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Human blastocysts exhibit unique microrna profiles in relation to maternal age and chromosome constitution. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:913-9. [PMID: 24760722 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine microRNA (miRNA) expression in human blastocysts relative to advanced maternal age and chromosome constitution. METHODS Cryopreserved human blastocysts were warmed and underwent a trophectoderm biopsy for comprehensive chromosomal screening. Select blastocysts were then lysed, reverse transcribed, and pre-amplified prior to running real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using an internal constant housekeeping miRNA. Significant microRNA's of interest were then analyzed for their predicted genes and biological pathways. Additional cryopreserved blastocysts were warmed and stained for the SIRT1 protein for validation. RESULTS Human blastocysts exhibit unique miRNA expression profiles in relation to maternal age and chromosome constitution. miR-93 was exclusively expressed in blastocysts from women in their forties and further up-regulated with an abnormal chromosome complement. Up-regulated miR-93 resulted in an inverse down-regulation of targets like SIRT1, resulting in reduced oxidative defense. CONCLUSIONS MiRNAs play an important role in aging as well as chromosome constitution and have downstream effects that regulate proteins which can compromise embryonic development.
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Nishimura MI, Roszkowski JJ, Moore TV, Brasic N, McKee MD, Clay TM. Antigen recognition and T-cell biology. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 123:37-59. [PMID: 16211865 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27545-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information that has been acquired regarding the way T cells recognize their targets, we are left with far more questions than answers regarding how to manipulate the immune response to better treat cancer patients. Clearly, most patients have a broad repertoire of T cells capable of recognizing their tumor cells. Despite the presence of these tumor reactive T cells and our ability to increase their frequency though vaccination or adoptive transfer, patients still progress. From the T cell side, defects in T cell signaling may account for much of our failure to achieve significant numbers of objective clinical responses. In spite of these negatives, the horizon does remain bright for T cell based immune therapy of cancer. The periodic objective clinical response tells us that immune therapy can work. Now that we know that cancer patients have the capacity to mount immune responses against their tumors, current and future investigations with agents which alter T cell function combined with vaccination or adoptive T cell transfer may help tip the balance towards effective immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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McKee MD, Roszkowski JJ, Nishimura MI. T cell avidity and tumor recognition: implications and therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2005; 3:35. [PMID: 16174302 PMCID: PMC1262785 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, great advances have been made studying the immune response to human tumors. The identification of protein antigens from cancer cells and better techniques for eliciting antigen specific T cell responses in vitro and in vivo have led to improved understanding of tumor recognition by T cells. Yet, much remains to be learned about the intricate details of T cell – tumor cell interactions. Though the strength of interaction between T cell and target is thought to be a key factor influencing the T cell response, investigations of T cell avidity, T cell receptor (TCR) affinity for peptide-MHC complex, and the recognition of peptide on antigen presenting targets or tumor cells reveal complex relationships. Coincident with these investigations, therapeutic strategies have been developed to enhance tumor recognition using antigens with altered peptide structures and T cells modified by the introduction of new antigen binding receptor molecules. The profound effects of these strategies on T cell – tumor interactions and the clinical implications of these effects are of interest to both scientists and clinicians. In recent years, the focus of much of our work has been the avidity and effector characteristics of tumor reactive T cells. Here we review concepts and current results in the field, and the implications of therapeutic strategies using altered antigens and altered effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D McKee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Zhang XY, Chan WY, Whitney BM, Fan DM, Chow JHS, Liu Y, Ng EKW, Chung SCS. Changes of interleukin expression correlate with Helicobacter pylori infection and lymph node metastases in gastric carcinoma. