial cells. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 38:204-13; discussion 213-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tayal
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
| | - S. Duggal
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
| | | | - A. Aggarwal
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
| | - S. Tandon
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
| | - C. Tandon
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
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Djelloul A, Driouch A, Taleb F, Kaid-Omar Z, Semmoud A, Addou A. Experimental design study on the combined effect of citrate-pyrophosphate and citrate-aluminum on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aggarwal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. Diminution of oxalate induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris. Int Braz J Urol 2010; 36:480-8; discussion 488, 489. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382010000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Tandon
- University of Information Technology, India
| | | | - C. Tandon
- University of Information Technology, India
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Chutipongtanate S, Thongboonkerd V. Establishment of a novel colorimetric assay for high-throughput analysis of calcium oxalate crystal growth modulation. Analyst 2010; 135:1309-14. [DOI: 10.1039/b927046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chun YW, Khang D, Haberstroh KM, Webster TJ. The role of polymer nanosurface roughness and submicron pores in improving bladder urothelial cell density and inhibiting calcium oxalate stone formation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:085104. [PMID: 19417440 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/8/085104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have been proposed for replacing resected cancerous bladder tissue. However, conventional (or nanosmooth) polymers used in such applications (such as poly(ether) urethane (PU) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)) often fail clinically due to poor bladder tissue regeneration, low cytocompatibility properties, and excessive calcium stone formation. For the successful reconstruction of bladder tissue, polymer surfaces should be modified to combat these common problems. Along these lines, implementing nanoscale surface features that mimic the natural roughness of bladder tissue on polymer surfaces can promote appropriate cell growth, accelerate bladder tissue regeneration and inhibit bladder calcium stone formation. To test this hypothesis, in this study, the cytocompatibility properties of both a non-biodegradable polymer (PU) and a biodegradable polymer (PLGA) were investigated after etching in chemicals (HNO(3) and NaOH, respectively) to create nanoscale surface features. After chemical etching, PU possessed submicron sized pores and numerous nanometer surface features while PLGA possessed few pores and large amounts of nanometer surface roughness. Results from this study strongly supported the assertion that nanometer scale surface roughness produced on PU and PLGA promoted the density of urothelial cells (cells that line the interior of the bladder), with the greatest urothelial cell densities observed on nanorough PLGA. In addition, compared to respective conventional polymers, the results provided evidence that nanorough PU and PLGA inhibited calcium oxalate stone formation; submicron pored nanorough PU inhibited calcium oxalate stone formation the most. Thus, results from the present study suggest the importance of nanometer topographical cues for designing better materials for bladder tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Chun
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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38
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Driouch A, Djelloul A, Kaid-Omar Z, Semmoud A, Rais A, Addou A. Optimized experimental design for the inhibition of calcium oxalate using a turbidimetrical model. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kulaksizoğlu S, Sofikerim M, Cevik C. In vitro effect of lemon and orange juices on calcium oxalate crystallization. Int Urol Nephrol 2007; 40:589-94. [PMID: 17721827 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-007-9256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM In recent years significant progress has been made in identifying and quantitating physico-chemical processes involved in urinary stone formation. The ability of urine to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization is an important mechanism against stone formation. Dietary factors appear to affect the ability of urine to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization. These factors encouraged us to study the effects of lemon and orange juices on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were studied using turbidimetric 30-min time course measurements of optic density at 620 nm after mixing solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium oxalate at 37 degrees C, pH 5.7. The formation of crystals is induced by the addition of the oxalate and calcium solution. The effects on calcium oxalate crystal growth of trisodium citrate, lemon and orange juices were examined. The effects of lemon and orange juices were evaluated by the addition of 50 ml of juices. The optical density is measured at physiological conditions. The maximum increase of optic density with time, termed SN, reflects maximum rate of formation of new particles. After an equilibrium has been reached, a progressive decrease of optic density with time is observed. Rate of aggregation, SA, is derived from the maximum decrease in optic density. RESULTS Among the modifiers studied, citrate decreased both SN and SA (P<0.001). Lemon juice was also found to inhibit the rate of crystal nucleation and aggregation. But orange juice did not have any effect on the calcium oxalate crystallization (P>0.05). CONCLUSION These results show that effective prevention of urinary stone formation should aim at restoring the urine's ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and more emphasis should be given to dietary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevsen Kulaksizoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Konya, Turkey.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work focuses on the behavior of in vitro calcium oxalate crystallization. The effects of several compounds on the kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization were examined. METHODS Rates of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were derived from 30-min time-course measurements of optic density at 620 nm after mixing solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium oxalate at 37 degrees C, pH 5.7. The maximum increase of optic density with time, termed S(N), mainly reflects maximum rate of formation of new particles and thus crystal nucleation. After equilibrium has been reached, optic density decreases. No new particles were formed due to crystal aggregation. S(A) (the maximum slope of decrease of optic density at 620 nm with time, representing crystal aggregation) is derived from the maximum decrease in optic density. RESULTS Among the modifiers studied, citrate decreased both S(N) and S(A) (P < 0.001). Magnesium was also found to inhibit the rate of nucleation and crystal aggregation, but it appeared in a non-concentrated manner. Nucleation and aggregation inhibition ratios were related inversely to concentration of albumin (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The growth and agglomeration of calcium oxalate crystals are differently modulated by various compounds. The treatments aiming at inhibiting crystallization of calcium oxalate can be better defined by these findings. And new treatment modalities can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevsen Kulaksizoglu
- Başkent University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Merkez, 42080 Konya, Turkey.
