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Schratter M, Lass A, Radner FPW. ABHD5-A Regulator of Lipid Metabolism Essential for Diverse Cellular Functions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1015. [PMID: 36355098 PMCID: PMC9694394 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5; also known as comparative gene identification-58, or CGI-58) is the causative gene of the Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), a disorder mainly characterized by systemic triacylglycerol accumulation and a severe defect in skin barrier function. The clinical phenotype of CDS patients and the characterization of global and tissue-specific ABHD5-deficient mouse strains have demonstrated that ABHD5 is a crucial regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis in various tissues. Although ABHD5 lacks intrinsic hydrolase activity, it functions as a co-activating enzyme of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA) protein family that is involved in triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid, as well as sphingolipid and retinyl ester metabolism. Moreover, ABHD5 interacts with perilipins (PLINs) and fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), which are important regulators of lipid homeostasis in adipose and non-adipose tissues. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of ABHD5 in modulating the function of key enzymes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Schratter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. W. Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Seidl‐Philipp M, Schatz UA, Gasslitter I, Moosbrugger‐Martinz V, Blunder S, Schossig AS, Zschocke J, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Spektrum der Ichthyosen in einer österreichischen Ichthyosekohorte von 2004–2007. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:17-26. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13968_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Seidl‐Philipp
- Universitätsklinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Ulrich A. Schatz
- Division für HumangenetikMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Irina Gasslitter
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin IIMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Verena Moosbrugger‐Martinz
- Universitätsklinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Universitätsklinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Anna S. Schossig
- Division für HumangenetikMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division für HumangenetikMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Universitätsklinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Robert Gruber
- Universitätsklinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
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Seidl-Philipp M, Schatz UA, Gasslitter I, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Schossig AS, Zschocke J, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Spectrum of ichthyoses in an Austrian ichthyosis cohort from 2004 to 2017. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 18:17-25. [PMID: 31642606 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichthyoses are a heterogeneous disease group, which makes clinical classification challenging. An ichthyosis cohort at a center for genodermatoses is presented in detail. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with clinically and/or genetically confirmed ichthyosis seen from 2004 to 2017 and listed in a database were included. Disease onset, phenotype, histology, comorbidities and family history were described in detail. In genetically tested patients, the prevalence of various ARCI genes, ARCI phenotypes and syndromic ichthyoses, as well as genotype-phenotype correlation and year/method of genetic testing was assessed. RESULTS Of all 198 patients who were included in the cohort, 151 were genetically tested. 81 had ichthyosis vulgaris, 43 X-linked ichthyosis, 38 autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), 9 keratinopathic ichthyosis (KPI) and one exfoliative ichthyosis. 26 individuals suffered from syndromic ichthyoses. A good genotype-phenotype correlation was observed for common ichthyoses and KPI; the correlation was less good in syndromic ichthyoses. In 91 % of ARCI patients an accurate diagnosis was obtained by genetic testing. In only 33 % of syndromic ichthyoses was the definitive diagnosis suspected before genetic testing, which revealed a causative mutation in 86 % of cases. CONCLUSION This study describes the spectrum of ichthyoses in a center of expertise and shows that genetic testing should become a diagnostic standard for this disease group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Seidl-Philipp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich A Schatz
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irina Gasslitter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S Schossig
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Neutral Lipid Storage Diseases as Cellular Model to Study Lipid Droplet Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020187. [PMID: 30795549 PMCID: PMC6406896 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM) and with ichthyosis (NLSDI) are rare autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the PNPLA2 and in the ABHD5/CGI58 genes, respectively. These genes encode the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5) proteins, which play key roles in the function of lipid droplets (LDs). LDs, the main cellular storage sites of triacylglycerols and sterol esters, are highly dynamic organelles. Indeed, LDs are critical for both lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Partial or total PNPLA2 or ABHD5/CGI58 knockdown is characteristic of the cells of NLSD patients; thus, these cells are natural models with which one can unravel LD function. In this review we firstly summarize genetic and clinical data collected from NLSD patients, focusing particularly on muscle, skin, heart, and liver damage due to impaired LD function. Then, we discuss how NLSD cells were used to investigate and expand the current structural and functional knowledge of LDs.
