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Seibert H, Gulden M, Kolossa M, Schepers G. Evaluation of the Relevance of Selected In Vitro Toxicity Test Systems for Acute Systemic Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the implementation of in vitro methods in testing procedures for non-genetic toxicity is limited by poor or missing validation of the various approaches. Many efforts have focused on determinations of general cytotoxicity in vitro using proliferating, non-differentiated cell lines. The aim of our present studies is to evaluate the relevance to acute systemic toxicity of three in vitro systems using differentiated mammalian cells (bovine spermatozoa, primary cultured rat hepatocytes, primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells) and also one in vitro system which uses a continuous cell line (BALB/C 3T3 cells). This combination of in vitro systems covers various aspects of cellular toxicity and permits the determination of the intrinsic activity of chemicals with respect to general cytotoxicity, selective cytotoxicity and interference with selected cell-specific functions. In order to contribute to the establishment of a basis for the selection of methods to be included in test batteries in the future, we are contributing to the MEIC programme. In the present communication, results for the first ten chemicals of the MEIC list are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasso Seibert
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Gulden
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marike Kolossa
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabi Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Clemedson C, McFarlane-Abdulla E, Andersson M, Barile FA, Calleja MC, Chesné C, Clothier R, Cottin M, Curren R, Daniel-Szolgay E, Dierickx P, Ferro M, Fiskesjö G, Garza-Ocañas L, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Gülden M, Isomaa B, Janus J, Judge P, Kahru A, Kemp RB, Kerszman G, Kristen U, Kunimoto M, Kärenlampi S, Lavrijsen K, Lewan L, Lilius H, Ohno T, Persoone G, Roguet R, Romert L, Sawyer TW, Seibert H, Shrivastava R, Stammati A, Tanaka N, Torres-Alanis O, Voss JU, Wakuri S, Walum E, Wang X, Zucco F, Ekwall B. MEIC Evaluation of Acute Systemic Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400102.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) study is a programme designed to evaluate the relevance of in vitro toxicity tests for predicting human toxicity, and is organised by the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology. The project started in 1989 and is scheduled to be finished by June 1996. MEIC is a voluntary effort by international laboratories to test the same 50 reference chemicals in their own in vitro toxicity systems. At present, 31 laboratories have submitted results for the first 30 reference chemicals from a total of 68 in vitro cytotoxicity tests. In the definitive evaluation of the MEIC programme, these in vitro results will be compared with human lethal blood concentrations and other relevant acute systemic toxicity data, and the results will be published as a series of articles. This paper, which is the first article in this series, describes and analyses the methodologies used in the 68 tests. The origins and purities of the test chemicals, the biological systems and the toxicity endpoints are also discussed. Since MEIC is not centrally directed, the selection of tests was entirely dependent on the preferences of the individual laboratories. Thus, the collection of tests is not representative of the full range of existing in vitro toxicity tests. In our study, basal cytotoxicity tests and ecotoxicological tests are prevalent, while tests for toxicity to primary cultures of differentiated cells, measured by organotypic toxicity endpoints, are clearly under-represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Clemedson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Toxicology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 594, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Andersson
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Lund, Helgonavägen 3D, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank A. Barile
- Department of Natural Sciences, York College, City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA
| | - Mabel C. Calleja
- Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, 22J Plateaustraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Chesné
- Biopredic, Technopole Atlante Villejean, 14–18 Rue du Professeur Jean Parker, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Richard Clothier
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Martine Cottin
- L'Oréal, Laboratoires de Recherche Fondamentale, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | - Rodger Curren
- In Vitro Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, Microbiological Associates Inc., 9900 Blackwell Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erika Daniel-Szolgay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Toxicology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 594, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Dierickx
- Instituut voor Hygiene en Epidemiologic, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margherita Ferro
- Institute of General Pathology, Via LB. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Geirid Fiskesjö
- Department of Genetics, University of Lund, Soluegatan 29, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lourdes Garza-Ocañas
- Department de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Apartado Postal No. 146, Col. del Valle, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Maria Jose Gómez-Lechón
- Cultivos Celulares, Centra Investigacion, Hospital La Fe, Avenida Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Gülden
- Institute für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Weimarer Strasse 8, Haus 3, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Boris Isomaa
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Biocity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Abo, Finland
| | - Jeffrey Janus
- Clonetics Corporation, 9620 Chesapeake Drive, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Paula Judge
- In Vitro Toxicology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BS, UK
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Akadeemia tee 23, 0026 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Richard B. Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Gustaw Kerszman
- Institute for Life Science and Chemistry, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Udo Kristen
- Institute für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manabu Kunimoto