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Christmas KG, Gower LB, Khan SR, El-Shall H. Aggregation and dispersion characteristics of calcium oxalate monohydrate: effect of urinary species. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 256:168-74. [PMID: 12505509 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this research, screening and central composite experimental designs are used to determine the effect of various factors on the aggregation and dispersion characteristics of previously grown calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals in artificial urinary environments of controlled variables. The variables examined are pH and calcium, oxalate, pyrophosphate, citrate, and protein concentrations in ultrapure water and artificial urine. Optical density measurements, particle size analysis, optical microscopy, AFM force measurements, and protein adsorption have been used to assess the state of aggregation and dispersion of the COM crystals and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such a complex system. The data indicate that our model protein, mucin, acts as a dispersant. This is attributed to steric hindrance resulting from the adsorbed mucoprotein. Oxalate, however, promotes aggregation. Interesting interactions between protein and oxalate along with protein and citrate are observed. Such interactions (synergistic or antagonistic) are found to depend on the concentrations of these species. Surface responses for these interactions are presented and discussed in this paper. In summary, solution, surface, and interface chemistries interact in a complex manner in the physiological environment to either inhibit or promote aggregation, and an understanding of such interactions may help determine and control the factors affecting kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Christmas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Bouropoulos N, Weiner S, Addadi L. Calcium oxalate crystals in tomato and tobacco plants: morphology and in vitro interactions of crystal-associated macromolecules. Chemistry 2001; 7:1881-8. [PMID: 11405466 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<1881::aid-chem1881>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants form calcium oxalate crystals with unique morphologies under well-controlled conditions. We studied the morphology of single calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) crystals extracted from tomato and tobacco leaves. These crystals have a pseudotetrahedral shape. We identified the (101), (101) or (102), (110), and (hk0) faces as stable faces. The morphology is chiral with unique handedness. We also show that calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals isolated from tomato, tobacco, and bougainvillea leaves contain macromolecules rich in Gly, Glx, and Ser. Crystal-associated macromolecules extracted from tomato and tobacco influence the morphology of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals grown in vitro, promoting preferential development of the [120] faces. Furthermore, crystal-associated macromolecules from tobacco promote nucleation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, whereas model polypeptides do not have any significant effect on nucleation. These results imply an active role of the crystal-associated macromolecules in the formation of pseudotetrahedral shapes in vitro, and these properties may in part be responsible for the unique chiral morphology of the natural pyramidal-shaped crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bouropoulos
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of an extract obtained from Herniaria hirsuta on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Materials and methods An extract was prepared from H. hirsuta at different concentrations (0.0625-1 mg/mL). Crystallization was induced in whole normal human urine samples in the absence or presence of the extract. Crystals generated in the urine were harvested and analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were measured separately using spectrophotometric methods. The nucleation rate was followed at 620 nm after mixing calcium chloride and sodium oxalate solution at 37 degrees C, with stirring. The induction time in the presence of herb extract was compared with that of the control. The aggregation rate was also followed at 620 nm in a buffered solution containing calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals after stopping the stirring. The rate was evaluated by comparing the slope of turbidity in the presence of the extract with that of the control. RESULTS The herb extract promoted the precipitation of calcium oxalate particles in whole urine. SEM showed that there were more crystals with increasing concentration of extract but that they were proportionally smaller. Moreover, the presence of herb extract favoured the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate rather than monohydrate crystals. The extract inhibited calcium oxalate crystal aggregation. In an independent experiment, the herb extract was dialysed and filtered before inducing crystallization, to eliminate any fibrous particles and oxalate. The treated herb extract promoted more crystallization, especially at high concentrations. CONCLUSION An extract of H. hirsuta promoted the nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals, increasing their number but decreasing their size. It also promoted the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, despite the presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate particles. The extract may contain substances that inhibit calcium oxalate crystal aggregation. These properties of H. hirsuta might be beneficial in preventing kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Atmani
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Pharmacology, University Mohammed the First, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Oujda-Morocco.