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Huigen MCDG, van der Graaf M, Morava E, Dassel ACM, van Steensel MAM, Seyger MMB, Wevers RA, Willemsen MA. Cerebral lipid accumulation in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:51-4. [PMID: 25468645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome (CDS) is caused by a defect in the CGI-58/ABHD5 gene resulting in a deficiency of CGI-58 and in intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol in skin and liver. Patients are mainly characterized by congenital ichthyosis, but the clinical phenotype is very heterogeneous. Distinct brain involvement has never been described. We present a clinical description of two patients with congenital ichthyosis. On suspicion of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy of the brain was performed and biochemical testing of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) to establish this diagnosis gave normal results. Vacuolisation in a peripheral blood smear has led to the CDS suspicion. In both patients the diagnosis CDS was confirmed by ABHD5 mutation analysis. Interestingly, a clear lipid accumulation in the cerebral white matter, cortex and basal ganglia was demonstrated in both CDS-patients. These results demonstrate, for the first time, cerebral involvement in CDS and give new insights in the complex phenotype. Since the clinical implications of this abnormal cerebral lipid accumulation are still unknown, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen C D G Huigen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 830, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinette van der Graaf
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 766, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 804, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 804, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Hayward Genetics Center and Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - A Carin M Dassel
- Department of Pediatrics, Deventer Hospital, Nico Bolkensteinlaan 75, 7416 SE, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Marieke M B Seyger
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 370, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 830, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, route 801, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Radner FPW, Fischer J. The important role of epidermal triacylglycerol metabolism for maintenance of the skin permeability barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:409-15. [PMID: 23928127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a terrestrial, dry environment necessitates a permeability barrier for regulated permeation of water and electrolytes in the cornified layer of the skin (the stratum corneum) to minimize desiccation of the body. This barrier is formed during cornification and involves a cross-linking of corneocyte proteins as well as an extensive remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by various hydrolytic enzymes generates ceramides, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids for the extracellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum. However, the important role of epidermal triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism during formation of a functional permeability barrier in the skin was only recently discovered. Humans with mutations in the ABHD5/CGI-58 (α/β hydrolase domain containing protein 5, also known as comparative gene identification-58, CGI-58) gene suffer from a defect in TAG catabolism that causes neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. In addition, mice with deficiencies in genes involved in TAG catabolism (Abhd5/Cgi-58 knock-out mice) or TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, Dgat2 knock-out mice) also develop severe skin permeability barrier dysfunctions and die soon after birth due to increased dehydration. As a result of these defects in epidermal TAG metabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which leads to malformation of the cornified lipid envelope of the skin. In healthy skin, this epidermal structure provides an interface for the linkage of lamellar membranes with corneocyte proteins to maintain permeability barrier homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms involved in epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the generation of a functional skin permeability barrier. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz P W Radner
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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Lord CC, Betters JL, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Madenspacher J, Thomas G, Chung S, Liu M, Davis MA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Parks JS, Brasaemle DL, Fessler MB, Brown HA, Brown JM. CGI-58/ABHD5-derived signaling lipids regulate systemic inflammation and insulin action. Diabetes 2012; 61:355-63. [PMID: 22228714 PMCID: PMC3266405 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) in humans cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disease in which excess triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulates in multiple tissues. CGI-58 recently has been ascribed two distinct biochemical activities, including coactivation of adipose triglyceride lipase and acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). It is noteworthy that both the substrate (LPA) and the product (phosphatidic acid) of the LPA acyltransferase reaction are well-known signaling lipids. Therefore, we hypothesized that CGI-58 is involved in generating lipid mediators that regulate TAG metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that CGI-58 is required for the generation of signaling lipids in response to inflammatory stimuli and that lipid second messengers generated by CGI-58 play a critical role in maintaining the balance between inflammation and insulin action. Furthermore, we show that CGI-58 is necessary for maximal TH1 cytokine signaling in the liver. This novel role for CGI-58 in cytokine signaling may explain why diminished CGI-58 expression causes severe hepatic lipid accumulation yet paradoxically improves hepatic insulin action. Collectively, these findings establish that CGI-58 provides a novel source of signaling lipids. These findings contribute insight into the basic mechanisms linking TH1 cytokine signaling to nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C. Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jenna L. Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dawn L. Brasaemle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: J. Mark Brown,