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-Z Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Sirpa Kärenlampi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 702 11 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karel Lavrijsen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research Foundation, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lillemor Lewan
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Lund, Helgonavägen 3D, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lilius
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Biocity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Abo, Finland
| | - Tadao Ohno
- RIKEN Cell Bank, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Guido Persoone
- Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, 22J Plateaustraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roland Roguet
- L'Oréal, Laboratoires de Recherche Fondamentale, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | | | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield-DRES, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Hasso Seibert
- Institute für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Weimarer Strasse 8, Haus 3, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Annalaura Stammati
- Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Noriho Tanaka
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagaw 257, Japan
| | - Oscar Torres-Alanis
- Department de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Apartado Postal No. 146, Col. del Valle, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jens-Uwe Voss
- Institute für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Weimarer Strasse 8, Haus 3, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Shinobu Wakuri
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagaw 257, Japan
| | - Erik Walum
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, 112 87 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinhai Wang
- RIKEN Cell Bank, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Flavia Zucco
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nationale delle Recherche, Via G.B. Morgagni 30/E, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Björn Ekwall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Toxicology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 594, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Schimpf U, Nachmann G, Trombotto S, Houska P, Yan H, Björndahl L, Crouzier T. Assessment of Oligo-Chitosan Biocompatibility toward Human Spermatozoa. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46572-46584. [PMID: 31725264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The many interesting properties of chitosan polysaccharides have prompted their extensive use as biomaterial building blocks, for instance as antimicrobial coatings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery vehicles. The translation of these chitosan-based systems to the clinic still requires a deeper understanding of their safety profiles. For instance, the widespread claim that chitosans are spermicidal is supported by little to no data. Herein, we thoroughly investigate whether chitosan oligomer (CO) molecules can impact the functional and structural features of human spermatozoa. By using a large number of primary sperm cell samples and by isolating the effect of chitosan from the effect of sperm dissolution buffer, we provide the first realistic and complete picture of the effect of chitosans on sperms. We found that CO binds to cell surfaces or/and is internalized by cells and affected the average path velocity of the spermatozoa, in a dose-dependent manner. However, CO did not affect the progressive motility, motility, or sperm morphology, nor did it cause loss of plasma membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species production, or DNA damage. A decrease in spermatozoa adenosine triphosphate levels, which was especially significant at higher CO concentrations, points to possible interference of CO with mitochondrial functions or the glycolysis processes. With this first complete and in-depth look at the spermicidal activities of chitosans, we complement the complex picture of the safety profile of chitosans and inform on further use of chitosans in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schimpf
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gilai Nachmann
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Stephane Trombotto
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon , 69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Petr Houska
- ANOVA-Andrology, Sexual Medicine, Transmedicine , Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet , Norra Stationsgatan 69 , 113 64 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Hongji Yan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lars Björndahl
- ANOVA-Andrology, Sexual Medicine, Transmedicine , Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet , Norra Stationsgatan 69 , 113 64 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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Halo M, Massanyi P, Gren A, Lasak A, Slanina T, Ondruska L, Muchacka R, Galbavy D, Ivanic P, Schneir ER, Formicki G. Time and Dose-Dependent Effects of Viscum Album Quercus on Rabbit Spermatozoa Motility and Viability in Vitro. Physiol Res 2019; 68:955-972. [PMID: 31647301 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of this study was to evaluate the effect of extract of the European mistletoe - Viscum album quercus L. on spermatozoa motility and viability in vitro. The CASA system was used to determine the spermatozoa motility parameters at different time intervals (0, 1, 2 and 3 h) and spermatozoa viability was determined in five different doses of Viscum album quercus L [10 (QA), 6.6 (QB), 3.3 (QC), 2.5 (QD) and 2 (QE) mg/ml]. Results in experimental groups detected a significant deterioration on rabbit spermatozoa after 1, 2 and 3 hours, compared to the control. The initial total spermatozoa motility showed increased value for all doses of Viscum album quercus in comparison to control. After in vitro culture a dose-dependent decrease (QA: reduction of 69.7 %, QB: reduction of 40.9 %) was found. For the progressive spermatozoa most significant decrease (86.8 % for QA vs. 48.5 % for QB) was detected compared to the control after 3 hours of culture. Spermatozoa viability (MTT test) was decreased in all experiment groups at the end of experiment, but the differences were not significant. Significant alterations of membrane integrity were found in groups with the highest Viscum album quercus concentration (QA, QB), but acrosome integrity showed no significant changes. Results suggest negative dose- and time-dependent effect of Viscum album quercus at higher doses on spermatozoa motility and viability parameters in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halo