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Hess B, Jordi S, Zipperle L, Ettinger E, Giovanoli R. Citrate determines calcium oxalate crystallization kinetics and crystal morphology-studies in the presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein of a healthy subject and a severely recurrent calcium stone former. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:366-74. [PMID: 10692522 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to measure the effects of normal (nTHP) and abnormal stone former Tamm-Horsfall protein (SF-THP) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation as well as on crystal morphology, in presence or absence of citrate. METHODS Nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystals from a supersaturated, stirred solution (200 mM NaCl, 10 mM Na-acetate, pH 5.70, 5 mM Ca and 0.5 mM Ox) were studied by spectrophotometric time-course measurements of OD at 620 nm (OD(620)). Measured parameters were induction time t(I) (time to induce formation of detectable particles), S(N), (slope of increase of OD(620), mainly due to crystal nucleation), and S(A), (slope of decrease of OD(620) after equilibrium has been reached, due to crystal aggregation). Effects of citrate, nTHP and SF-THP on these parameters were measured, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. RESULTS At 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mM, citrate increased t(I) and inhibited crystal nucleation (by 78-87%) as well as aggregation (by 63-70%), and smaller CaOx crystals (length/width ratio 1.7+/-0.1) than under standard conditions (length/width 3.9+/-0.5) were visible (P<0.001). Normal THP at 30 and 40 mg/l inhibited crystal nucleation and, more strongly, aggregation (inhibition 76-81%). SEM revealed a decrease in length/width ratio to 2.6+/-0.4 (P=0.051 vs standard conditions) and less aggregation than without nTHP. At all concentrations tested, SF-THP reduced t(I) (P=0.0001 vs standard conditions) and promoted aggregation (inhibition -48 to -33%); crystals were elongated with a length/width ratio of 4.3+/-0.6 (P<0. 05 vs nTHP). When simultaneously present with nTHP, citrate enhanced the inhibitory effects of nTHP, producing the smallest (length/width 1.5+/-0.1) and least aggregated crystals. Finally, 3.5 mM citrate turned promotory SF-THP into a crystallization inhibitor with abundant small and clustered, but not aggregated crystals. CONCLUSION Citrate appears to be the main determinant of CaOx crystallization rates and crystal morphology in the presence of nTHP as well as SF-THP. Its effects appear to predominate over those of THP, since even promotory SF-THP is turned into a crystallization inhibitor in the presence of citrate. This re-emphasizes at a morphological level what has been concluded from functional as well from clinical studies, namely that citrate is needed in urine at equimolar concentrations to calcium in order to prevent the formation of large crystal aggregates in presence of abnormal THP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hess
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Cerini C, Geider S, Dussol B, Hennequin C, Daudon M, Veesler S, Nitsche S, Boistelle R, Berthézène P, Dupuy P, Vazi A, Berland Y, Dagorn JC, Verdier JM. Nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals by albumin: involvement in the prevention of stone formation. Kidney Int 1999; 55:1776-86. [PMID: 10231440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is supersaturated in calcium oxalate, which means that it will contain calcium oxalate crystals that form spontaneously. Their size must be controlled to prevent retention in ducts and the eventual development of a lithiasis. This is achieved, in part, by specific inhibitors of crystal growth. We investigated whether promoters of crystal nucleation could also participate in that control, because for the same amount of salt that will precipitate from a supersaturated solution, increasing the number of crystals will decrease their average size and facilitate their elimination. METHODS Albumin was purified from commercial sources and from the urine of healthy subjects or idiopathic calcium stone formers. Its aggregation properties were characterized by biophysical and biochemical techniques. Albumin was then either attached to several supports or left free in solution and incubated in a metastable solution of calcium oxalate. Kinetics of calcium oxalate crystallization were determined by turbidimetry. The nature and efficiency of nucleation were measured by examining the type and number of neoformed crystals. RESULTS Albumin, one of the most abundant proteins in urine, was a powerful nucleator of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro, with the polymers being more active than monomers. In addition, nucleation by albumin apparently led exclusively to the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, whereas calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were formed in the absence of albumin. An analysis of calcium oxalate crystals in urine showed that the dihydrate form was present in healthy subjects and stone formers, whereas the monohydrate, which is thermodynamically more stable and constitutes the core of most calcium oxalate stones, was present in stone formers only. Finally, urinary albumin purified from healthy subjects contained significantly more polymers and was a stronger promoter of calcium oxalate nucleation than albumin from idiopathic calcium stone formers. CONCLUSIONS Promotion by albumin of calcium oxalate crystallization with specific formation of the dihydrate form might be protective, because with rapid nucleation of small crystals, the saturation levels fall; thus, larger crystal formation and aggregation with subsequent stone formation may be prevented. We believe that albumin may be an important factor of urine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cerini
- INSERM U315, Physiologie et Pathologie Digestives, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