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8
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Radner FP, Grond S, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Zechner R. Fat in the skin: Triacylglycerol metabolism in keratinocytes and its role in the development of neutral lipid storage disease. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:77-83. [PMID: 21695016 PMCID: PMC3117006 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.2.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is essential for skin development and the formation of the skin permeability barrier. This process involves an orchestrated remodeling of lipids. The cleavage of precursor lipids from lamellar bodies by β-glucocerebrosidase, sphingomyelinase, phospholipases and sterol sulfatase generates ceramides, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol for the lipid-containing extracellular matrix, the lamellar membranes in the stratum corneum. The importance of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis for the formation of a functional permeability barrier was only recently appreciated. Mice with defects in TAG synthesis (acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2-knock-out) or TAG catabolism (comparative gene identification-58, -CGI-58-knock-out) develop severe permeability barrier defects and die soon after birth because of desiccation. In humans, mutations in the CGI-58 gene also cause (non-lethal) neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. As a result of defective TAG synthesis or catabolism, humans and mice lack ω-(O)-acylceramides, which are essential lipid precursors for the formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. This structure plays an important role in linking the lipid-enriched lamellar membranes to highly cross-linked corneocyte proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of biochemical mechanisms that are essential for epidermal neutral lipid metabolism and the formation of a functional skin permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Pw Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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Lass A, Zimmermann R, Oberer M, Zechner R. Lipolysis - a highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:14-27. [PMID: 21087632 PMCID: PMC3031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the biochemical pathway responsible for the catabolism of triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in cellular lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TAG generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling processes. Consistent with its central importance in lipid and energy homeostasis, lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, it is most abundant, however, in white and brown adipose tissue. Over the last 5years, important enzymes and regulatory protein factors involved in lipolysis have been identified. These include an essential TAG hydrolase named adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) [annotated as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein A2], the ATGL activator comparative gene identification-58 [annotated as α/β hydrolase containing protein 5], and the ATGL inhibitor G0/G1 switch gene 2. Together with the established hormone-sensitive lipase [annotated as lipase E] and monoglyceride lipase, these proteins constitute the basic "lipolytic machinery". Additionally, a large number of hormonal signaling pathways and lipid droplet-associated protein factors regulate substrate access and the activity of the "lipolysome". This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the enzymes and regulatory processes governing lipolysis of fat stores in adipose and non-adipose tissues. Special emphasis will be given to ATGL, its regulation, and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Yamaguchi T, Osumi T. Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome: Deficiency in CGI-58, a lipid droplet-bound coactivator of lipase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:519-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Akiyama M, Sakai K, Takayama C, Yanagi T, Yamanaka Y, McMillan JR, Shimizu H. CGI-58 is an alpha/beta-hydrolase within lipid transporting lamellar granules of differentiated keratinocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1349-60. [PMID: 18832586 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CGI-58 is the causative molecule underlying Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome, a neutral lipid storage disease exhibiting apparent clinical features of ichthyosis. CGI-58, associated with triacylglycerol hydrolysis, has an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold and is also known as the alpha/beta-hydrolase domain-containing protein 5. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the function of CGI-58 and the pathogenic mechanisms of ichthyosis in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome. Using an anti-CGI-58 antibody, we found CGI-58 to be expressed in the upper epidermis, predominantly in the granular layer cells, as well as in neurons and hepatocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that CGI-58 was also localized to the lamellar granules (LGs), which are lipid transport and secretion granules found in keratinocytes. CGI-58 expression was markedly reduced in the epidermis of patients with harlequin ichthyosis, demonstrating defective LG formation. In cultured keratinocytes, CGI-58 expression was mildly up-regulated under high Ca(2+) conditions and markedly up-regulated in three-dimensional, organotypic cultures. In the developing human epidermis, CGI-58 immunostaining was observed at an estimated gestational age of 49 days, and CGI-58 mRNA expression was up-regulated concomitantly with both epidermal stratification and keratinocyte differentiation. CGI-58 knockdown reduced expression of keratinocyte differentiation/keratinization markers in cultured human keratinocytes. Our results indicate that CGI-58 is expressed and packaged into LGs during keratinization and likely plays crucial role(s) in keratinocyte differentiation and LG lipid metabolism, contributing to skin lipid barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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12