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Bremer S, Cortvrindt R, Daston G, Eletti B, Mantovani A, Maranghi F, Pelkonen O, Ruhdel I, Spielmann H. 3.11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:183-209. [PMID: 16194149 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Abstract
Chlorophenols are prevalent in all media of the environment. The most common environmental source of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and other chlorinated phenols are via the lumber industry as a wood preservative and as a pesticide in plant production. The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) contaminant candidate list (CCL) includes a majority of these compounds as unregulated contaminants. Except for pentachlorophenol, there is a lack of human or animal data base which can be used for human health risk assessment. The specific aim of this study is to develop a rationale to use in vivo nonmammalian, in vitro mammalian and nonmammalian, micro-organism toxicity data base, structural activity, mechanistic and toxicokinetic data bases for developing a relative toxic potency ranking scheme of chlorophenols. Although the toxic potency of chlorophenols was found to increase with the number of chlorines, the potency decreases if the chlorines are attached in the ortho position of the molecules. Based on the LOAELs and mammalian in vitro data, the relative potency of chlorophenols determined to be best estimated by the ratios of log Kow to the 0.55 power. The relationship of the toxic potency derived from such an approach is largely presumptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Pepelko
- Sciences International, Inc., 1800 Diagonal Road, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - David W Gaylor
- Sciences International, Inc., 1800 Diagonal Road, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Debdas Mukerjee
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA,
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Zheng M, Ahuja M, Bhattacharya D, Clement TP, Hayworth JS, Dhanasekaran M. Evaluation of differential cytotoxic effects of the oil spill dispersant Corexit 9500. Life Sci 2013; 95:108-17. [PMID: 24361361 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill has raised several ecological and health concerns. As the first response, BP used a chemical dispersant, Corexit-9500, to disperse the crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico to limit shoreline contamination problems. Nevertheless, portions of this oil/Corexit mixture reached the shoreline and still remain in various Gulf shore environments. The use of Corexit itself has become a significant concern since its impacts on human health and environment is unclear. MAIN METHODS In this study, in vitro cytotoxic effects of Corexit were evaluated using different mammalian cells. KEY FINDINGS Under serum free conditions, the LC50 value for Corexit in BL16/BL6 cell was 16 ppm, in 1321N1 cell was 33 ppm, in H19-7 cell was 70 ppm, in HEK293 was 93 ppm, and in HK-2 cell was 95 ppm. With regard to the mechanisms of cytotoxicity, we hypothesize that Corexit can possibly induce cytotoxicity in mammalian cells by altering the intracellular oxidative balance and inhibiting mitochondrial functions. Corexit induced increased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide levels; also, it depleted glutathione content and altered catalase activity in H19-7 cells. In addition, there was mitochondrial complex-I inhibition and increase in the pro-apoptotic factors including caspase-3 and BAX expression. SIGNIFICANCE The experimental results show changes in intracellular oxidative radicals leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis in Corexit treatments, possibly contributing to cell death. Our findings raise concerns about using large volumes of Corexit, a potential environmental toxin, in sensitive ocean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - T Prabhakar Clement
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Joel S Hayworth
- Department of Civil Engineering, 212 Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Mortimer D, Barratt CLR, Björndahl L, de Jager C, Jequier AM, Muller CH. What should it take to describe a substance or product as 'sperm-safe'. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19 Suppl 1:i1-45. [PMID: 23552271 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproductive potential continues to be adversely affected by many environmental, industrial and pharmaceutical toxins. Pre-emptive testing for reproductive toxicological (side-)effects remains limited, or even non-existent. Many products that come into direct contact with spermatozoa lack adequate testing for the absence of adverse effects, and numerous products that are intended for exposure to spermatozoa have only a general assumption of safety based on the absence of evidence of actual harm. Such assumptions can have unfortunate adverse impacts on at-risk individuals (e.g. couples who are trying to conceive), illustrating a clear need for appropriate up-front testing to establish actual 'sperm safety'. METHODS After compiling a list of general areas within the review's scope, relevant literature and other information was obtained from the authors' personal professional libraries and archives, and supplemented as necessary using PubMed and Google searches. Review by co-authors identified and eliminated errors of omission or bias. RESULTS This review provides an overview of the broad range of substances, materials and products that can affect male fertility, especially through sperm fertilizing ability, along with a discussion of practical methods and bioassays for their evaluation. It is concluded that products can only be claimed to be 'sperm-safe' after performing objective, properly designed experimental studies; extrapolation from supposed predicate products or other assumptions cannot be trusted. CONCLUSIONS We call for adopting the precautionary principle, especially when exposure to a product might affect not only a couple's fertility potential but also the health of resulting offspring and perhaps future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mortimer