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2002; 11:135-9. [PMID: 12218451 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200209000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection induces expression of IL-8 and IL-10 in benign gastric epithelium. This study compared the expression of cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), benign mucosal lymphocytes (ML), and tumor infiltrative lymphocytes (TIL) as well as in the benign and malignant epithelial cells of the same patient, with respect to the presence of HP infection, lymph node metastases, and tumor histologic type. The mRNA of the cytokines was measured by a semiquantitative RT-PCR method. The levels were ranked and compared using the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test. Compared with CD8+ ML, the CD8+ TIL expresses higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 but lower level of IL-4 in patients with lymph node metastases. In patients with HP infection, expression of IL-8 and IL-10 was higher in the gastric carcinoma cells than in the benign epithelial cells while expression of IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in CD8+ TIL than CD8+ ML. Overexpression of IL-8 in HP associated gastric carcinomas suggested that they might have arisen from HP-infected epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Y Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, 4th Military University, Xian, PR China
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Albertini MR, King DM, Newton MA, Vacek PM. In vivo mutant frequency of thioguanine-resistant T-cells in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes of melanoma patients. Mutat Res 2001; 476:83-97. [PMID: 11336986 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation by malignant melanoma would be anticipated to stimulate T-cell proliferation, which in turn has been associated with increasing the likelihood of somatic gene mutation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in vivo hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutant frequencies (MFs) are increased in peripheral blood T-cells from melanoma patients compared to normal controls. Assays were made of 48 peripheral blood samples from melanoma patients with stage 3 (13 patients) and stage 4 (35 patients) disease, 38 normal controls, and of nine tumor bearing lymph nodes. The mean hprt log(10)(MF) in patient peripheral blood was -4.77 (geometric mean hprt MF=17.0x10(-6)) compared to a mean hprt log(10)(MF) of -4.87 (geometric mean hprt MF=13.5x10(-6)) in controls. Although modest, this difference is statistically significant both by t-test (P=0.049) and after adjustment for covariates of age, gender, and cigarette smoking by regression analysis (P=0.001). Among the melanoma patients, the mean log(10)(MF) for the 17 patients who had received potentially genotoxic therapies was not significantly different from the mean log(10)(MF) for the 31 patients not receiving such therapies. The hprt MFs in the nine tumor bearing nodes were compared with MFs in peripheral blood from the same patients and revealed a non-significant (P=0.07) trend for increasing MFs in blood. Furthermore, analyses of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement patterns revealed hprt mutants originating from the same in vivo clone in both peripheral blood and a tumor-bearing node. The finding of elevated hprt MFs not entirely explained by genotoxic therapies in patients compared to controls can be explained either by hypermutability or in vivo T-cell activation. The similar MFs in peripheral blood and tumor bearing lymph nodes, as well as the finding of mutant representatives of the same in vivo T-cell clone in both locations, support monitoring peripheral blood to detect events in the nodes. If in vivo proliferation accounts for the current findings, the hprt deficient (hprt-) mutant fraction in blood may be enriched for T-cells that mediate the host immune response against malignant melanoma. Further studies will characterize the functional reactivity of hprt mutant isolates against melanoma-related antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Whiteside TL, Parmiani G. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: their phenotype, functions and clinical use. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39:15-21. [PMID: 8044822 PMCID: PMC11037962 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/1994] [Accepted: 03/10/1994] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Whiteside
- Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Immunologic Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pa. 15213-2582
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Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M. Characterization of the anti-tumor immune response in human cancers and strategies for immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1994; 16:157-79. [PMID: 8074801 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C N Baxevanis
- Department of Immunology, Hellenic Anticancer Institute, Athens, Greece
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Hoon DS, Hayashi Y, Morisaki T, Foshag LJ, Morton DL. Interleukin-4 plus tumor necrosis factor alpha augments the antigenicity of melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 37:378-84. [PMID: 8242663 PMCID: PMC11038140 DOI: 10.1007/bf01526794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1992] [Accepted: 07/29/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune cytokines are important regulators of the immune response to neoplastic cells. We previously reported that interleukin 4 (IL-4) and either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) or interferon gamma (IFN) synergistically inhibit melanoma cell growth and induce cell differentiation. In the present study we used various combinations of IL-4, IFN and TNF to enhance the antigenicity of melanoma cells. IL-4 plus TNF significantly increased the ability of melanoma cells to stimulate cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and act as targets of these CTL; IL-4 plus IFN was somewhat less effective, while TNF plus IFN was not as effective. IL-4 plus TNF also increased the expression of HLA class I and HLA-DR antigens on melanoma cells. The CTL lines examined in this study were CD3+CD4+ and oligoclonal. These preclinical results suggest that the immune response to melanoma whole-cell vaccines might be enhanced by pretreating vaccine cells with IL-4 plus TNF.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Drug Combinations