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Brown JM, Chung S, Das A, Shelness GS, Rudel LL, Yu L. CGI-58 facilitates the mobilization of cytoplasmic triglyceride for lipoprotein secretion in hepatoma cells. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2295-305. [PMID: 17664529 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700279-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) is a member of the alpha/beta-hydrolase family of proteins. Mutations in the human CGI-58 gene are associated with Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease in which excessive triglyceride (TG) accumulation occurs in multiple tissues. In this study, we investigated the role of CGI-58 in cellular lipid metabolism in several cell models and discovered a role for CGI-58 in promoting the packaging of cytoplasmic TG into secreted lipoprotein particles in hepatoma cells. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that CGI-58 facilitates the depletion of cellular TG stores without altering cellular cholesterol or phospholipid accumulation. This depletion of cellular TG is attributable solely to augmented hydrolysis, whereas TG synthesis was not affected by CGI-58. Furthermore, CGI-58-mediated TG hydrolysis can be completely inhibited by the known lipase inhibitors diethylumbelliferyl phosphate and diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but not by p-chloro-mercuribenzoate. Intriguingly, CGI-58-driven TG hydrolysis was coupled to increases in both fatty acid oxidation and secretion of TG. Collectively, this study reveals a role for CGI-58 in coupling lipolytic degradation of cytoplasmic TG to oxidation and packaging into TG-rich lipoproteins for secretion in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA
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13
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Lass A, Zimmermann R, Haemmerle G, Riederer M, Schoiswohl G, Schweiger M, Kienesberger P, Strauss JG, Gorkiewicz G, Zechner R. Adipose triglyceride lipase-mediated lipolysis of cellular fat stores is activated by CGI-58 and defective in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome. Cell Metab 2006; 3:309-19. [PMID: 16679289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was recently identified as an important triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolase promoting the catabolism of stored fat in adipose and nonadipose tissues. We now demonstrate that efficient ATGL enzyme activity requires activation by CGI-58. Mutations in the human CGI-58 gene are associated with Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome (CDS), a rare genetic disease where TG accumulates excessively in multiple tissues. CGI-58 interacts with ATGL, stimulating its TG hydrolase activity up to 20-fold. Alleles of CGI-58 carrying point mutations associated with CDS fail to activate ATGL. Moreover, CGI-58/ATGL coexpression attenuates lipid accumulation in COS-7 cells. Antisense RNA-mediated reduction of CGI-58 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits TG mobilization. Finally, expression of functional CGI-58 in CDS fibroblasts restores lipolysis and reverses the abnormal TG accumulation typical for CDS. These data establish an important biochemical function for CGI-58 in the lipolytic degradation of fat, implicating this lipolysis activator in the pathogenesis of CDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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EI-Kabbany Z, Elsayed SM, Rashad M, Tareef R, Galal N. Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome in Egypt. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 121A:75-8. [PMID: 12900907 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Lefèvre C, Jobard F, Caux F, Bouadjar B, Karaduman A, Heilig R, Lakhdar H, Wollenberg A, Verret JL, Weissenbach J, Özgüc M, Lathrop M, Prud'homme JF, Fischer J. Mutations in CGI-58, the gene encoding a new protein of the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily, in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1002-12. [PMID: 11590543 PMCID: PMC1274347 DOI: 10.1086/324121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS) is a rare autosomal recessive form of nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) that is characterized by the presence of intracellular lipid droplets in most tissues. We previously localized a gene for a subset of NCIE to chromosome 3 (designated "the NCIE2 locus"), in six families. Lipid droplets were found in five of these six families, suggesting a diagnosis of CDS. Four additional families selected on the basis of a confirmed diagnosis of CDS also showed linkage to the NCIE2 locus. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis of these families, all from the Mediterranean basin, allowed us to refine the NCIE2 locus to an approximately 1.3-Mb region. Candidate genes from the interval were screened, and eight distinct mutations in the recently identified CGI-58 gene were found in 13 patients from these nine families. The spectrum of gene variants included insertion, deletion, splice-site, and point mutations. The CGI-58 protein belongs to a large family of proteins characterized by an alpha/beta hydrolase fold. CGI-58 contains three sequence motifs that correspond to a catalytic triad found in the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily. Interestingly, CGI-58 differs from other members of the esterase/lipase/thioesterase subfamily in that its putative catalytic triad contains an asparagine in place of the usual serine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lefèvre
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Florence Jobard
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Caux
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bakar Bouadjar
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Aysen Karaduman
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Roland Heilig
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Hakima Lakhdar
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Andreas Wollenberg
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Verret
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Meral Özgüc
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-François Prud'homme
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Judith Fischer