- Oozoa Biomedical Inc., Caulfeild Village, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Shoji R, Sakai Y, Sakoda A, Suzuki M. Preservation of microplate-attached human hepatoma cells and their use in cytotoxicity tests. Cytotechnology 2011; 32:147-55. [PMID: 19002976 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008124228377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of hypothermic- orcryogenically-preserved human hepatoma Hep G2 cell preculturedin 96-well plates in cytotoxicity testings. First, we observedthat microplates precoated with both collagen (CN) and pronectin (PN) showed significantly improved living cell adhesion (71.0 +/- 5.5%) after 48 hr of cryopreservation with 10%-DMSO containing culture medium, whereas non-coated surfaces gave very low living cell adhesion (33.5 +/- 2.1%). Hypothermic preservation was most suitable for short-term storage, and cryogenic preservation at -20 degrees C allowed cells to be used within a week of the storage period. Only cryopreservation in a deep freezer (-85 degrees C) gave satisfactory results in much longer period of storage. Second, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of ten chemicals during 48 hr of exposure using hypothermically - (4 degrees C for 2 days) or cryogenically - (-85 degrees C for 7 days) preserved cells cultured inCN/PN-precoated microplates in comparison with results fromfreshly inoculated cells. Although almost the same LD(50)values were obtained, LD(10) values of relatively hydrophilic chemicals obtained with cryopreserved cell were significantly lowered. These results shown that CN/PN-precoating is effective in keeping cells attached even in recultivation of preserved cells and that the toxicities of relatively hydrophilic chemicals tend to be overestimated when we use preserved cells in that manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shoji
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-8558, Japan
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Reprotoxicity of intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer disposables and products: a 4-year survey. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:527-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Grindon C, Combes R, Cronin MT, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36 Suppl 1:123-38. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803601s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell lines, and the available expert systems and QSARs for developmental and reproductive toxicity, and also covers tests for endocrine disruption. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, particularly the use of an enhanced one-generation reproductive study, which could potentially replace the two-generation study, and therefore considerably reduce the number of animals required in reproductive toxicity. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for developmental and reproductive toxicity and for endocrine disruption, followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of developmental and reproductive toxicity testing, with respect to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F. Garrod
- Chemicals and Nanotechnologies Division, Defra, London, UK
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Hung PH, Miller MG, Meyers SA, VandeVoort CA. Sperm mitochondrial integrity is not required for hyperactivated motility, zona binding, or acrosome reaction in the rhesus macaque. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:367-75. [PMID: 18480469 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.066357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the main energy source for sperm motility is from oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis has been long-debated in the field of reproductive biology. Using the rhesus monkey as a model, we examined the role of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in sperm function by using alpha-chlorohydrin (ACH), a glycolysis inhibitor, and pentachlorophenol (PCP), an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler. Sperm treated with ACH showed no change in percentage of motile sperm, although sperm motion was impaired. The ACH-treated sperm did not display either hyperactivity- or hyperactivation-associated changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation. When treated with PCP, sperm motion parameters were affected by the highest level of PCP (200 microM); however, PCP did not cause motility impairments even after chemical activation. Sperm treated with PCP were able to display hyperactivity and tyrosine phosphorylation after chemical activation. In contrast with motility measurements, treatment with either the glycolytic inhibitor or the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor did not affect sperm-zona binding and zona-induced acrosome reaction. The results suggest glycolysis is essential to support sperm motility, hyperactivity, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation, while energy from oxidative phosphorylation is not necessary for hyperactivated sperm motility, tyrosine phosphorylation, sperm-zona binding, and acrosome reaction in the rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-hsuan Hung
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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13
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Grindon C, Combes R, Cronin MT, Roberts DW, Garrod JF. Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME conducted a research project, sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for the use of alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) in developmental and reproductive toxicity testing. It considers many tests based on primary cells and cell lines, and the available expert systems and QSARs for developmental and reproductive toxicity, and also covers tests for endocrine disruption. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, particularly the use of an enhanced one-generation reproductive study, which could potentially replace the two-generation study, and therefore considerably reduce the number of animals required in reproductive toxicity. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for developmental and reproductive toxicity and for endocrine disruption, followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of developmental and reproductive toxicity testing, with respect to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F. Garrod
- Chemicals and Nanotechnologies Division, Defra, London, UK
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14