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Bouropoulos K, Bouropoulos N, Melekos M, Koutsoukos PG, Chitanu GC, Anghelescu-Dogaru AG, Carpov AA. The inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth by maleic acid copolymers. J Urol 1998; 159:1755-61. [PMID: 9554407 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199805000-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was investigated at conditions of constant supersaturation both in the absence and in the presence of synthetic maleic acid copolymers at 37C, 0.15 M NaCl. The dependence of the rates of COM crystallization in the absence of inhibitors was found to be second order at low and first order at higher supersaturations suggesting a surface diffusion controlled mechanism. The presence of all copolymers tested at concentration levels up to 5 ppm retarded the rates of COM crystal growth up to 90%. The decrease of the COM crystal growth rates by the polymers depended on the nature of the comonomer polymerized with maleic acid and the order of inhibition was found to be vinyl acetate > N-vinylpyrrolidone > styrene. Taking into consideration kinetics data published in the literature concerning the inhibition of COM crystal growth, it is suggested that molecular weight also plays a role, with more inhibition at higher molecular weights. The morphology of the COM crystals grown was unaffected yet the crystals growing at lower rates in the presence of the copolymers were larger and their size more uniform. It is concluded that maleic acid copolymers are strong inhibitors of the crystallization of COM, the inhibitory activity being more pronounced in the case of the linear copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bouropoulos
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
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Achilles W. In vitro crystallisation systems for the study of urinary stone formation. World J Urol 1997; 15:244-51. [PMID: 9280053 DOI: 10.1007/bf01367662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various methods and techniques are aimed at modelling crystallisation processes of urinary stone formation in vitro. There are considerable differences between them in technical and physico-chemical principles, quantification of crystal nucleation, growth and agglomeration and the parameters measured. In this paper, some important in vitro systems are described as examples. They are compared with regard to some of their features and capabilities. Emphasis has been placed on evaluation of the physiological relevance of the methods. For that reason, the different in vitro models have been related to current views on intrarenal in vivo, mechanisms underlying stone formation and other independent experimental results. Crystallisation procedures carried out in aqueous solutions are likely to mimic crystalluria, corresponding to a free-particle mechanism. However, a specifically tailored flow technique of crystallisation in gels seems to be a reasonable model of stone formation, in accordance with the generally accepted fixed-particle theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Achilles
- Institut für Rehabilitationsmedizin und Balneologie, Bad Wildungen, Germany
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48
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Baker PW, Rofe AM, Bais R. Idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis and endogenous oxalate production. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1996; 33:39-82. [PMID: 8833627 DOI: 10.3109/10408369609101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great effort that has gone into investigating urolithiasis, this condition still persists as one of the major ailments of the urinary tract. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is the most common form, accounting for some 60 to 80% of total stones. This review examines the elements (i.e., urine volume and pH and urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, citrate, urate, magnesium, pyrophosphate, and glycosaminoglycans) that give rise to idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Treatment strategies for idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, including lithotripsy, also are discussed. Urinary oxalate excretion is a major risk factor for calcium oxalate urolithiasis, with 85 to 95% of the urinary load derived endogenously. The factors controlling endogenous oxalate production are reviewed, including pathways for the diversion of glyoxylate from oxalate production. The use of beta-aminothiols and other substances to reduce endogenous oxalate production in subjects with idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis is also discussed. A review of current methodologies for the determination of urinary oxalate is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Baker
- Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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49
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Hess B, Meinhardt U, Zipperle L, Giovanoli R, Jaeger P. Simultaneous measurements of calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation: impact of various modifiers. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1995; 23:231-8. [PMID: 8533209 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rates of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were derived from 20-min time course measurements of OD620 after mixing solutions containing CaCl2 and K2C2O4 at 37 degrees C, pH 5.7, ionic strength (IS) 0.21, with constant stirring (500 rpm); final assay concentrations were 4.25 mM calcium and 0.5 mM oxalate, respectively. The maximum increase of OD620 with time, termed SN, mainly reflects maximum rate of formation of new particles and thus crystal nucleation. After equilibrium has been reached, OD620 progressively decreases despite ionized calcium staying constant and no new particles being formed, due to crystal aggregation. Rate of aggregation, SA, is derived from the maximum decrease in OD620 with time. SN and SA are not independent, as indicated by a positive correlation (r = 0.844, P = 0.0001). Among the modifiers studied, citrate at 0.5-2.5 mM lowered both SN and SA in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.01 for all comparisons vs control). Chondroitin-6-sulfate at 6.25-25 mg/l moderately lowered SN, whereas it strongly inhibited aggregation (P < 0.01 vs control). At 6.8-20.4 mg/l, albumin did not affect nucleation, whereas it inhibited aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.005 vs control for all comparisons).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hess
- Policlinic of Medicine, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
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