- Centre National de Génotypage, Genoscope and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030, and Généthon, Evry, France; Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Immunology, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Equipe d'Acceuil 2361, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France; Department of Dermatology, Bab-el-Oued Hospital, Algiers; Department of Dermatology and DNA/Cell Bank Tübiak, Hacettepe University, Ankara; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca; Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich; and Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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16
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Gibbons GF, Islam K, Pease RJ. Mobilisation of triacylglycerol stores. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:37-57. [PMID: 10601694 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is an energy dense substance which is stored by several body tissues, principally adipose tissue and the liver. Utilisation of stored TAG as an energy source requires its mobilisation from these depots and transfer into the blood plasma. The means by which TAG is mobilised differs in adipose tissue and liver although the regulation of lipid metabolism in each of these organs is interdependent and synchronised in an integrated manner. This review deals principally with the mechanism of hepatic TAG mobilisation since this is a rapidly expanding area of research and may have important implications for the regulation of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism. TAG mobilisation plays an important role in fuel selection in non-hepatic tissues such as cardiac muscle and pancreatic islets and these aspects are also reviewed briefly. Finally, studies of certain rare inherited disorders of neutral lipid storage and mobilisation may provide useful information about the normal enzymology of TAG mobilisation in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gibbons
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Lipid Metabolism Group, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Igal
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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18
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Igal RA, Coleman RA. Acylglycerol recycling from triacylglycerol to phospholipid, not lipase activity, is defective in neutral lipid storage disease fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:16644-51. [PMID: 8663220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.28.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is an autosomal recessive disorder in which excess triacylglycerol (TG) accumulates in most cells. Although it has been hypothesized that the TG accumulation is caused by a functional defect in cytosolic lipase activity, we were able to expose TG hydrolysis in NLSD cells by using triacsin C, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthetase that blocks the reincorporation of hydrolyzed fatty acids into glycerolipids. Our data suggest that TG lipolysis in NLSD cells is masked by rapid TG resynthesis, occurring because released acylglycerols cannot be used for phospholipid synthesis. In uptake studies, triacsin C blocked the incorporation of [3H]glycerol into glycerolipids, incorporation of [14C]oleate into TG, but not incorporation of [14C]oleate into phospholipid. Thus, the drug inhibited both de novo synthesis of glycerolipids via the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway and the synthesis of TG from diacylglycerol. The drug did not appear to block reacylation of lysophospholipids. Triacsin C caused a loss of about 60% of the TG mass from both NLSD and oleate-loaded control cells. Rates of TG lipolysis were similar in NLSD cells and oleate-loaded control cells labeled with [6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-amino]hexanoic acid or labeled with [14C]oleate or [3H]glycerol and chased in the presence of triacsin C. During a 96-h chase, [14C]oleate reincorporation into the different phospholipid species increased only in control cells. Similar results were observed when NLSD, and control cells were chased after labeling with [3H]glycerol. These data strongly suggest that normal human fibroblasts mobilize stored TG for phospholipid synthesis and that recycling to PC occurs via a TG-derived mono- or diacylglycerol intermediate. Normal recycling to phosphatidylethanolamine may primarily involve TG-derived acyl groups rather than an acylglycerol precursor. NLSD cells appear to have a block in this recycling pathway with the result that both hydrolyzed fatty acids and the acylglycerol backbone are re-esterified to form TG. Because the NLSD phenotype includes ichthyosis, fatty liver, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and mental retardation, the recycling pathway appears to be critical for the normal function of skin, liver, muscle, heart, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Igal
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA
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19
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Reue K, Doolittle MH. Naturally occurring mutations in mice affecting lipid transport and metabolism. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Dursun A, Kubar A, Gokoz A, Duru F, Gürgey A. Neutral lipid storage disease co-existing with ichthyosiform dermatosis. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:210-1. [PMID: 8181512 DOI: 10.1007/bf01958994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors perturb fatty acid metabolism and induce peroxisomes in keratinocytes. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Greenberg A, Egan J, Wek S, Garty N, Blanchette-Mackie E, Londos C. Perilipin, a major hormonally regulated adipocyte-specific phosphoprotein associated with the periphery of lipid storage droplets. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Neutral lipid storage disease: a possible functional defect in phospholipid- linked triacylglycerol metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1096:162-9. [PMID: 2001430 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90055-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) (Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder of multisystem triacylglycerol (TAG) storage. Previous work has pointed to a defect in intracellular TAG metabolism. In the studies reported here, the lipid metabolism of three lines of NLSD fibroblasts were compared to normal skin fibroblasts. When pulsed with [3H]oleic acid, the earliest observed abnormality in NLSD cell lines was increased incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by accumulation of radiolabel in TAG. Activities of several glycerolipid synthetic enzymes were comparable in NLSD and normal fibroblast lines, excluding oversynthesis of glycerolipid. The proportion of plasmalogen and neutral ether lipid synthesized was normal and alkylglycerols did not accumulate, excluding a defect in ether lipid metabolism. Activities of both acid lipase and Mn2(+)-sensitive lipase within the particulate fractions of NLSD and normal fibroblasts were comparable. These studies are most consistent with functional deficiency of a TAG lipase with activity against a pool of TAG that are normally utilized for phospholipid biosynthesis.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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25