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Gülden M, Seibert H. Impact of bioavailability on the correlation between in vitro cytotoxic and in vivo acute fish toxic concentrations of chemicals. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 72:327-37. [PMID: 15848252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The lower sensitivity of in vitro cytotoxicity assays currently restricts their use as alternative to the fish acute toxicity assays for hazard assessment of chemicals in the aquatic environment. In vitro cytotoxic potencies mostly refer to nominal concentrations. The main objective of the present study was to investigate, whether a reduced availability of chemicals in vitro can account for the lower sensitivity of in vitro toxicity test systems. For this purpose, the bioavailable free fractions of the nominal cytotoxic concentrations (EC50) of chemicals determined with a cytotoxicity test system using Balb/c 3T3 cells and the corresponding free cytotoxic concentrations (ECu50) were calculated. The algorithm applied is based on a previously developed simple equilibrium distribution model for chemicals in cell cultures with serum-supplemented culture media. This model considers the distribution of chemicals between water, lipids and serum albumin. The algorithm requires the relative lipid volume of the test system, the octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)) and the in vitro albumin-bound fraction of the chemicals. The latter was determined from EC50-measurements in the presence of different albumin concentrations with the Balb/c 3T3 test system. Organic chemicals covering a wide range of cytotoxic potency (EC50: 0.16-527000 microM) and lipophilicity (logK(ow): -5.0-6.96) were selected, for which fish acute toxicity data (LC50-values) from at least one of the three fish species, medaka, rainbow trout and fathead minnow, respectively, were available. The availability of several chemicals was shown to be extensively reduced either by partitioning into lipids or by serum albumin binding, or due to both mechanisms. Reduction of bioavailability became more important with increasing cytotoxic potency. The sensitivity of the Balb/c 3T3 cytotoxicity assay and the correspondence between in vivo and in vitro toxic potencies were increased when the free cytotoxic concentrations instead of the nominal cytotoxic concentrations were used as measure of cytotoxic potency. The few remaining prominent differences between cytotoxic and acute toxic concentrations can be explained by a more specific mechanism of acute toxic action than basal cytotoxicity. It is concluded that the frequently observed low sensitivity of in vitro cytotoxicity test systems, compared to fish acute toxicity assays, at least in part, can be explained by differences in the availability of chemicals in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, neglecting these differences systematically causes a bias of the correlation between in vivo and in vitro toxic potencies of chemicals. Taking them into account, however, increases the predictivity of the in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gülden
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Street 10, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Verberckmoes S, Van Soom A, De Pauw I, Dewulf J, Vervaet C, de Kruif A. Assessment of a new utero-tubal junction insemination device in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2004; 61:103-15. [PMID: 14643865 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new artificial insemination device for semen deposition near the utero-tubal junction in cattle (Ghent device) has been developed at the Ghent University (Belgium). In this study, the effect of the new insemination device on sperm quality was evaluated. Moreover, in a field trial 4064 dairy cows were inseminated by 12 inseminators to examine the efficacy of the device under field conditions. The Ghent device is a disposable plastic catheter which can easily follow the curvature of the uterine horns and thus reach the utero-tubal junction (UTJ). After expulsion of the inseminate with 0.7 or 1.7 ml of air, 19.0% of the insemination dose remained in the insemination catheter. Sperm loss can be diminished to 9.0% of the original insemination dose when the insemination catheter is flushed with 0.1 ml of air, followed by 0.6 ml of physiological saline solution. No toxic effect of the insemination catheter on sperm quality or fertilizing capacity was found. In the field trial, sperm were inseminated in dairy cattle which were divided in three groups. The first group was inseminated in the uterine body with the conventional insemination device, the second group in the uterine body with the Ghent device, and the third group in the tip of both uterine horns with the Ghent device. Each insemination was performed with 10 x 10(6) to 15 x 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The pregnancy rates (PRs) were significantly affected by the insemination technique (P = 0.02), by the inseminator (P = 0.01), by heifer or cow (P < 0.01), and by the insemination number (P < 0.01). Pregnancy rates obtained with the conventional insemination device (57.6%) were significantly better than those obtained with the Ghent device in the uterine body (52.7%) (P < 0.01), but did not differ significantly from those obtained after deep insemination into both uterine horns (53.8%) (P = 0.27). It can be concluded that the Ghent device is suitable for utero-tubal junction insemination of dairy cattle under field conditions. Whether the Ghent device is also suitable for insemination with lower insemination doses is at present under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Verberckmoes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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16
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Gülden M, Seibert H. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. Toxicology 2003; 189:211-22. [PMID: 12832154 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study an extrapolation model for estimating serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to in vitro effective concentrations is developed and applied to median cytotoxic concentrations (EC(50)) determined in vitro. Nominal concentrations of a chemical in serum and in vitro are regarded as equivalent, if they result in the same aqueous concentration of the unbound form. The algorithm used is based on equilibrium distribution and requires albumin binding data, the octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)), and the albumin concentrations and lipid volume fractions in vitro and in serum. The chemicals studied cover wide ranges of cytotoxic potency (EC(50): 2.5-530,000 microM) and lipophilicity (logK(ow): -5 to 7). Their albumin binding characteristics have been determined by means of an in vitro cytotoxicity test as described previously. The equivalent serum concentrations of 19 of the 33 compounds investigated, having high protein binding and/or lipophilicity, were substantially higher than the EC(50)-values, by factors of 2.5-58. Prominent deviations between the equivalent nominal concentrations in serum and in vitro were largely restricted to chemicals with higher cytotoxic potency (EC(50)< or =1000 microM). The results suggest that estimates of equivalent serum concentrations based on in vitro data are robust for chemicals with low lipophilicity (logK(ow)< or =2) and low potency (EC(50)>1000 microM). With more potent chemicals or those with higher lipophilicity partitioning into lipids and/or binding to serum proteins have to be taken into account when estimating in vivo serum concentrations equivalent to in vitro effective concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gülden