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- HLA-DR Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR Antigens/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hoon
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Hospital and Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404
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Parmiani G. Tumor immunity as autoimmunity: tumor antigens include normal self proteins which stimulate anergic peripheral T cells. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1993; 14:536-8. [PMID: 8274196 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90183-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is often accompanied by a significant overproduction of otherwise normal cellular proteins. Because of the low expression of such self components during thymic development, T cells specific for these antigens can escape deletion and progress to the periphery. In this viewpoint, Giorgio Parmiani discusses the concept that these T cells can be harnessed to provide an effective anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Parmiani
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, National Tumor Institute, Milan, Italy
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Sensi M, Salvi S, Castelli C, Maccalli C, Mazzocchi A, Mortarini R, Nicolini G, Herlyn M, Parmiani G, Anichini A. T cell receptor (TCR) structure of autologous melanoma-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes overexpress in vivo the TCR beta chain sequence used by an HLA-A2-restricted and melanocyte-lineage-specific CTL clone. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1231-46. [PMID: 8376931 PMCID: PMC2191209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA-A2+ melanomas express common melanoma-associated antigens (Ags) recognized in vitro by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). However, it is not known whether tumor Ags can drive in vivo a selective accumulation/expansion of Ag-specific, tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL). Therefore, to evaluate this possibility, 39 CTL clones isolated from several independent mixed lymphocyte tumor cultures (MLTC) of TIL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of an HLA-A2+ melanoma patient and selected for T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent, HLA-restricted tumor lysis, were used for analysis of TCR alpha and beta chain structure by the cDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with variable gene-specific primers followed by sequencing. Despite absence of oligoclonality in fresh TIL and PBL, as well as in T cells of day 28 MLTC (day of cloning), sequence analysis of TCR alpha and beta chains of TIL clones revealed a dominance of a major category of melanoma-specific, HLA-A2-restricted T cells expressing a V alpha 8.2/J alpha AP511/C alpha and V beta 2.1/D beta 1/J beta 1.1/C beta 1 TCR. The same TCR was also found in 2 out of 14 PBL clones. The other PBL clones employed a V alpha 2.1 gene segment associated with either V beta 13.2, 14, or w22. Clones A81 (V alpha 2.1/J alpha IGRJ alpha 04/C alpha and V beta 14/D beta 1/J beta 1.2/C beta 1) and A21 (V alpha 8.2/J alpha AP511/C alpha and V beta 2.1/D beta 1/J beta 1.1/C beta 1), representative of the two most frequent TCR of PBL and TIL, respectively, expressed different lytic patterns, but both were HLA-A2 restricted and lysed only HLA-A2+ melanomas and normal melanocytes, thus indicating recognition of two distinct HLA-A2-associated and tissue-related Ags. Finally, by the inverse PCR technique, the specific TCR beta chain (V beta 2.1/D beta 1/J beta 1.1/C beta 1) expressed by the dominant TIL clone was found to represent 19 and 18.4% of all V beta 2 sequences expressed in the fresh tumor sample and in the purified TIL, respectively, but < 0.19% of V beta 2+ sequences expressed in PBL. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a clonal expansion/accumulation of a melanocyte-lineage-specific and HLA-A2-restricted T cell clone occurred in vivo at the site of tumor growth.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- DNA
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanocytes/immunology
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sensi
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Albertini MR, Hank JA, Sondel PM. Strategies for improving antitumor activity utilizing IL-2: preclinical models and analysis of antitumor activity of lymphocytes from patients receiving IL-2. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1992; 4:189-98. [PMID: 1599802 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Albertini
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792
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