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Bergman R, Aviram M, Bitterman-Deutsch O, Oiknine Y, Shemer A, Srebnik A, Brook JG, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis: serum apolipoprotein levels and cholesterol metabolism in monocyte-derived macrophages. J Inherit Metab Dis 1991; 14:241-6. [PMID: 1909403 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by accumulation of neutral lipids, in a wide variety of cells, by a still unknown mechanism. Previous studies have shown normal cholesterol content in NLSDI granulocytes, fibroblasts and skin cells. Monocyte-derived macrophages possess an additional pathway of cholesterol uptake, which is not shared by these cells and which is not regulated by intracellular cholesterol levels. This pathway is thought to play a rôle in the process of atherosclerosis. Three NLSDI patients were studied. The serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I and B were within normal limits in all three patients. The intracellular levels of free and esterified cholesterol were measured in the monocyte-derived macrophages of one patient and found to be normal, while the triglyceride concentrations were twice as high as normal. The cholesterol esterification rates, which serve as a sensitive indicator of intracellular changes in cholesteryl ester levels, were normal in the monocyte-derived macrophages of all three patients. These findings provide further evidence that cholesterol metabolism is not disturbed in NLSDI, and it may be inferred that in this respect these patients are not at increased risk for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel
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26
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Rizzo WB, Dammann AL, Craft DA, Black SH, Tilton AH, Africk D, Chaves-Carballo E, Holmgren G, Jagell S. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: inherited defect in the fatty alcohol cycle. J Pediatr 1989; 115:228-34. [PMID: 2666627 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated fatty alcohol metabolism in eight patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and in nine obligate heterozygotes. Fatty alcohol: nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase (FAO) activity was deficient in cultured skin fibroblasts (mean 18% of normal, n = 8) and peripheral blood leukocytes (mean 22% of normal, n = 3) from patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. The palmitoyl coenzyme A-inhibitable component of FAO activity was decreased to 10% and 15% of normal in fibroblasts and leukocytes, respectively, of patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Most affected patients accumulated long-chain fatty alcohol in plasma, with a greater relative accumulation of octadecanol (mean threefold greater than normal) than hexadecanol (mean twofold greater than normal). Erythrocyte lipid alkyl ether linkages derived from hexadecanol were slightly increased in three of four patients. Fibroblasts and leukocytes from heterozygotes with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome showed mean FAO activities that were intermediate between those seen in homozygotes and in normal control subjects. The heterozygotes had normal fatty alcohol concentrations in plasma. These studies demonstrate FAO deficiency in patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and suggest that accumulation of fatty alcohol or its metabolic products may be important in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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27
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Schürer NY, Monger DJ, Hincenbergs M, Williams ML. Fatty acid metabolism in human keratinocytes cultivated at an air-medium interface. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:196-202. [PMID: 2465351 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stratum corneum lipids, which provide the mammalian permeability barrier, display a distinctive fatty acid profile with a predominance of long chain, saturated fatty acids. In addition, linoleic acid (18:2) is present in substantial quantities, implying that it is an important structural component. To investigate selectivity of fatty acid incorporation into epidermal lipids, we examined the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in cultured human keratinocytes, grown at the air-medium interface to enhance differentiation. Keratinocytes were pulsed with [3H] oleic, [14C] stearic, [14C] palmitic, or [14C] linoleic acids; lipids were extracted and fractionated by thin layer chromatography. All fatty acids were taken up and incorporated into complex lipids in a dose-dependent manner that was linear over the first 60 min. These fatty acids were incorporated predominantly into phospholipids and triacylglycerols; their incorporation could be rank ordered: linoleic greater than oleic greater than or equal to palmitic greater than stearic acid. Less than 2% of each fatty acid taken up by keratinocytes was oxidized to CO2; therefore, these differences in utilization cannot be ascribed to differences in rates of beta-oxidation. In pulse-chase studies fatty acids incorporated initially into triacylglycerols, subsequently chased into phospholipids. [14C]Palmitic acid and [14C] acetate were incorporated into sphingolipids more efficiently than the other fatty acids studied. These studies demonstrate that 1) keratinocytes have the ability to incorporate exogenous fatty acids preferentially into complex lipids; 2) triacylglycerols provide a pool of fatty acids for phospholipid synthesis; and 3) palmitate and de novo synthesized fatty acid are preferably utilized for sphingolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Schürer
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
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