- Institut für Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Seibert H, Mörchel S, Gülden M. Factors influencing nominal effective concentrations of chemical compounds in vitro: medium protein concentration. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:289-97. [PMID: 12020603 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data used to characterise biological activities of chemicals in vitro (e. g. EC50 values) are generally based on nominal concentrations and thus depend on factors influencing the availability of a compound. In this study, the impact of protein binding on the availability of chemicals in vitro is theoretically investigated and experimentally examined using a bovine sperm cell assay to measure the cytotoxic potency of selected compounds at different medium protein concentrations. In agreement with theoretical considerations, linear correlations between EC50 values and medium albumin concentrations were determined with 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, p,p'-DDT and mercuric chloride. Ratios of EC50 values measured in the presence and absence of 4% (w/v) albumin varied between 500 (hexachlorophene), 258 (pentachlorophenol) and almost 1 (potassium cyanide, dextropropoxyphene). Calculated molar ratios of substance bound to albumin ranged from 0.05 (arsenic trioxide) and 0.1 (potassium cyanide) to 2.5 and 4.7 moles/mole for malathion and xylene, respectively. The fractions bound at 4% albumin varied between 11 and 15% for dextropropoxyphene and potassium cyanide, respectively, and more than 99% for hexachlorophene, pentachlorophenol and mercuric chloride. The results clearly demonstrate that the differing impact of protein binding on the bioavailability of chemicals considerably influences their nominal and relative potencies in the presence of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seibert
- Institut für Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Kiel, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Gülden M, Mörchel S, Seibert H. Factors influencing nominal effective concentrations of chemical compounds in vitro: cell concentration. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:233-43. [PMID: 11377096 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro potency data (e.g. EC(50) values), used to characterise the biological activity of chemicals, are generally based on nominal effective concentrations and thus depend on any factor influencing the availability of a compound. In this study the significance of cell binding for the availability of chemicals in vitro is (i) theoretically investigated by means of a simple equilibrium distribution model and (ii) experimentally examined using a bull sperm assay to measure the cytotoxic potency of selected compounds at different cell concentrations. Compounds were selected either to cover a wide range of hydrophobicity (log K(ow)=2.52-5.69) or to represent modes of cell binding other than partitioning into cellular lipids. With the exception of xylene, the EC(50) values increased with increasing cell concentration. The ratios of EC(50) values determined at about 120 x 10(6) and 15 x 10(6) cells/ml were: pentachlorophenol. 1.2, 1-nitronaphthalene: 1.9, thioridazine: 2.7, dieldrin: 4.1, hexachlorophene: 4.1, digitonin: 5.1, methylmercury chloride: 7.9, antimycin A: 10.1 and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE): >19.1. The influence of partitioning into cell lipids was rather well predicted by the equilibrium distribution model, except for p,p'-DDE. The results show that cell binding can significantly affect the availability of compounds in vitro and thus toxic potencies and toxic equivalency factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gülden
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Kiel, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106, Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Hinsch KD, Aires V, Hägele W, Hinsch E. In vitro tests for essential sperm functions using the phyto-oestrogen genistein as a test substance. Andrologia 2000; 32:225-31. [PMID: 11021513 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility, binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida and induction of the acrosome reaction are prerequisites for successful oocyte fertilization. Examination of the physiological and nonphysiological effects of particular compounds on sperm functions requires high-quality in vitro test systems. In this short methodological overview, a reliable combined in vitro test system with bovine gametes is described. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether aliquots of pooled post-thaw spermatozoa are suitable for examination of environmental substances that affect essential sperm functions. The combined test system includes a number of known methods for the assessment of sperm vitality and motion parameters, acrosomal status, inducibility of acrosome reaction and sperm zona pellucida binding. First observations indicate that genistein inhibits the induction of acrosomal exocytosis and binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida. Motility parameters and the viability of bovine spermatozoa were not affected by this substance. It is concluded that genistein, a phyto-oestrogen which is abundant in several plants, can be used as a test substance for the evaluation of effects upon essential bovine sperm functions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hinsch
- Centre of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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20
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Shehu RA, al-Hamidi AA, Rabbani N, Duhaiman AS. Inhibition of camel lens zeta-crystallin/NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase activity by chlorophenols. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1998; 13:229-36. [PMID: 9629540 DOI: 10.3109/14756369809028343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophenols comprise a major class of environmental contaminants. They are extensively used as insecticides, fungicides, mold inhibitors, antiseptics and disinfectants. We found some of these compounds to be strong inhibitors of zeta-crystallin. This oxidoreductase enzyme was isolated from camel lens and its enzymatic activity was inhibited by the chlorophenols tested in a time-independent but concentration-dependent manner. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 3 microM; Ki = 3.2 microM) whereas 4-chlorophenol was the least potent (IC50 = 4.1 mM). There appeared to be a relationship between the degree of chlorination of the phenols and inhibition of zeta-crystallin activity. The position of the chlorine substituent on the phenol may also influence the potency of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Shehu
- Department of Science, King Khalid Military Academy, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Gülden M, Seibert H. Influence of protein binding and lipophilicity on the distribution of chemical compounds in in vitro systems. Toxicol In Vitro 1997; 11:479-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(97)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Leijonhufvud PK, Pousette A, Möller L, Fredricsson B. Derivatives of 2-nitrofluorene cause changes of human sperm motility. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1994; 75:310-4. [PMID: 7870703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects on human sperm motility characteristics of 2-nitrofluorene and selected derivatives were studied in vitro, using computer aided sperm analysis (Cellsoft). Substances to be tested were dissolved in acetone and added to separated spermatozoa in culture media to final concentrations of 100 and 1000 microM. Aliquots were removed immediately (< 5 min.) and 24 hr after the addition and tested for sperm motility characteristics. Four of the substances tested; 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one (2,4,7-tNFO), 2,5-diaminofluorene (2,5-dAF), 7-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene (7-OH-NF) and 2,7-diaminofluorene (2,7-dAF) showed strong detrimental effects on the sperm motility. Slight detrimental effects were also recorded using 2-nitrofluorene and 2,5-dinitrofluorene (2,5-dNF). Weak stimulatory effects were obtained using 2-acetoamidofluorene (AAF) and 2,7-dinitrofluorene (2,7-dNF). No significant effects were seen with 5-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene (5-OH-NF), 2-aminofluorene (AF), 2-aminofluoren-9-one (AFO), 2-amino-9-hydroxyfluorene (9-OH-AF) or 9-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene (9-OH-NF). The mechanism behind this effect is not known but it could be speculated that these lipophilic substances interact with the membranes or the cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Leijonhufvud
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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23
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Seibert H, Gülden M, Voss JU. An in vitro toxicity testing strategy for the classification and labelling of chemicals according to their potential acute lethal potency. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:847-50. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Seibert H, Gulden M, Voss JU. Comparative Cell Toxicology: The Basis for In Vitro Toxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 1994. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299402200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If “cell toxicology” is defined as the discipline aimed at studying the general principles of chemical interference with cellular structures and/or functions, then “comparative cell toxicology” may be defined as the study of the variety of responses to xenobiotics using: (a) different endpoints within one cell type; (b) cell types from different tissues from one species; and (c) homologous cell types from different species. If the full potential of in vitro models for toxicity testing is to be realised and the scientific basis for hazard assessment improved, then comparative cell toxicological approaches have to be developed further. In the present paper, an approach using different in vitro systems is described. The approach is aimed at the assessment of the basic toxicological characteristics of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasso Seibert
- Institut für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Universität Kiel, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Gulden
- Institut für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Universität Kiel, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Voss
- Institut für Toxikologie, Zelltoxikologie, Universität Kiel, Weimarer Str. 8, Haus 3, D-24106 Kiel, Germany
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25
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Abstract
The toxicity of nine chlorophenols to V79 Chinese hamster cells was determined in a survival assay which gives a direct measure of reproductive cell death by measuring single-cell cloning efficiency. Quantitative analyses of the structure-activity relationships showed that the toxicity was linearly related not only to hydrophobicity, as suggested by previous mammalian-cell studies, but also to electronic (electron-withdrawing) substituent effects. The extent electronic factors were related to the toxicity was assessed apart from their influence on partition and transport. The results suggest a relationship between the toxicity and the well-known ability of chlorophenols to induce proton permeability in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jansson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Jyväkylä, Finland
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26
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Noack-Füller G, De Beer C, Seibert H. Cadmium, lead, selenium, and zinc in semen of occupationally unexposed men. Andrologia 1993; 25:7-12. [PMID: 8427423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1993.tb02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of cadmium, lead, selenium, and zinc were determined in semen and seminal plasma of 22 volunteers by atomic absorption spectrometry. Additionally conventional semen parameters and, by means of computer videomicrography, motion parameters of spermatozoa were evaluated. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn determined in semen were not significantly different from those measured in seminal plasma. However, selenium levels were significantly higher in semen (53.8 +/- 22.9 micrograms l-1) than in seminal plasma (40.4 +/- 15.5 micrograms l-1, P < 0.01). The investigated semen samples on average contained low levels of Cd (0.4 +/- 0.23 micrograms l-1) and Pb (9.8 +/- 6.5 micrograms l-1). Studies on the intra-individual variability revealed the following average coefficients of variation (%) for element concentrations: Pb (70), Cd (53), Se (27), and Zn (23); and for semen parameters: total sperm count (46), sperm concentration (37), motility (22), ejaculate volume (21), linearity (19), linear velocity (11), curvilinear velocity (10), and percentage of normally formed sperm (9). Significant positive correlations were detected between semen selenium levels and sperm concentration (r = 0.51, P < 0.05), and percentage of normally formed sperm (r = 0.46, P < 0.05), respectively. Sperm motility (r = 0.53, P < 0.02), linear (r = 0.76, P < 0.001) and curvilinear velocity (r = 0.64, P < 0.002) were significantly correlated with semen cadmium levels.
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27
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Young RJ, Bodt BA, Iturralde TG, Starke WC. Automated analysis of rabbit sperm motility and the effect of chemicals on sperm motion parameters. Mol Reprod Dev 1992; 33:347-56. [PMID: 1333242 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080330317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate software settings and optimum procedures were determined for the measurement of the motion parameters of rabbit spermatozoa by the CellSoft (Cryo Resources Ltd., Montgomery, NY) computer-assisted digital image analysis system. The system was used to follow motion parameter changes occurring in spermatozoa incubated for 6 hr with or without exposure to chemicals. Mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (AALH) increased over the 6 hr period, while curvilinear velocity (Vc) first increased and then decreased. Values for linearity (Lin), or beat cross frequency (BCF), were unchanged. The majority of spermatozoa progressed linearly, with rapid rotation of the sperm head, but subpopulations of spermatozoa with different swimming patterns appeared after 1-3 hr of incubation. Percentage motile sperm and Vc were most sensitive to the action of the compounds (pyrogallol, hydroquinone, ammonium oxalate, triethyl phosphite, and pinocolyl alcohol), while BCF was least affected. The decline in percentage of motile sperm was dependent on duration of exposure and chemical concentration. Mean Vc of the sperm population decreased rapidly upon chemical exposure and remained at a low value until motility ceased. The initial decrease in Vc was dependent on the concentration of the added compound. Motion-based indices--motility concentration (MCI50), motility time (MTI50), and velocity (VI)--were defined and used as toxicological endpoints. The rank order of these indices, the end point of the neutral red in vitro assay for cytotoxicity, and LD50 values for the five compounds were the same, suggesting that chemical inhibition of sperm motility may be useful as a method for the in vitro assessment of chemical cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Young
- Toxicology Division, Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5423
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28
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Kolossa M, Seibert H. Toxicity Testing by Means of Cryopreserved Bovine Spermatozoa. Altern Lab Anim 1991. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299101900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the suitability of bovine spermatozoa cryopreserved in a “defined” medium as an in vitro model for the assessment of the cytotoxic potential of chemicals. The endpoints used for this purpose were motion activity and cellular ATP content. The evaluation of properties of cryopreserved sperm shortly after thawing and at the end of a one-hour incubation period, shows that the cryoprotective medium developed is able to provide suitable cellular material for cytotoxicity tests. Results from experiments employing substances with known modes of action are presented, and suggest that cryopreserved sperm can be used as successfully as native sperm in cytotoxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike Kolossa
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hasso Seibert
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
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29
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Schepers G, Aschmann C, Mörchel S. The Use of Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes for the Assessment of Xenobiotic Effects on Biotransformation. Altern Lab Anim 1991. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299101900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro test protocol is reported, which, using primary cultured rat hepatocytes, allows for the screening of xenobiotic effects on biotransformation as well as on basal cellular functions. O-Deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) and subsequent conjugation of the metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) with sulphate or glucuronic acid are determined, as representative parameters for the hepatic biotransformation. Cell viability is examined by measuring cellular ATP content and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase. With respect to immediate and delayed effects on biotransformation reactions, the standard test protocol includes exposure to xenobiotics for 1, 24 and 48 hours. Different response patterns could be demonstrated for the solvents dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and the chlorinated phenols, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hexachlorophene (HCP), which are known to uncouple mitochondrial respiration. Short-term incubation with the solvents resulted in decreased 7-EC- O-deethylation without signs of cytotoxicity. PCP and HCP inhibited 7-EC- O-deethylation and 7-HC-conjugation, affecting sulphate and glucuronide formation differently. 24-hour exposures to PCP and HCP resulted in decreased 7-ethoxycoumarin- O-deethylase activity, which correlated with diminished cell viability, while DMSO and DMF enhanced 7-EC- O-deethylation at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. After exposure for 48 hours to the solvents, enzyme induction was even more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Schepers
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christiane Aschmann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Mörchel
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Germany
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30
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Abstract
A chemically 'defined' extender for the cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa was developed using commercially available lecithin as an additive to protect cells against freeze damage. The effectiveness of different media in preventing cryoinjury was evaluated by assessing motion activity immediately post-thaw and after 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C by means of automatic computer image analysis. The extender best suited to maintains swimming activity consisted of the zwitter ion buffer system HEPES-Tris/Citrate (HTC) supplemented with 0.9% lecithin. The effectiveness of this diluent was compared with that of an extender containing egg yolk used routinely in breeding stations. While immediately post-thaw sperm samples frozen in HTC showed a lower motion activity than those preserved in egg yolk diluent, the opposite result was obtained after 2 h incubation at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolossa
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Germany
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31
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Seibert H, Gosch U. A Short-term Bovine Sperm Cell Assay for the Evaluation of the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Chemicals. Altern Lab Anim 1990. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299001700320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A test procedure is described for the use of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa in evaluating the in vitro cytotoxicity of chemicals. Results from experiments with model substances with known modes of action (inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport, uncouplers of mitochondrial phosphorylation, surfactants, organic solvents) are presented and suggest that specific toxic-response patterns can be defined for the different modes of action. It is concluded that the in vitro toxicity profiles obtained in the assay described can be used for a first qualitative analysis of the cytotoxic action of little studied or new compounds, in addition to a quantitative assessment of their cytotoxic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasso Seibert
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Ulrich Gosch
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Brunswikerstrasse 10, D-2300 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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